Английская Википедия:Deliberate crash landings on extraterrestrial bodies
These are tables of space probes (typically orbiters or components thereof) which have been deliberately destroyed at their objects of study, typically by hard landings or crash landings at the end of their respective missions and/or functionality. This endeavor not only precludes the hazards of orbital space debris and planetary contamination, but also provides the opportunity in some cases for terminal science given that the transient light released by the kinetic energy may be available for spectroscopy; the physical ejecta remains in place for further study. Even after soft landings had been mastered, NASA used crash landings to test whether Moon craters contained ice by crashing space probes into craters and testing the debris that got thrown out.[1]
Several rocket stages utilized during the Apollo space program were deliberately crashed on the Moon to aid seismic research, and four of the ascent stages of Apollo Lunar Modules were deliberately crashed onto the Moon after they had fulfilled their primary mission. In total at least 47 NASA rocket bodies have impacted the Moon.
A recent impactor, the unusual double-crater of which was photographed on March 4, 2022 by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, is of unknown provenance; no space program has taken credit for it.[2] The Deep Impact mission had its own purpose-built impactor which hit Comet 9P/Tempel 1. Terminal approaches to gas giants which resulted in the destruction of the space probe count as crash landings for the purposes of this article. The crash landing sites themselves are of interest to space archeology.
Luna 1, not itself a lunar orbiter, was the first spacecraft designed as an impactor. It failed to hit the Moon in 1959, however, thus inadvertently becoming the first man-made object to leave geocentric orbit and enter a heliocentric orbit, where it remains to this day.
Mercury
| Mission | Country/Agency | Date of landing/impact | Coordinates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MESSENGER | Шаблон:Flagicon United States | 30 April 2015 | Probably around 54.4° N, 149.9° W, near the crater Janáček | Intentionally crashed at end of mission. |
Moon
Шаблон:Main article Шаблон:Import style
| Mission | Country/Agency | Date of landing/impact | Coordinates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Luna 2 | Шаблон:Flagicon Soviet Union | 13 September 1959 | Шаблон:Lunar coords and quad cat | Intentional hard impact. |
| Ranger 4 | Шаблон:Flagicon United States | 26 April 1962 | Шаблон:Lunar coords and quad cat | Intentional hard impact; hit lunar far side due to failure of navigation system. |
| Ranger 6 | Шаблон:Flagicon United States | 2 February 1964 | Шаблон:Lunar coords and quad cat | Intentional hard impact. |
| Ranger 7 | Шаблон:Flagicon United States | 31 July 1964 | Шаблон:Lunar coords and quad cat | Intentional hard impact. |
| Ranger 8 | Шаблон:Flagicon United States | 20 February 1965 | Шаблон:Lunar coords and quad cat | Intentional hard impact. |
| Ranger 9 | Шаблон:Flagicon United States | 24 March 1965 | Шаблон:Lunar coords and quad cat | Intentional hard impact. |
| Lunar Orbiter 1 | Шаблон:Flagicon United States | 29 October 1966 | Lunar orbiter, intentionally crashed at end of mission. | |
| Hiten | Шаблон:Flagicon Japan | 10 April 1993 | Lunar orbiter, intentionally crashed at end of mission. | |
| Lunar Prospector | Шаблон:Flagicon United States | 31 July 1999 | Шаблон:Lunar coords and quad cat | Lunar orbiter, intentionally crashed into polar crater at end of mission to test for liberation of water vapour (not detected). |
| SMART-1 | Файл:ESA logo simple.svg ESA | 3 September 2006 | Lunar orbiter, intentionally crashed at end of mission. | |
| Chandrayaan-1 Moon Impact Probe | Шаблон:Flagicon India | 14 November 2008 | Impactor. Water found. | |
| SELENE Rstar (Okina) | Шаблон:Flag | 12 February 2009 | Lunar orbiter, intentionally crashed at end of mission. | |
| Chang'e 1 | Шаблон:Flag | 1 March 2009 | Lunar orbiter, intentionally crashed at end of mission. | |
| Kaguya | Шаблон:Flag | 10 June 2009 | Lunar orbiter, intentionally crashed at end of mission. | |
| LCROSS (Centaur) | Шаблон:Flagicon United States | 9 October 2009 | Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Coord |
Impactors: main craft flew through the plume of lunar dust created by its own upper rocket stage gathering data. Water confirmed. |
| Longjiang 2 | Шаблон:Flag | 31 July 2019 | Шаблон:Lunar coords and quad cat[3] | Micro-satellite, intentionally crashed at end of mission. |
| Chang'e 5 ascender | Шаблон:Flag | 7 December 2020 | Шаблон:Lunar coords and quad cat | Intentional impact of ascent stage after delivering sample to orbiter. |
Mars and beyond
| Mission | Country/Agency | Date of landing/impact | Coordinates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mars | ||||
| Mars Science Laboratory Sky crane | Шаблон:Flagicon United States | 6 August 2012 | Bradbury Landing Шаблон:Coord |
Debris field created by the heat shield, sky crane, and other components. |
| Mars 2020 Sky crane | Шаблон:Flagicon United States | 18 February 2021 | Octavia E. Butler Landing Шаблон:Coord |
Debris field created by the heat shield, sky crane, and other components. |
| Comets | ||||
| Deep Impact | Шаблон:Flagicon United States | 4 July 2005 | Tempel 1 | The "Smart Impactor" had a payload of 100 kg of copper, which at its closing velocity of 10.2 km/s had the kinetic energy equivalent to 4.8 tonnes of TNT. |
| Rosetta | Файл:ESA logo simple.svg ESA | 30 September 2016 | 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko | Intentionally crashed at end of mission. |
| Asteroids | ||||
| Double Asteroid Redirection Test (Dart) | Шаблон:Nowrap | Шаблон:Nowrap | Dimorphos | First attempt in history to redirect an asteroid. |
| Jupiter | ||||
| Galileo atmospheric probe | Шаблон:Nowrap | Шаблон:Nowrap | Functioned for 57.6 minutes. | |
| Galileo | Шаблон:Nowrap | Шаблон:Nowrap | Disintegrated in the Jovian atmosphere. | |
| Saturn | ||||
| Cassini orbiter | Шаблон:Nowrap | Шаблон:Nowrap | 9.4°N. 53°W. | 30 seconds of terminal data, more than anticipated, were received prior to CassiniШаблон:'s disintegration in Saturn's atmosphere. |
Venus and others
- Venus
- Pioneer Venus Orbiter (atmospheric disintegration)
- Pioneer Venus Multiprobe (atmospheric entry probe)
- Magellan (atmospheric disintegration)
- Venus Express (atmospheric disintegration)
- 433 Eros
Chronological gallery
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Ranger 4
-
Ranger 6
-
Rangers 7, 8, and 9
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Lunar Orbiter 1
-
Hiten
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Galileo Probe
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Galileo
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Lunar Prospector
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Deep Impact
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SMART-1
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Chandrayaan-1
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SELENE (Kaguya)/Okina
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Chang'e 1
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LCROSS
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MESSENGER
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Mars Science Laboratory
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Cassini
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Mars 2020
See also
- List of extraterrestrial orbiters
- List of landings on extraterrestrial bodies
- List of artificial objects on extraterrestrial surfaces
- Flyby (spaceflight)
- Space rendezvous
References
Шаблон:Planetary exploration Шаблон:Space exploration lists and timelines
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