Английская Википедия:Danish phonology
Шаблон:Selfref Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:IPA notice
The phonology of Danish is similar to that of the other closely related Scandinavian languages, Swedish and Norwegian, but it also has distinct features setting it apart. For example, Danish has a suprasegmental feature known as stød which is a kind of laryngeal phonation that is used phonemically. It also exhibits extensive lenition of plosives, which is noticeably more common than in the neighboring languages. Because of these and a few other features, spoken Danish can be challenging for Norwegians and Swedes to understand without training, although they can easily read written Danish.
Consonants
Danish has at least 17 consonant phonemes:
Шаблон:IPA occur only syllable-initially and Шаблон:IPA only syllable-finally.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:IPA is phonemically Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA is the syllable-final allophone of Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:IPA also occurs syllable-initially in English loans, along with Шаблон:IPAblink, but syllable-initial Шаблон:IPA is in free variation with Шаблон:IPA and these are not considered part of the phonological inventory of Danish.Шаблон:Sfnp
Шаблон:IPA occurs only before short vowels and stems morphophonologically, in native words, from Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA preceding Шаблон:IPA and, in French loans, from a distinct Шаблон:IPA. Beyond morphological boundaries, Шаблон:IPA may also appear as the result of an optional assimilation of Шаблон:IPA before Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
Шаблон:IPA are apical alveolar Шаблон:IPA,Шаблон:Sfnp although some speakers realize Шаблон:IPA dentally (Шаблон:IPAblink).Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
Шаблон:IPA are voiceless aspirated, with Шаблон:IPA also affricated: Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp The affricate Шаблон:IPA is often transcribed with Шаблон:Angbr IPA. In some varieties of standard Danish (but not the Copenhagen dialect), Шаблон:IPA is just aspirated, without the affrication.Шаблон:Sfnp
Шаблон:IPA are voiceless unaspirated Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp In syllable codas, weak, partial voicing may accompany them especially when between voiced sounds.Шаблон:Sfnp In spontaneous speech recorded in 1996, 38% of intervocalic Шаблон:IPA were voiced.Шаблон:Sfnp In that environment, Шаблон:IPA may be realized as a flap Шаблон:IPAblink, as in nordisk Шаблон:IPA 'Nordic'.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Utterance-final Шаблон:IPA may be realized as Шаблон:IPA, particularly in distinct speech.Шаблон:Sfnp
Шаблон:IPA is only weakly fricated.Шаблон:Sfnp Between vowels, it is often voiced Шаблон:IPAblink.Шаблон:Sfnp
Шаблон:IPA can be a voiced fricative Шаблон:IPAblink, but is most often a voiced approximant Шаблон:IPAblink.Шаблон:Sfnp
Шаблон:IPA – the so-called "soft d" (Шаблон:Lang-da) – is a velarized laminal alveolar approximant Шаблон:IPAblink.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp It is acoustically similar to the cardinal vowels Шаблон:IPAblink and Шаблон:IPAblink.Шаблон:Sfnp It is commonly perceived by non-native speakers of Danish as Шаблон:IPAblink.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Very rarely, Шаблон:IPA can be realized as a fricative.Шаблон:Sfnp
Syllable-initially, Шаблон:IPA is a voiced uvular fricative Шаблон:IPAblink or, more commonly, an approximant Шаблон:IPAblink.Шаблон:Sfnp According to Nina Grønnum, the fricative variant is voiceless Шаблон:IPAblink.Шаблон:Sfnp Its precise place of articulation has been described as pharyngeal,Шаблон:Sfnp or more broadly, as "supra-pharyngeal".Шаблон:Sfnp When emphasizing a word, word-initial Шаблон:IPA may be realized as a voiced uvular fricative trill Шаблон:IPAblink.Шаблон:Sfnp In syllable-final position, Шаблон:IPA is realized as Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
The alveolar realization Шаблон:IPAblink of Шаблон:IPA is very rare. According to Шаблон:Harvp, it occurs in some varieties of Jutlandic dialect, and only for some speakers (mostly the elderly). The alveolar realization is considered non-standard, even in classical opera singing – it is probably the only European language in which this is the case.Шаблон:Sfnp According to Шаблон:Harvp, it occurs (or used to occur until recently) in very old forms of certain conservative dialects in Northern Jutland and Bornholm.Шаблон:Sfnp
Шаблон:IPA are voiceless Шаблон:IPA after Шаблон:IPA, where the aspiration is realized as devoicing of the following consonant,Шаблон:Sfnp so that Шаблон:IPA is normally realized as an alveolo-palatal affricate Шаблон:IPAblink.Шаблон:Sfnp
A voiced velar continuant Шаблон:IPAblink occurred distinctively in older Standard Danish. Some older speakers still use it in high register, most often as an approximant Шаблон:IPAblink.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp It corresponds to Шаблон:IPA, after back vowels and Шаблон:IPA, and to Шаблон:IPA, after front vowels and Шаблон:IPA, in contemporary Standard Danish.Шаблон:Sfnp
Шаблон:IPA is elided after Шаблон:IPA, and possibly also after Шаблон:IPA, and less commonly after Шаблон:IPA. Similarly, Шаблон:IPA is elided after Шаблон:IPA, and possibly also after Шаблон:IPA, and less commonly after Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
Vowels
Шаблон:Multiple image Modern Standard Danish has around 20 different vowel qualities. These vowels are shown below in a narrow transcription.
Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA occur only in unstressed syllables and thus can only be short. Long vowels may have stød, thus making it possible to distinguish 30 different vowels in stressed syllables.Шаблон:Cn However, vowel lengthШаблон:Cn and stød are most likely features of the syllable rather than of the vowel.
The 26 vowel phonemes of Standard Danish (14 short and 12 long) correspond to 21 morphophonemes (11 short and 10 long).
The three way distinction in front rounded vowels Шаблон:IPA is upheld only before nasals, e.g. Шаблон:IPA synes, synds, søns ('seems', 'sin's', 'son's').
Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA on the one hand and Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA on the other are largely in complementary distribution. However, a two-phoneme interpretation can be justified with reference to the unexpected vowel quality in words like Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'others' or Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'different', and an increasing number of loanwords.Шаблон:Sfnp
The distinction between the short Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA is one of the more conservative features of Danish phonology. Other Scandinavian languages feature just one short mid back vowel, usually transcribed with Шаблон:Angbr IPA. The long Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA of Danish are also more conservative as compared with their historical counterparts in Norwegian and Swedish, which have undergone a counter-clockwise vowel shift to Шаблон:IPA.
Some phonemes and phones that only occur in unstressed position often merge with full phonemes and phones:Шаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:IPA with Шаблон:IPA, leading to a variable merger of Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA (the former can be Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA instead, in which case no merger takes place).
- Шаблон:IPA with Шаблон:IPA. According to Шаблон:Harvp, these sounds are usually merged, the main difference being the greater variability in the realizations of Шаблон:IPA, which only occurs in unstressed position. In the narrow phonetic transcriptions of Шаблон:Harvp and Шаблон:Harvp, the two sounds are treated as identical.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
The vowel system is unstable, and according to a study by Ejstrup & Hansen (2004), the contemporary spoken language might be experiencing a merger of several of these vowels. The following vowel pairs may be merged by some speakers (only vowels not adjacent to |r| were analyzed):Шаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:IPA with Шаблон:IPA (11 out of 18 speakers)
- Шаблон:IPA with Шаблон:IPA (7 out of 18)
- Шаблон:IPA with Шаблон:IPA (5 out of 18)
- Шаблон:IPA with Шаблон:IPA (5 out of 18)
- Шаблон:IPA with Шаблон:IPA (4 out of 18)
- Шаблон:IPA with Шаблон:IPA (3 out of 18)
- Шаблон:IPA with Шаблон:IPA (2 out of 18)
- Шаблон:IPA with Шаблон:IPA (1 out of 18)
Schwa-assimilation
In addition to Шаблон:IPA, which stems from the fusion of Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, or Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA assimilates to adjacent sonorants in a variety of ways:Шаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:IPA assimilates to preceding long vowels: Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA die 'nurse', Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA due 'pigeon'.Шаблон:Sfnp
- Шаблон:IPA after a long vowel other than Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA after a long vowel other than Шаблон:IPA become monophthongs Шаблон:IPA: Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA læge 'doctor', Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA låge 'gate'.Шаблон:Sfnp In innovative varieties, the vowels may become shorter: Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
- A sonorant consonant (Шаблон:IPA) and Шаблон:IPA, in either order, become a syllabic consonant Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp
- It is longer after a short vowel than after a long one: Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA bade 'bathe', Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA hule 'cave', Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA spidde 'spear', Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA kulde 'cold'.Шаблон:Sfnp
- When Шаблон:IPA is placed between two sonorant consonants, the second becomes syllabic: Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA saddel 'saddle', Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA hyldet 'praised'.Шаблон:Sfnp
- The place of a syllabic nasal (Шаблон:IPA) assimilates to that of the preceding consonant: Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA lappen 'the patch', Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA lakken 'varnishes'.Шаблон:Sfnp
In casual speech, Шаблон:IPA may also be elided after an obstruent, for instance: Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA masse 'mass'.Шаблон:Sfnp If that occurs after a long vowel, the syllable with the elided Шаблон:IPA may be retained by lengthening the vowel preceding the consonant: Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA håbe 'hope'.Шаблон:Sfnp
Glottal stop insertion
A word-initial vowel may be preceded by a glottal stop Шаблон:IPA when preceded by a vowel. This is known as Шаблон:Lang.[1]
Prosody
Stress, Шаблон:Lang and intonation are prosodic features used in Danish phonology. Durational distinctions are also present and affected by the grammatical context, but are usually considered part of the vowel phonemes.Шаблон:Sfnp
Stress
Stress is phonemic and distinguishes words like billigst Шаблон:IPA ('cheapest') and bilist Шаблон:IPA ('car driver'), but such word pairs are rare. In syntactic phrases, verbs lose their stress (and stød, if any) with an object without a definite or indefinite article: e.g. ˈJens ˈspiser et ˈbrød Шаблон:IPA ('Jens eats a loaf') ~ ˈJens spiser ˈbrød Шаблон:IPA ('Jens eats bread'). In names, only the surname is stressed, e.g. Шаблон:IPA Johanne Luise Heiberg.Шаблон:Sfnp
Three degrees of stress - primary, secondary and unstressed - are distinguished.Шаблон:Sfnp
Stød
Шаблон:Main In a number of words, stressed syllables with a long vowel or with a short vowel and a sonorant may exhibit a prosodic feature called stød ('thrust').Шаблон:Sfnp Acoustically, vowels with stød tend to be a little shorterШаблон:Sfnp and feature creaky voice.Шаблон:Sfnp Historically, this feature operated as a redundant aspect of stress on monosyllabic words that had either a long vowel or final voiced consonant. Since the creation of new monosyllabic words, this association with monosyllables is no longer as strong. Some other tendencies include:
- Polysyllabic words with the nominal definite suffix -et may exhibit stødШаблон:Sfnp
- Polysyllabic loanwords with final stress on either a long vowel or a vowel with a final sonorant typically feature stødШаблон:Sfnp
Diphthongs with an underlying long vowel always have stød.Шаблон:Sfnp
Intonation
Danish intonation reflects the combination of the stress group, sentence type and prosodic phrase, where the stress group is the main intonation unit. In Copenhagen Standard Danish, the stress group mainly has a certain pitch pattern that reaches its lowest peak on the stressed syllable followed by its highest peak on the immediately following unstressed syllable, after which it declines gradually until the next stress group. The peaks of stress groups in succession will generally be lower later in the utterance.Шаблон:Sfnp However, the realization of the pitch is different in other varieties of Danish in where the peak is located related to the stressed syllable, and Jutlandic varieties often rise to the peak of the stress group on the stressed syllable.Шаблон:Sfnp The pitch pattern of an utterance can also reflect the type of utterance, with declaratives having a steep falling pitch and questions displaying a level pitch, with other categories in between.Шаблон:Sfnp
The realization of Шаблон:Lang also affects pitch,Шаблон:Sfnp while some varieties also realize it primarily with pitch.Шаблон:Sfnp
Text sample
The sample text is an indistinct reading of the first sentence of The North Wind and the Sun.
Orthographic version
Nordenvinden og solen kom engang i strid om, hvem af dem der var den stærkeste.Шаблон:Sfnp
Broad phonetic transcription
References
Bibliography
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Further reading
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External links
Шаблон:Danish language Шаблон:Language phonologies
