Английская Википедия:December 1966

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December 15, 1966: Walt Disney dies of lung cancer
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December 26, 1966: Kwanzaa celebration first observed (pictured: Kwanzaa inventor Maulana Karenga)
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December 25, 1966: Former Chinese Defense Minister Peng Dehuai sentenced to life in prison
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December 1, 1966: Kiesinger elected West German Chancellor

The following events occurred in December 1966:

December 1, 1966 (Thursday)

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Pete Rozelle

December 2, 1966 (Friday)

  • British Prime Minister Harold Wilson and Rhodesian Prime minister Ian Smith met for negotiations on board the British warship HMS Tiger in the Mediterranean.[5] After Smith's return, the Rhodesian government rejected the "Tiger Pact" proposed by the British, who had set a deadline of noon on December 5 for an answer. Among the British demands was a return of control of the armed forces and the police to Sir Humphrey Gibbs, and his restoration as Governor of the colony, as well as a dissolution of the Rhodesian parliament.[6]
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U Thant

December 3, 1966 (Saturday)

  • Anti-Portuguese demonstrations that would later be referred to as the "12-3 Incident" or the "123 Incident" because of the date of 12/3/1966 turned into a riot in the Portuguese colony of Macau, located on the mainland of China, and hundreds of people were injured, with eight Chinese protesters killed by Portuguese riot police.[9] "Although the People's Republic of China did not assume formal control of Macau until 1999," a historian would write later, "many observers view the '123 Incident'... as the point at which the Portuguese lost effective sovereignty over the city."[10]
  • János Kádár was unanimously re-elected as the General Secretary of the Magyar Szocialista Munkáspárt (the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, Hungary's Communist Party) by the Central Committee, keeping him in power as the de facto leader of Hungary for a third term. The party's Politburo was reduced from 12 seats to 11, with the retirement of former President Ferenc Münnich and Miklos Somogyi, and the elevation of former Finance Minister Rezső Nyers. The day before, Kadar called for a "normalization of relations" with the United States, and told the Central Committee, "I, as a Communist, can add we wish the American people the very best, peace and prosperity and friendship."[11]
  • Following a luncheon hosted by the French Diplomatic Press Association in Paris, visiting Soviet Prime Minister Alexei N. Kosygin answered the questions of reporters in a press conference. One reporter asked Kosygin about whether the Soviet Union would allow Soviet Jews to emigrate to Israel, and Kosygin replied that "If there are some families divided by the war who want to meet their relatives outside the USSR or even to leave the USSR, we shall do all in our power to help them. The way is open to them and will remain open and there is no problem."[12] Kosygin's statement was reprinted in Izvestia two days later (albeit without the statement that the government would do all in its power to help),[13] and hundreds of Soviet Jews filed applications to depart. Kosygin's statement would also make the emigration issue part of future negotiations between Western nations and the Soviets.
  • At 7:15 a.m., the United States carried out Project Sterling, a test to determine whether the sound of an underground nuclear explosion could be muffled.[14] The test, made underground at a depth of Шаблон:Convert below the Tatum Salt Dome in Lamar County, Mississippi, made "no audible sound", no measurable increase in radiation, at the surface.
  • Television pop group The Monkees made their live concert debut at the Honolulu International Center Arena.[2]

December 4, 1966 (Sunday)

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Dr. Foege
  • Working in the Ogoja Province in eastern Nigeria, Dr. William Foege first implemented the "surveillance and containment" strategy that would eventually eliminate smallpox throughout the world. An American epidemiologist as well as being a Lutheran missionary, Foege acted with the knowledge that smallpox was contagious for only two weeks, slow moving in its progress and, most importantly, that "infected people rarely transmitted the disease to more than a few others, mostly within the immediate household". Consulting with 14 other missionaries in the region, Foege arranged for a communications network in villages and marketplaces, looking for signs of a smallpox infection and, "When an infected person was found, a map of his or her likely social pathways was drawn, and everyone on it immunized". This course of action "demonstrated that smallpox could be treated and eliminated from large areas by immunizing as few as six percent of the people— if they were the right people at the right time!"[15]
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Lew Alcindor
  • Lew Alcindor (later Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) made his college basketball debut. In his very first game for UCLA, he broke the school record for most points scored in a game, pouring in 56 points in a 105–90 win over USC.[16] His points came on 23 field goals and 10 free throws; the previous record, 42 points, had been set by Gail Goodrich in 1965.[17]
  • The 1966 LPGA Tour ended with Kathy Whitworth having won the most tournaments (nine), making her Player of the Year. The following month, she would be voted the female athlete of the year in a poll of 428 sportswriters and broadcasters.[18]
  • Born: Fred Armisen (Fereydun Armisen), American comedian; in Hattiesburg, Mississippi
  • Died: Nicholas Afanasiev, 73, Russian Orthodox priest and theologian

December 5, 1966 (Monday)

  • In a case frequently cited as an example of the phenomenon of spontaneous human combustion, John Irving Bentley, a 92-year-old retired physician and surgeon, was found dead in his home in Coudersport, Pennsylvania. An Associated Press report noted only that he was "found dead in his Potter County home Monday, apparently the victim of a fire" and that "His clothes and the floor were partially burned."[19] The facts were more gruesome, because a meter reader found only a pile of ashes. The only identifiable portions of Bentley were "his lower right leg, still clad in its bedroom slipper, and his walker, which strangely enough suffered little damage", as seen in a famous photograph of the death scene.[20] Some authors have blamed spontaneous combustion.[21] Others point out that the leg was "lying at the edge of a hole about two and a half by four feet that had burned into the basement" and that Bentley was a pipe smoker who had previously been burned from dropping matches, or hot ashes, onto his clothes. A plausible theory was that Bentley had accidentally ignited his robe, attempted to douse the flames with water from a pitcher, and ignited the linoleum floor, the hardwood flooring and wooden beams beneath it.[22]
  • The United States Supreme Court ruled unanimously that Julian Bond had been improperly denied a seat in the Georgia House of Representatives after winning two elections to the state legislature. The Court concluded that the basis for the disqualification (Bond's criticism of American policies in the Vietnam War) had been a violation of Bond's right to free speech. "Legislators have an obligation to take positions on controversial political questions," Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote, "so that their constituents can be fully informed by them," and added that the denial of the seat "violated Bond's right of free expression under the First Amendment".[23] The House would, reluctantly, administer the oath of office to Representative Bond, along with all the other members, on January 9, 1967.[24]
  • The successful musical I Do! I Do! opened on Broadway, at the 46th Street Theatre, and would run for 560 performances. The entire cast was limited to two actors, and only one set, as the play followed the course of a 50-year marriage. Mary Martin and Robert Preston were the first to perform the roles of Agnes and Michael Snow.[25]
  • NASA Headquarters issued a schedule which introduced the cluster concept into the AAP design. The cluster concept consisted of a Workshop launch following a crewed CSM launch. Six months later, a Lunar Module/Apollo Telescope Mount (LM/ATM) launch would follow a second crewed flight. The LM/ATM would rendezvous and dock to the cluster. The first Workshop launch was scheduled for June 1968. The schedule called for 22 Saturn IB and 15 Saturn V launches. Two of the Saturn IBs would be launched a day apart - one crewed, the other uncrewed. Flights utilizing two Saturn V Workshops and four LM ATM missions were also scheduled.[3]
  • Buffalo Springfield's self-titled debut album was released, the album would contain the band's most famous single "For What It's Worth".[26]
  • Born: Patricia Kaas, French singer and actress; in Forbach, Lorraine

December 6, 1966 (Tuesday)

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The Bien Hoa Memorial to 456 civilians

December 7, 1966 (Wednesday)

  • The United States launched ATS-1 (Applications Technology Satellite), the first experimental equatorial synchronous satellite, into geostationary orbit at Шаблон:Convert above the equator.[2][33] Carrying the Spin Scan Cloud Camera, developed by Verner E. Suomi and Robert Parent at the University of Wisconsin, ATS-1 could take full photos of the Western Hemisphere every 30 minutes, and transmit them back to Earth. "For the first time," historians would note later, "rapid-imaging of nearly an entire hemisphere was possible. We could watch, fascinated, as storm systems developed and moved and were captured in a time series of images. Today such images are an indispensable part of weather analysis and forecasting."[34]
  • Trần Văn Văn, considered a leading candidate for President of South Vietnam, was assassinated in Saigon after leaving the office of Prime Minister Nguyen Cao Ky. Tran, a 58-year-old politician who had formerly been the Secretary General of the nation's High National Council, had recently been elected to the 117-member assembly that was to draw up a new constitution. He was riding in a car when a motorcycle pulled alongside and killed him with four bullets.[35] Vo Van Enh, a 20-year-old member of the Viet Cong, admitted that he had killed Tran on orders from the North Vietnamese guerrilla group.[36]
  • David James, a 28-year-old graduate student in chemistry at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in Pasadena, demonstrated his discovery of a solution made by combining one part polyethylene oxide to 199 parts of water that could cause water to flow upward, in what he described as a "tubeless siphon".[37]
  • Born: C. Thomas Howell, American film and TV actor; in Van Nuys, California

December 8, 1966 (Thursday)

  • The Greek passenger and car ferry Шаблон:SS, with 262 people on board, sank during a gale while attempting to cross in the Aegean Sea. The Typaldos Line ship was halfway between the island of Crete and the mainland port of Piraeus when the radio operator sent the emergency call at 2:00 in the morning, and was gone within an hour.[38] Ultimately, 45 survivors were rescued, while the other 217 went down with the ship. Interviews with the survivors determined that the disaster had been caused by a 16-ton refrigerator truck that had been insufficiently secured inside the ferry. As the ship rocked violently in the Шаблон:Convert winds, cars and trucks broke from their fastenings and battered the loading doors. When the tractor-trailer "became a monstrous battering ram", it tore open a door on the front of the ship, and water rushed in, sinking the Heraklion in only 15 minutes.[39]
  • The U.S. and the U.S.S.R. signed a treaty prohibiting nuclear weapons in space.[2]
  • Born:
  • Died: Arthur B. Coble, 86, American mathematician with specialty in algebraic geometry, for whom the Coble hypersurface and three other concepts (the Coble curve, Coble surface and Coble variety) are named.

December 9, 1966 (Friday)

  • The "Cincinnati Strangler" killed his seventh, and final victim.[42] Police in Cincinnati, Ohio, arrested Posteal Laskey Jr., a 29-year taxi cab driver, four hours later, and although he would only be charged with one of the murders that had been committed over the period of a year, Laskey would be given a life sentence for the stabbing murder of another woman, and there would be no similar killings.[43]
  • American troops in the Vietnam War encountered a new type of weapon that disabled two helicopters that day, and a third the next day, by an explosive mine that could be set off by the air currents generated by a hovering aircraft. The trap, according to reports, "at first glance appears to be nothing more than a thin stick standing up in the tall elephant grass... The backwash of an approaching helicopter knocks the stick over which in turn detonates an aimed mine-type explosive powerful enough to blow a helicopter apart."[44]
  • In Tombstone, Arizona, where Town Marshal Virgil Earp once confronted the Clanton gang in the 1881 "Gunfight at the O.K. Corral", Democrat Joe Perotti and Republican Everett Brownley met to determine who would be the Town Marshal for 1967. Both had received exactly 181 votes in the November election, and agreed to settle the matter with a coin toss, which Brownley won.[45][46]
  • Fresh Cream, the debut album by Cream, was released in the United Kingdom.
  • The 1966 Asian Games opened in Bangkok, Thailand.
  • Born:
  • Died:

December 10, 1966 (Saturday)

  • A cameraman for the Australian Broadcasting Company filmed his own fatal accident when the helicopter he was riding in went out of control and crashed through the roof of the Paul Building in Sydney. The Department of Civil Aviation reported that Frank Parnell, who was filming an ABC documentary about the Sydney Opera House, "kept his camera working as a wildly spinning helicopter carried him to his death". Killed also were Assistant Producer Patricia Ludford and the charter pilot James Riley.[48]
  • In the worst episode of friendly fire up to that time in the Vietnam War, sixteen U.S. Marines were killed and 11 others injured when an American bomber dropped two Шаблон:Convert bombs on them. The U.S. Fourth Marine Battalion was fighting in the Quảng Trị Province, near Đông Hà, when it came under a mortar attack, and was firing its own 81 mm shells when the bombs "either bounced off a ridge of boulders, or fell about 300 yards from their intended target."[49]
  • At Parkland Memorial Hospital in Dallas, Jay Sanford told the press that Jack Ruby had been diagnosed with terminal cancer. Ruby, who was weeks away from a new trial for the murder of Lee Harvey Oswald, had killed the accused presidential assassin in front of the largest number of witnesses in history, as millions of viewers watched on live national television on November 24, 1963. Two days earlier, Ruby had been taken from his jail cell and admitted to the hospital for treatment of pneumonia, and the lymph-node biopsy had been performed the next day.[50]
  • Soviet radar calibration target satellite Kosmos 123 decayed from orbit around the Earth.[51]

December 11, 1966 (Sunday)

  • The Tbilisi Metro opened in Tbilisi, Georgian SSR. It was the fourth underground subway train system to be established in the Soviet Union.
  • Giuseppe Saragat, the President of Italy, issued presidential pardons to nine inmates of the Maria Teresa Prison in Florence, in recognition of their heroism during the flood of the Arno River on November 4. As the waters rose, the men swam to the prison's workshop, obtained ladders and acetylene torches, then rescued the families of four prison employees who lived on the prison grounds. Eleven children and nine adults were saved by the action of the prisoners, who returned to incarceration after the Шаблон:Convert high waters receded.[52]
  • NASA released the first photograph to show "almost the entire disc of the Earth", taken two days earlier from the ATS-1 satellite from a height of Шаблон:Convert. Areas not obscured by cloud cover and identifiable in the photo were the southern portion of North America (with much of the United States), much of Central America, and a section of the coast of Chile in South America.[53][54]
  • Born:

December 12, 1966 (Monday)

  • The two major wire services used by American newspapers, the Associated Press and United Press International, began referring to the Southeast Asian nation where the U.S. was fighting a war as "Vietnam", replacing the prior preferred spelling of "Viet Nam" that continued to be used by both the South (Việt Nam Cộng Hòa) and the North (Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa) when referring to their Republic and Democratic Republic, respectively.[55]
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Cleaver
  • Eldridge Cleaver was paroled from California's Folsom State Prison, with the help of Edward M. Keating, the publisher of Ramparts magazine, and immediately hired there as a staff writer. Ramparts had published letters written by Cleaver, while he was serving a sentence for rape and attempted murder, and these would be released in 1968 as the bestselling and book, Soul on Ice. He would soon become active as the spokesman for the Black Panther Party.[56][57]
  • Breakfast at Tiffany's, a musical based on the bestselling book by Truman Capote (which had been adapted to a successful film) opened on Broadway for a preview, and became one of the more memorable flops in theater history. After it was performed four times at the Majestic Theatre, which had planned to formally launch it on December 26, the Bob Merrill musical was closed down by its producer, David Merrick, who ran an advertisement in The New York Times to explain, "Rather than subject the drama critics and the theatre-going public— who invested one million dollars in advance ticket sales— to an excruciatingly boring evening, I have decided to close the show... the closing is entirely my fault."[58]
  • The West German cargo ship MV Contentia collided with the Bull lightvessel (Trinity House, UK) and sank at the mouth of the River Humber,[59] and the West German coaster MV Elke collided with another ship and sank in the Humber Estuary.[59]
  • Born:
  • Died:

December 13, 1966 (Tuesday)

  • The U.S. Department of Defense confirmed for the first time that a U.S. Air Force pilot was being held captive in the People's Republic of China, after his F-104 Starfighter went down over China's Hainan Island. China had long maintained that it had an American pilot who had been captured alive in its territory. The United States said that Captain Philip E. Smith had either been shot down or had had a mechanical failure on September 20, 1965.[60]
  • Richard Paul Pavlick, a 79-year old retired postal worker who had attempted to assassinate President-elect John F. Kennedy on December 11, 1960, was released from a mental hospital in his home state of New Hampshire.[61]
  • Born: Michaelangelo "Mike" Volpi, Italian-born American entrepreneur, chief strategist for Cisco Systems in its acquisition of 70 companies over five years; in Milan

December 14, 1966 (Wednesday)

  • The launch of the second unmanned Soyuz rocket ended disastrously when one of the boosters on the rocket was not able to reach the required minimal thrust. The R-7 engines were shut down, and the workers on the launch pad came in to work on the rocket, when an automatic escape system suddenly activated, sending the capsule aloft and setting the third stage on fire. Moments later, the entire rocket exploded on the launch pad, killing one technician and seriously injuring others who were not able to take cover quickly enough.[62]
  • Voters in Spain overwhelmingly voted in favor of the new Ley Orgánica, a new constitution that had been proposed by Spain's President, Generalissimo Francisco Franco, and that provided for the eventual restoration of themonarchy. Opponents of the proposed constitution had been prohibited from campaigning against it, although they had been allowed to ask people not to vote in the election at all. According to the government, nearly 89% of registered voters turned out at the polls, and 93.3% of them voted yes on the proposal, while 3.2% voted no, and 3.5% did not properly mark their ballots.[63]
  • In Australia, the First Holt Ministry ended its term.[64]
  • Born:
  • Died: Verna Felton, 76, American character actress

December 15, 1966 (Thursday)

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Janus
  • Janus, one of the moons of Saturn and the tenth to be given a name by Earth astronomers, was first identified. Audouin Dollfus, an astronomer of the Meudon Observatory in the Meudon suburb of Paris, spotted it that evening and on the next two. On December 18, Richard L. Walker of the U.S. Naval Observatory station in Flagstaff, Arizona took two photographs which were soon determined to be showing the object identified by Dollfus as the Earth's position relative to Saturn was such that Saturn's rings can be "seen edge-on and become virtually invisible", an event that happens at 14-year intervals. Walker would report confirmation of Dollfus's discovery in January 1967.[65][66] Credited by the International Astronomical Union with discovery of the 10th moon on February 1, 1967,[67] Dollfus proposed that the object be named for the Roman demigod Janus, who was said to have harbored the god Saturn when the latter fell out of favor with Jupiter.
  • Former First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy announced in a statement that she would seek an injunction against the publication of William Manchester's book, The Death of a President, slated to be released in April by Harper & Row Publishers, with excerpts to be printed in the January 10, 1967, issue of LOOK Magazine. Mrs. Kennedy, the widow of President John F. Kennedy, said that the book violated a contract she had signed with the author, Manchester. She added that the book was "in part both tasteless and distorted" and made "inaccurate and unfair references to other individuals". "I am shocked that Mr. Manchester would exploit the emotional state in which I recounted my recollections to him early in 1964." Specifically, she said that the agreement between her and Manchester was that the book "may not be published before November 22, 1968", nor without approval of the text by Mrs. Kennedy and by Robert F. Kennedy.[68] The threat of injunction was dropped 12 days later after LOOK Magazine agreed not to print certain segments, and Harper & Row agreed to delay publication, but Mrs. Kennedy would continue to pursue legal action against the author.[69]
  • Born: Katja von Garnier, German film director; in Wiesbaden, West Germany
  • Died: Walt Disney, 65, American animated film producer who founded an independent film company that became a multimillion-dollar empire of film studios and amusement parks; at St. Joseph Hospital in Burbank, California. The immediate cause of death was acute circulatory collapse that had been brought on by lung cancer. Flags on all government buildings in Los Angeles County were ordered lowered to half-staff in his honor.[2][70][71]

December 16, 1966 (Friday)

  • The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights were adopted unanimously (105-0) by the General Assembly, as Resolution 2200 A (XXI).[72][73] The covenant on economic rights would enter into force nine years later, on January 3, 1976, and the covenant on civil rights would take effect on March 23, 1976.[74]
  • By an 11–0 vote, the United Nations Security Council approved UNSC Resolution 232, an oil embargo and other economic sanctions, against Rhodesia. Permanent members France and the Soviet Union, and members Mali and France, all abstained. Other proposed amendments failed to gain enough support, including an amendment that suggested that the United Kingdom "use every means, including force" to bring about the downfall of the white-minority government of Ian Smith. Six members (the Soviet Union, Mali, Jordan, Bulgaria, Uruguay and Nigeria) supported the use of force amendment, two short of the necessary 8 of 15 majority necessary.[75]
  • Born: Dennis Wise, English soccer football midfielder, with 21 appearances for the English national team between 1991 and 2000; in Kensington
  • Died: Charles Crawford Davis, 73, American inventor and audio engineer who patented the Davis Drive System for synchronizing sound and picture in cameras and projectors

December 17, 1966 (Saturday)

  • The first successful pancreatic transplant on a human being took place at the University of Minnesota, as a team of surgeons led by William D. Kelly and Richard C. Lillehei carried out "a duct-ligated segmental pancreas graft" into an unidentified 28-year-old woman, effectively reversing type 1 diabetes, and resulting "in immediate insulin independence".[76][77] That patient would pass away in late May, four and a half months after the surgery, from a lung infection and pneumonia, but the transplanted organ would continue to function until her death.[78] In the first fifty years after the procedure, there would be 42,000 reported pancreas transplantations, with 27,000 in the United States alone.[79]
  • Biosatellite I, an American orbiting satellite that carried more than 10,000,000 specimens of insects, plant specimens and bacteria as a test of the effect of prolonged weightlessness and radiation on life forms, was lost three days after its launch from Cape Kennedy. The craft, the first mission of a $100,000,000 "bring 'em back alive" program, carried 10,000 fruit flies because "three days in the life of a fruit fly" was considered the equivalent of "years in a human". Other items on board, separated by species into air-conditioned compartments, were "1,000 flour beetles, 560 parasitic wasps, 10 million bread mold, 9 pepper plants, 120 frog eggs and 875 amoebae". However, a retrorocket on the satellite failed to ignite, and instead of parachuting into the Pacific Ocean for recovery, Biosatellite I remained in an "uncontrolled orbit" from which it would eventually re-enter the atmosphere and burn up.[80]
  • The United Nations established UNCITRAL (United Nations CШаблон:Not a typo on International Trade Law), which would become operational on January 1, 1968, to oversee the creation of standards for the international sale of goods, international payments, commercial operations and the transport of goods by sea.[81]
  • Two days after his death, the body of Walt Disney was cremated at Glendale, California. Two years later, the urban myth was started that Disney had had his body cryogenically frozen until the day that he could be restored to life, with the earliest identified suggestion in print being in the French magazine Ici Paris in 1969.[82]
  • In the Italian province of Trapani, on the island of Sicily, a court sentenced Mafioso Filippo Melodia to 11 years in prison for abducting and raping 17-year-old Franca Viola, marking the first time in Sicily that a rape victim and her family successfully sought criminal prosecution of the rapist, rather than following the long-standing Sicilian tradition of forcing a "mending marriage" (matrimonio riparatore, similar to a "shotgun marriage" in other nations) of perpetrator to victim.[83]
  • Born: Miloš Tichý, Czech astronomer at the Kleť Observatory, credited with discovering over 150 asteroids and a periodic comet, namesake for the asteroid 3337 Miloš and the comet P/2000 U6 Tichý; in Počátky

December 18, 1966 (Sunday)

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Epimethius, not noticed for 11 years
  • Epimetheus, another of the moons of Saturn, was captured on photographs taken by the Mount Lemmon Observatory and reviewed by astronomer Richard L. Walker, but was initially mistaken for Janus, which had been identified three days earlier and was in the same orbit.[67] It would not be until 1978 that Stephen Larson and John Fountain would calculate that aberrations in the orbit of Janus were "compatible with a second satellite in the same orbit". Subsequent observations by the Voyager 1 probe in 1980 would determine that Janus and Epimetheus are in the same orbit around Saturn, 135 degrees apart from each other.[89]
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Hero of the Soviet Union medal

December 19, 1966 (Monday)

  • The Asian Development Bank (ADB) was established by an agreement that had been signed in Manila on December 2, 1965, by the original 31 member nations, including Australia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, South Vietnam, and Taiwan.[93]
  • The U.S. Army deployed its new Mobile Riverine Force into combat for the first time, with the 2nd Brigade of the 9th Infantry Division arriving at Vung Tau in South Vietnam.[94]
  • The United Nations adopted the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, more commonly known as the Outer Space Treaty. It would be signed on January 27, 1967, by the United States, the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom, and enter into force on October 10, 1967.[2][95]
  • Duke Ellington began recording his album, The Far East Suite, in New York City. The nine tracks on the original album were all compositions by Ellington and Billy Strayhorn (except for one by Ellington). Outtakes from the session would be released in 1995.
  • Born: Alberto Tomba, Italian alpine ski champion, winning three Olympic gold medals; in San Lazzaro di Savena[96]

December 20, 1966 (Tuesday)

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Mount Vinson
  • Mount Vinson, Шаблон:Convert in altitude and the highest peak in Antarctica, was conquered for the first time as a group of ten American climbers reached the summit. In addition to the American flag, the climbers planted the flags of the other 11 nations that had signed the Antarctic Treaty of 1959.[2][97][98]
  • Harold Wilson withdrew all his previous offers to the Rhodesian government and announced that he would agree to independence only after the founding of a Black majority government.
  • Born: Ed de Goey (Eduard de Goeij), Dutch professional soccer football goalkeeper in Netherlands Eredivisie league and England's Premier League, as well as the Netherlands national team; in Gouda
  • Died:
    • Richard Y. Dakin, 63, American entrepreneur who founded the toy importer Dakin, Inc., the most recognized brand of stuffed animals at the time. Dakin, seven of his family members and a crew of two were on a twin-engine Lockheed Lodestar that took off from Oakland, California, made a stop at San Diego, and then flew onward for a vacation at La Paz, Baja California Sur in Mexico. It was not until three days later that company officials realized that the airplane was missing.[99]
    • Arturo Riccardi, 86, former Admiral and Chief of Staff of the Italian Army during World War II
    • Ali Asllani, 82, Albanian poet

December 21, 1966 (Wednesday)

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ITT logo
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ABC logo
  • The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) voted, 4–3, to permit International Telephone & Telegraph (ITT) to purchase the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) television and radio network.[100]
  • Eight schoolchildren in Windsor, Ontario were killed, and 16 others injured, when a tractor-trailer overturned while attempting a right turn, dumping ten tons of sand onto their school bus. Ranging in age from six to nine years old, the children were on their way from Frith Public School to their homes in Oldcastle when the accident happened shortly after 3:00. The weight of the sand tore a hole through the bus roof, and the cargo poured in. Some of the victims were cut by the metal of the roof, while others were buried and suffocated. Three students at the back of the bus were uninjured and able to escape out of the back of the bus.[101][102]
  • France and West Germany signed an agreement to allow French forces to continue to be stationed in the former French zone of West Germany, despite France's earlier withdrawal from NATO.[103]
  • Born: Kiefer Sutherland, Canadian film and TV actor, and son of film star Donald Sutherland and stage and TV actress Shirley Douglas; in London

December 22, 1966 (Thursday)

Шаблон:Multiple image

  • King Constantine II swore in Ioannis Paraskevopoulos as the new Prime Minister of Greece, the day after the collapse of the government of Prime Minister Stefanos Stefanopoulos. Two hours later, the King addressed his subjects by radio and announced that new elections for Parliament would be held in May.[104]
  • On the eve of the United Kingdom's trade ban with Rhodesia,[105] Prime Minister Ian Smith declared that Rhodesia had become an independent republic by operation of the UN Security Council's vote for sanctions. "We are ipso facto in a position that we are no longer under the control of Britain," Smith told reporters, "and, in the circumstances, I would say we are no longer members of the British Commonwealth; if that is the position, I do not know what we have become, except a republic."[106]
  • George E. Mueller wrote Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) Director Robert R. Gilruth and MSFC Director Wernher von Braun advising them of a joint MSC-HQ medical position regarding selection of a gaseous atmosphere for the Apollo Applications S-IVB Workshop. This medical position, based upon retention of the existing 100-percent oxygen environment in the Apollo command module, called for a "shirt-sleeve" atmosphere in the Workshop of 69 percent oxygen and 31 percent nitrogen at 35 kilonewtons per sq m (5 psia). (One-hundred-percent oxygen was still required for space-suited emergency operation and during extravehicular activities.)[3]
  • Born: Dmitry Bilozerchev, Soviet Russian gymnast, eight-time gold medalist in the 1983 and 1987 World Championships and winner of three gold medals at the 1988 Olympics; in Moscow[107]
  • Died:

December 23, 1966 (Friday)

Файл:USS O'Brien (DD-725) off Boston, Massachusetts (USA), on 3 May 1944 (19-N-130099).jpg
USS O'Brien

December 24, 1966 (Saturday)

  • Starting at 7:00 in the morning in Vietnam, a 48-hour holiday truce went into effect by agreement between the United States, South Vietnam and their allies, and North Vietnam and the Viet Cong.[111] Five hours into the ceasefire, however, Viet Cong guerrillas fired upon Australian troops near Saigon, and six other incidents took place, including a small arms and mortar fire attack near Phú Lộc in the Thừa Thiên Province that killed a South Vietnamese soldier.[112]
  • A Flying Tiger Line cargo plane crashed into the Hòa Vang District of the South Vietnamese city of Da Nang, killing at least 125 civilians and the plane's crew of four. The four-engine turboprop plane was arriving at Da Nang after taking off from Tachikawa Airfield in Japan and fell short of the runway as it attempted to land.[113]
  • Avianca Airlines Flight 729, a twin-engine DC-3, crashed in the Andes Mountains during a flight between Bogotá and Pasto, Colombia, killing all 29 people on board.[114][115] The wreckage of the Christmas Eve flight would finally be spotted 11 days later[116] on the side of "Las Animas", a mountain 20 minutes away from Pasto, in the mountain range separating the departments of Cauca and Nariño.[117]
  • Luna 13, an uncrewed spacecraft launched toward the Moon by the Soviet Union from an Earth-orbiting platform,[118] made a soft landing at 1801 UTC (9:01 pm in Moscow) between craters Seleucus and Krafft[119] in the region of Oceanus Procellarum.[2][120][121] On its first day on the Moon, the space probe deployed two rods that could penetrate a foot deep into the lunar surface, and determined that the lunar soil was strong enough to support the weight of a large crewed spacecraft and that humans could walk on the hard soil without sinking.[122]
  • Pope Paul VI spent Christmas Eve in Florence, fifty days after the Arno flood. He prayed in the Basilica of Santa Croce, still dirty with mud and naphtha, and celebrated Midnight Mass in the Cathedral, in the presence of thousands of faithful, including the mayor of Florence Piero Bargellini and those of other cities affected by the disaster (Venice, Trento, Grosseto and Pisa).[123]
  • Starting at 9:30 p.m., New York City's WPIX television station began a tradition of a broadcasting a show called WPIX Yule Log Christmas Greeting. In order to allow the Channel 11 employees to spend Christmas Eve with their families,[124] station president Fred M. Thrower canceled its regular programming (at the cost of $4,000 in advertising) in favor of three hours of a looped film of a log burning in a fireplace. The picture was accompanied by Christmas music from the WPIX-FM radio station. The annual broadcast would be halted after 1989, but would be revived in 2001.[125]
  • Born: Diedrich Bader, American actor and comedian; in Alexandria, Virginia[126]
  • Died:
    • Frank Mitchell, 37, British armed robber known as "The Mad Axeman", twelve days after escaping Dartmoor Prison. The Kray twins, who had masterminded his escape, ordered his murder after quickly becoming tired of their friend, and Mitchell was shot to death.[127]
    • Gaspar Cassadó, 69, Spanish cellist and composer
    • May Massee, 85, American children's book editor

December 25, 1966 (Sunday)

  • Peng Dehuai, at one time the Minister of Defense for the People's Republic of China until his purge in 1959 and replacement by Lin Biao was arrested by the Red Guards. For the remaining eight years of his life, Peng would be publicly humiliated, tortured and kept in prison until dying in his cell on November 29, 1974. After the death of Mao Zedong, the Chinese Communist Party would rehabilitate his reputation, and on December 22, 1978, would declare that Peng had been "a great revolutionary fighter and loyal member of the Party".[128]
  • The Angolan liberation group UNITA made its first guerrilla attack against the Portuguese colonial government, invading from the Congo and raiding the border city of Teixeira de Sousa (now Luau) to disrupt the Benguela railway line.[129]
  • A fire on board the British fishing trawler St. Finbarr killed eleven crewmen while they were at sea, Шаблон:Convert northeast of Cartwright, Newfoundland and Labrador. The blaze broke out during a storm in the North Atlantic Ocean. Another 14 crew members were rescued by a sister ship.[130]
  • The New York Times published a front page investigative report, "A Visitor to Hanoi Inspects Damage Laid to U.S. Raids", filed by editor Harrison E. Salisbury from the capital of North Vietnam. "Contrary to the impression given by U.S. communiques," Salisbury told an American audience, "on-the-spot inspection indicates that U.S. bombing has been inflicting considerable civilian casualties and its environs for some time past." The report, first of several dispatches that would appear over the next few days in newspapers around the world, "confirmed what foreign media and the domestic radical press had long reported", an historian would later note.[131]
  • Died: Nicholas Dandolos, Greek-born American gambler known as "Nick the Greek". An obituary would note that "Possibly half a billion dollars passed through Nick's fingers during a lifetime of wagering on dice, at card tables, and at race tracks... He was alternately a millionaire and penniless 73 times in his lifetime." Anecdotes about his winnings included $1,600,000 won on rolls of the dice in the game of craps, and $605,000 won on a single bet in poker.[132]

December 26, 1966 (Monday)

  • The third phase of the Cultural Revolution, referred to as the "Economic Warfare and Revolutionary Rebels" phase, began as the Chinese Communist Party printed editorials directing the Red Guards to become "revolutionary rebels" and to "carry the Revolution into the factories and farms".[133] Within less than a month, Mao Zedong would send word to the Guards to take power from "those in authority who are taking the capitalist road", and to identify and depose anyone labeled a "capitalist roader".[134]
  • In Amritsar, Sikh leader Fateh Singh, and six of his followers, were persuaded to end their plans for self-immolation. Fateh, who had been fasting for nine days, accepted a glass of fruit juice from an emissary from India's Prime Minister Indira Gandhi,[135] after agreeing to a plan by the national government to mediate the group's complaints that Chandigarh and some other Punjabi-speaking areas had been left out of the reorganized Punjab State in India.[136]
  • Maulana Karenga (formerly Ronald M. Everett) and other members of the black nationalist US (United Slaves) Organization celebrated the first Kwanzaa.[2][137] The Kwanzaa celebration is held during the seven days from December 26 to January 1, with each day celebrating a particular principle. Seven years later, a newspaper article from the Los Angeles Times Syndicate would provide the first national news about an alternative to Christmas and Hanukkah,[138] and by the end of the century, Kwanzaa would be celebrated by over 13,000,000 worldwide.[139]
  • Born: J. (stage name for Jay Yuenger), American heavy metal guitarist for White Zombie; in Chicago
  • Died:

December 27, 1966 (Tuesday)

Файл:John Lie, Jalesveva Jayamahe, p216.jpg
Lie Zheng Zhoan, now Jahja Darma

December 28, 1966 (Wednesday)

  • China conducted its fifth nuclear test, and a subsequent analysis of the radioactive fallout from the test indicated that China had developed a "triple stage bomb", considered the precursor to a hydrogen bomb because the second stage produced a fusion reaction necessary to trigger the thermonuclear explosion.[144] The 300-kiloton bomb, the United States Atomic Energy Commission concluded, was also the "dirtiest" of the bombs, maximizing both radiation and fallout. The next test, on June 17, 1967, would be China's detonation of a hydrogen bomb.[145][146]
  • Nearly eight years after Fidel Castro assumed control of the nation of Cuba, the Communist government there permitted 2,700 people to freely depart, as 89 people departed Havana on a Mexican DC-6 airplane. After diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States were severed, hundreds of American citizens and a larger number of their Cuban relatives remained on the island and had not been allowed to depart. As 1966 drew to a close, there were still 880 Americans, and 1,820 members of their family living in Cuba. Their departure represented the largest government-approved exodus from Cuba up to that time.[147]
  • Twelve train passengers in the Boston suburb of Everett, Massachusetts were burned to death, and another 20 seriously injured, when the train they were on crashed into a heating oil truck that had stalled on the tracks.[148]
  • Born:
  • Died: Frank Chodorov, 79, American conservative political activist and champion of the "Old Right"

December 29, 1966 (Thursday)

Файл:Sir Russell Brain, 1956.jpg
Sir Russell Brain

December 30, 1966 (Friday)

  • The "Kangping Avenue Incident" took place on a major thoroughfare in Shanghai, in a street battle between thousands of members of two of China's labor organizations. The 30,000 members of the "Red Defenders Battalion" marched to the Shanghai City Hall and the offices of Mayor Cao Diqiu and First Secretary Chen Pixian of the city's Communist Party organization. Upon learning what was happening, Wang Hongwen, leader of the Workers Command Post, ordered 100,000 members of his organization to head off the Defenders. The two groups met each other on Kangping Avenue and a violent clash broke out. According to historians of the Cultural Revolution, "this event was generally considered to be the beginning of the massive factional violence that subsequently occurred throughout China."[152]
  • Operation Marigold, a secret attempt to reach a compromise solution to the Vietnam War, failed after attempts by Polish diplomat Janusz Lewandowski and the Italian ambassador in Saigon, Giovanni D'Orlandi, in collaboration with American ambassador in Saigon, Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.[153] Polish Foreign Minister Adam Rapacki relayed Hanoi's final rejection to the U.S. Ambassador in Warsaw, John A. Gronouski.
  • American and South Vietnamese troops crossed the border into the Svay Rieng Province of Cambodia in pursuit of a fleeing Viet Cong force, and conducted a ground and air assault on the village of Ba Thu with 40 helicopters and two F-105 fighters. In 1970, the U.S. would invade Cambodia in an expansion of the Vietnam War.[154]
  • The United States and the United Kingdom entered into an agreement for American use of the island of Diego Garcia in the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) for fifty years, giving the U.S. a base in the Indian Ocean, but at the cost of the forced relocation of 2,000 other residents of the other 59 islands in the Chagos Archipelago.[155][156] The lease is set to expire on December 30, 2016, and has not been renewed pending threatened litigation by former residents.[157]
  • NASA Headquarters officially promulgated mission objectives of the AAP-l and AAP-2 flights. They were to conduct a low-altitude, low-inclination Earth-orbital mission with a three-person crew for a maximum of 28 days using a spent S-IVB stage as an OWS; to provide for reactivation and reuse of the OWS for subsequent missions within one year from initial launch; and to perform test operations with the lunar mapping and survey system in Earth orbit.[3]
Файл:Christian Archibald Herter (politician).jpg
Herter

December 31, 1966 (Saturday)

  • In the most expensive art theft in history up to that time, thieves stole eight paintings from London's Dulwich Art Gallery, the oldest art museum in the United Kingdom, and demanded a ransom of 100,000 pounds sterling (worth, at the time, $280,000) for their safe return. The paintings themselves were considered worth more than $20,000,000. Taken were three works by Peter Paul Rubens (Ceres and Two Nymphs with a Cornucopia, The Three Graces and Saint Barbara fleeing from her Father) and three by Rembrandt van Rijn (Girl at a Window, A Young Man, and Jacob III de Gheyn), along with A Woman playing a Clavichord, by Gerrit Dou and Susannah and the Elders by Adam Elsheimer).[158] Three of the paintings would be recovered a couple of days later, and the next evening, the other five would be found "wrapped in old newspapers behind a bush" at Streatham Common, a few miles from the gallery.[159]
  • The Soviet reefer ship, Refrizheratornoe 10, sank in the Bering Sea, Шаблон:Convert north of Unimak Island, Alaska, killing about 50 people of its 100-member crew. The others were rescued alive; the U.S. Coast Guard said that it had offered assistance but was declined because there were other Soviet vessels in the general area.[160]
  • Former Yugoslav Vice-President Milovan Djilas, who had been imprisoned in 1962 after criticizing the Communist Party, was freed from the Sremska Mitrovica prison. President Josip Broz Tito ordered the release of Djilas, who had been considered Tito's political heir prior to the arrest on charges of disclosing state secrets in the book Conversations with Stalin.[161]
  • In the tiny principality of Andorra, Francesc Escude-Ferrero became the new First Syndic, the chief executive officer as selected by the General Council for a term of three years. He succeeded Julià Reig Ribó, and, after serving a second three-year term, would relinquish the office back to Reig Ribó on December 31, 1972. The nominal co-princes of Andorra at the time were Ramon Iglesias i Navarri (Spain's Bishop of Urgel) and Charles de Gaulle (President of France).[162]
  • The Congolese government seized control over the Belgian copper mining company, Union Minière du Haut Katanga (UMHK), in retaliation for UMHK's failure to pay taxes owed to the Congo government, and for UHMK's support of the attempted secession of Katanga. The corporate assets were acquired by the government-operated Générale Congolaise des Minerais, later Gécamines (Générale des Carieres et des Mines).[163]
  • In Ollolai, a Barbagia village, Francesco Pira, his wife Francesca and his nephew Michele, 10 years old, were shot dead in the back of the head by the outlaw Antonio Casula while they were watching the end-of-the-year show on television. Pira, a blacksmith by profession, had a criminal record and was a carabineers’ informant. The crime shook Italian public opinion; the Minister of the Interior Paolo Emilio Taviani sent a special unit of 500 police agents (the blue berets) to Sardinia.[164] Casula would die in a shootout with the blue berets on April 23, 1967.

References

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  17. ↑ "Alcindor Smashes UCLA Scoring Record in Varsity Debut", Humboldt Standard (Eureka CA), December 5, 1966, p20
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  44. ↑ "Booby Trap Bedevils U.S. Copters in Viet", Chicago Tribune, December 12, 1966, p7
  45. ↑ "Flip of Coin Picks Tombstone Marshal", Albuquerque (NM) Journal, December 11, 1966, pC-5
  46. ↑ "Not Fastest Gun, Just Plain Luck", Salt Lake (UT) Tribune, December 11, 1966, p1
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  55. ↑ "It's Now Vietnam", Syracuse (NY) Post-Standard, December 12, 1966, p1
  56. ↑ Peter Doggett, There's a Riot Going On: Revolutionaries, Rock Stars, and the Rise and Fall of the '60s (Canongate, 2009)
  57. ↑ Peter Richardson, A Bomb in Every Issue: How the Short, Unruly Life of Ramparts Magazine Changed America (The New Press, 2013)
  58. ↑ Steven Suskin, Second Act Trouble: Behind the Scenes at Broadway's Big Musical Bombs (Hal Leonard Corporation, 2006) pp54-55
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  60. ↑ "U.S. Confirms Pilot Is Held by Red China", Chicago Tribune, December 14, 1966, p1
  61. ↑ Willard M. Oliver and Nancy E Marion, Killing the President: Assassinations, Attempts, and Rumored Attempts on U.S. Commanders-in-Chief (ABC-CLIO, 2010) p165
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  76. ↑ "Perioperative management of the kidney-pancreas and pancreas transplant recipient", by Ugo Boggi, et al., in Oxford Textbook of Transplant Anaesthesia and Critical Care (Oxford University Press, 2015) p141
  77. ↑ "Doctors Make 1st Pancreas Transplant", Eau Claire (WI) Leader, February 26, 1967, p1
  78. ↑ "Transplant Success", UPI report in The Raleigh Register (Beckley, WV), May 31, 1967, p3
  79. ↑ Abhinav Humar and Mark L. Sturdevant, Atlas of Organ Transplantation (Springer, 2015) p5-66
  80. ↑ "Insect Space Craft Lost; Dooms Test", Chicago Tribune, December 18, 1966, p1B-8
  81. ↑ Clive M. Schmitthoff's Select Essays on International Trade Law (Brill, 1988) p99
  82. ↑ Philip Ward, The Book of Common Fallacies: Falsehoods, Misconceptions, Flawed Facts, and Half-truths that are Ruining Your Life (Skyhorse Publishing, 2012) p450
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  101. ↑ "8 Die, Charge Trucker", The Windsor (ON) Star, December 22, 1966, p1
  102. ↑ "School Bus Crushed; 8 Dead", Chicago Tribune, December 22, 1966, p1
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  142. ↑ Michael Brecher, Jonathan Wilkenfeld, A Study of Crisis (University of Michigan Press, 1997) p328
  143. ↑ "Yemeni Says Egypt Used Poison Gas", Corpus Christi (TX) Caller-Times, January 5, 1967, p2-D
  144. ↑ "China's Blast Used H-Bomb Part: AEC", Chicago Tribune, December 31, 1966, p3
  145. ↑ Leo Yueh-Yun Liu, China as a Nuclear Power in World Politics (Springer, 1972) p36
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  147. ↑ "First 89 Out of Cuba on Way to U.S.", Chicago Tribune, December 29, 1966, p7
  148. ↑ "Train Hits Truck; 12 Dead", Chicago Tribune, December 28, 1966, p1
  149. ↑ René Jean Dupuy and Daniel Vignes, A Handbook on the New Law of the Sea 2(Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1991) pp839-840
  150. ↑ Joel William Friedman, Champion of Civil Rights: Judge John Minor Wisdom (Louisiana State University Press, 2009) p210
  151. ↑ "Desegregate, Court Tells 7 School Boards", Chicago Tribune, December 30, 1966, p11
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