Английская Википедия:Deira

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Other uses Шаблон:For Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox country Deira (Шаблон:IPAc-en Шаблон:Respell;[1] Old Welsh/Шаблон:Lang-xcb or Шаблон:Lang; Шаблон:Lang-ang or Шаблон:Lang) was an area of Post-Roman Britain, and a later Anglian kingdom.[2]

Etymology

The name of the kingdom is of Brythonic origin, and is derived from the Proto-Celtic Шаблон:Lang, meaning 'oak' (Шаблон:Lang in modern Welsh), in which case it would mean 'the people of the Derwent', a derivation also found in the Latin name for Malton, Шаблон:Lang.[3] It is cognate with the modern Irish word Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA-ga); the names for County Londonderry and the city of Derry stem from this word.[4]Шаблон:Sfn

History

Brythonic Deira

Following the Roman withdrawal from Britain a number of successor kingdoms rose in northern England, reflecting pre-Roman tribal territories. The area between the Humber and River Tees known as Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang corresponds to the tribal lands of the Parisi, bordered to the west and north by the Brythonic kingdoms of Elmet (Шаблон:Lang) and Bernicia (Шаблон:Lang) respectively, and to the east by the North Sea.

Early Deira may have centred on Petuaria (modern Brough) and archaeological evidence shows that the town was refortified. Petuaria was a great tribal centre for the Parisi, but declined in importance from the mid-fourth century (possibly as the harbour silted up). After this period, Derventio (modern Malton) may have functioned as the region's capital.[5]

It is not known if Deira was ever an independent Brythonic kingdom, and no British king has been identified with the area from the surviving genealogies, poems or chronicles. However the area was subject to the same fractious inheritance traditions and changing power dynamic (following the Roman withdrawal) that allowed Elmet and Bernicia to become independent hereditary kingdoms in the early fifth century. In Welsh literature, Deira is part of the Шаблон:Lang (The Old North) region, which was divided into many related kingdoms after the death of Шаблон:Lang (Coel the Old).[6][7]

Anglian Deira

The kingdom, which was previously ruled by a British dynasty, was probably created in the third quarter of the fifth century when Anglian warriors invaded the Derwent Valley.[8] Anglian Deira's territory also extended from the Humber to the Tees, and from the sea to the western edge of the Vale of York. It later merged with the kingdom of Bernicia, its northern neighbour, to form the kingdom of Northumbria.

According to Simeon of Durham (writing early in the 12th century), it extended from the Humber to the Tyne, but the land was waste north of the Tees. After the Brythonic kingdom centred on Шаблон:Lang, which may have been called Ebrauc, was taken by King Edwin, the city of Шаблон:Lang became its capital, and Шаблон:Lang ("boar-place") was taken by the Angles.Шаблон:Sfn

Archaeology suggests that the Anglian royal house was in place by the middle of the fifth century, but the first certainly recorded king is Ælla in the late sixth century.[9] After his death, Deira was subject to king Æthelfrith of Bernicia, who united the two kingdoms into Northumbria. Æthelfrith ruled until the accession of Ælla's son Edwin, in 616 or 617, who also ruled both kingdoms until 633.[10]

Osric, the nephew of Edwin, ruled Deira after Edwin, but his son Oswine was put to death by Oswiu in 651. For a few years subsequently, Deira was governed by Æthelwald son of Oswald of Bernicia.[11]

Bede wrote of Deira in his Historia Ecclesiastica (completed in 731).Шаблон:Sfn

Anglian kings of Deira

Шаблон:See also

Reign Incumbent Notes
559/560 to 589 Ælla
Шаблон:Small 		ÆLLA YFFING Шаблон:Small
ÆLLA REX Шаблон:Small
589/599 to 604 Æthelric
Шаблон:Small 		ÆÞELRIC IDING Шаблон:Small
ÆÞELRIC REX Шаблон:Small
Bernicia Dynasty
593/604? to 616 Æthelfrith ÆÞELFERÞ ÆÞELRICING Шаблон:Small
ÆÞELFERÞ REX Шаблон:Small 		Killed in battle
Deira Dynasty
616 to 12/14 October 632 Edwin EDVVIN ÆLLING Шаблон:Small
EDVVIN REX Шаблон:Small 		Killed in battle by Cadwallon of Gwynedd and Penda of Mercia
late 633 to summer 634 Osric OSRIC ÆLFRICING Шаблон:Small
OSRIC REX Шаблон:Small
Bernicia Dynasty
633 to 5 August 642 Oswald OSVVALD Шаблон:Small
OSVVALD REX Шаблон:Small 		Killed by Penda, King of Mercia; Saint Oswald
642 to 644 Oswiu OSVVIO ÆÞELFRIÞING Шаблон:Small
OSVVIO REX Шаблон:Small
Deira Dynasty
644 to 651 Oswine OSVVINE OSRICING Шаблон:Small
OSVVINE REX Шаблон:Small 		Murdered
Bernicia Dynasty
summer 651 to late 654 or 655 Æthelwold ÆÞELVVALD OSVVALDING Шаблон:Small
ÆÞELVVALD REX Шаблон:Small
654 to 15 August 670 Oswiu OSVVIO ÆÞELFERÞING Шаблон:Small
OSVVIO REX Шаблон:Small 		Restored
656 to 664 Alchfrith ALCHFRIÞ Шаблон:Small
ALCHFRIÞ REX Шаблон:Small
664 to 670 Ecgfrith ECGFRIÞ Шаблон:Small
ECGFRIÞ REX Шаблон:Small
670 to 679 Ælfwine ÆLFVVINE Шаблон:Small
ÆLFVVINE REX Шаблон:Small

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

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Шаблон:Refend

Further reading

  • Geake, Helen & Kenny, Jonathan (eds.) (2000). Early Deira: Archaeological studies of the East Riding in the fourth to ninth centuries AD. Oxford: Oxbow. Шаблон:ISBN

Шаблон:Heptarchy Шаблон:Deira Monarchs Шаблон:Yorkshire Шаблон:Royal houses of Britain and Ireland Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ A Complete Pronouncing Gazetteer, Or, Geographical Dictionary of the World, 1880
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Higham, p. 81
  4. ↑ Library Ireland Шаблон:Webarchive – Sketches of Olden Days in Northern Ireland
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ Morris, p. 54.
  7. ↑ Koch 2006, pp. 584–585.
  8. ↑ Higham, p. 98
  9. ↑ Higham, pp. 77-78
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  11. ↑ D. P. Kirby, The Earliest English Kings (1991, 2000), page 78.
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