Английская Википедия:David Unaipon

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Файл:David Unaipon 1938.jpeg
David Unaipon in 1938

David Ngunaitponi (28 September 1872 – 7 February 1967), known as David Unaipon, was an Aboriginal Australian preacher, inventor, and author. A Ngarrindjeri man, his contribution to Australian society helped to break many stereotypes of Aboriginal people, and he is featured on the Australian $50 note in commemoration of his work. He was the son of preacher and writer James Unaipon.

Biography

David Ngunaitponi was born on 28 September 1872 at the Point McLeay Mission on the banks of Lake Alexandrina in the Coorong region of South Australia, Unaipon was the fourth of nine children of James, a preacher, and Nymbulda Ngunaitponi. Both parents were speakers of Yaraldi,Шаблон:Sfn and members of the Portaulun branch of the Ngarrindjeri people. Unaipon began his education at the age of seven at the Point McLeay Mission School and soon became known for his intelligence, with the former secretary of the Aborigines' Friends' Association stating in 1887: "I only wish the majority of white boys were as bright, intelligent, well-instructed and well-mannered, as the little fellow I am now taking charge of."Шаблон:Sfn

Unaipon left school at 13 to work as a servant for C.B. Young in Adelaide where Young actively encouraged Unaipon's interest in literature, philosophy, science and music. In 1890, he returned to Point McLeay where he apprenticed to a bootmaker and was appointed the mission organist.Шаблон:Sfn In the late 1890s he travelled to Adelaide but found that his colour was a bar to employment in his trade and instead took a job as storeman for an Adelaide bootmaker before returning to work as book-keeper in the Point McLeay store.

He was later employed by the Aborigines' Friends' Association as a deputationer, in which role he travelled and preached widely in seeking support for the Point McLeay Mission.Шаблон:Sfn Unaipon retired from preaching in 1959 but continued working on his inventions into the 1960s.Шаблон:Sfn

Inventor

Unaipon spent five years trying to create a perpetual motion machine. In the course of his work he developed a number of devices.Шаблон:Sfn He was still attempting to design such a device in his seventy-ninth year.Шаблон:Sfn

Unaipon took out provisional patents for 19 inventions but was unable to afford to get any of his inventions fully patented, according to some sources. Muecke and Shoemaker say that between "1910 and 1944 he made ten ... applications for inventions as varied as an anti-gravitational device, a multi-radial wheel and a sheep-shearing handpiece".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Provisional patent 15,624 which he ratified in 1910, is for an "Improved mechanical motion device"Шаблон:Sfn that converted rotary motion which "is applied, as for instance by an Eccentric",[1] into tangential reciprocating movement, an example application given being sheep shears. The invention, the basis of modern mechanical sheep shears, was introduced without Unaipon receiving any financial return and, apart from a 1910 newspaper report acknowledging him as the inventor, he received no contemporary credit.Шаблон:Sfn

Other inventions included a centrifugal motor and a mechanical propulsion device. He was also known as the Australian Leonardo da Vinci for his mechanical ideas, which included pre World War I drawings for a helicopter design based on the principle of the boomerang and his research into the polarisation of light; he also spent much of his life attempting to achieve perpetual motion.Шаблон:Sfn In his old age, he went back to his birthplace, where he worked on inventions further.

Writer and lecturer

Unaipon was obsessed with correct English and in speaking tended to use classical English rather than that in common usage. His written language followed the style of John Milton and John Bunyan.Шаблон:Sfn

Unaipon was the first Aboriginal author to be published, after he was commissioned in the early 1920s by the University of Adelaide to assemble a book on Aboriginal legends.Шаблон:Sfn His first article, "Aboriginals: Their Traditions and Customs", was published on 2 August 1924 in the Sydney Daily Telegraph, after which he wrote numerous more articles.[2] He published three short booklets of Aboriginal stories in 1927, 1928 and 1929. In this time he wrote on topics covering everything from perpetual motion and helicopter flight to Aboriginal legends and campaigns for Aboriginal rights.Шаблон:Sfn

His employment with the Aborigines' Friends' Association collecting subscription money allowed him to travel widely. The travel brought him into contact with many intelligent people sympathetic with the cause of Aboriginal rights, and gave him the opportunity to lecture on Aboriginal culture and rights. He was much in demand as a public speaker.

Unaipon was the first Aboriginal writer to publish in English,Шаблон:Sfn the author of numerous articles in newspapers and magazines, including the Sydney Daily Telegraph, retelling traditional stories and arguing for the rights of Aboriginal people.

Five of Unaipon's traditional stories were published in 1929 as Native Legends, under his own name and with his picture on the cover.Шаблон:Sfn

Some of Unaipon's traditional Aboriginal stories were published in a 1930 book, Myths and Legends of the Australian Aboriginals, under the name of anthropologist William Ramsay Smith.Шаблон:Sfn They have been republished in their original form, under the author's name, as Legendary Tales of the Australian Aborigines.Шаблон:Sfn

Other work

Unaipon was a recognised authority on ballistics.Шаблон:Sfn

Unaipon was also involved in political issues surrounding Aboriginal affairs and was a keen supporter of Aboriginal self-determination, including working as a researcher and witness for the Bleakley Inquiry into Aboriginal welfare in 1928, and lobbied the Australian Government to take over responsibility for Aboriginal people from its constituent states. He proposed to the government of South Australia to replace the office of Chief Protector of Aborigines with a responsible board and was arrested for attempting to provide a separate territory for Aboriginal people in central and northern Australia.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1936, he was reported to be the first Aboriginal person to attend a levée, when he attended the South Australian centenary levée in Adelaide, an event that made international news.Шаблон:Sfn

Unaipon's stance on Aboriginal issues put him into conflict with other Aboriginal leaders, including William Cooper of the Australian Aborigines' League, and Unaipon publicly criticised the League's "Day of Mourning" held on the 150th anniversary of the arrival of the First Fleet, arguing that the protest would only harm Australia's reputation abroad and would cement a negative public opinion of Aboriginal people.Шаблон:Sfn

Honours and awards

At the age of 81, Unaipon was awarded a Coronation Medal in 1953 celebrating the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II.[3]

In 1985 he posthumously received the FAW Patricia Weickhardt Award to an Aboriginal Writer.[3]Шаблон:Sfn

Personal life

On 4 January 1902 he married Katherine Carter (Шаблон:Nee), a Tangane woman who died in 1928, but theirs was not a happy marriage.Шаблон:Sfn

Unaipon was inquisitively religious, believing in an equivalence of traditional Aboriginal and Christian spirituality.Шаблон:Cn He was most influenced by Anglican and Congregational churches.Шаблон:Sfn During his travels to public speaking events, he was often refused accommodation due to his race.Шаблон:Sfn He said "...in Christ Jesus colour and racial distinctions disappear..." and that this thought helped him at such times.Шаблон:Sfn

Death and legacy

Unaipon died in the Tailem Bend Hospital on 7 February 1967 and was buried in the Raukkan (formerly Point McLeay) Mission Cemetery.Шаблон:Sfn He was survived by a son.Шаблон:Sfn

Fifty-dollar note

Файл:Australian $50 polymer front.jpg
Australian $50 note, with Unaipon's image, and the Raukkan mission and Unaipon's mechanical shearer in the background

In 1995, Unaipon was featured on the first $50 polymer banknote. In 2018, the $50 note was upgraded, and the design enhanced to include representation of his Ngarrindjeri identity.[4][5]

In late 2008, Aboriginal activist Allan "Chirpy" Campbell, a great-nephew of David Unaipon, failed in an attempt to negotiate a settlement with the Reserve Bank of Australia for using an image of Unaipon on the banknote without the permission of the family. Campbell's argument was that the woman (who had since died) originally consulted by the Reserve Bank was not related to Unaipon.Шаблон:Sfn[6] Campbell, who said that there was no evidence that the woman from whom permission was obtained in 1994, Melva Linda Carter, was in fact Unaipon's great-niece,[7][8] as she claimed. He was seeking Шаблон:AUD million in compensation, which he said he would use to establish a charity for mentally ill children.[9][10] He was continuing to advocate on Facebook on this issue as of 2015.[8]

Other recognition

Many tributes were paid to his life and work.

In 1988, two literary awards were created to honour Unaipon's contributions:

Also in 1988, the annual Unaipon lecture in Adelaide was established.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

In 1992, Unaipon Avenue in the Canberra suburb of Ngunnawal was named after him.[11]Шаблон:Sfn

In 1996, the Unaipon School, later named the David Unaipon College of Indigenous Education And Research, was established at the University of South Australia.Шаблон:Sfn[12] It closed in 2015 when it was deemed unnecessary to have a separate campus for Indigenous students, and a different structure for catering for Indigenous students was adopted.[13][14]

In 2004, An interpretive dance based on Unaipon's life, Unaipon, was created and performed by the Bangarra Dance Theatre.Шаблон:Sfn[15]

Works

See also

Footnotes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

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Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Aboriginal South Australians Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ Aus. Pat 15624
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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