Английская Википедия:Delta Phi Epsilon (professional)

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Delta Phi Epsilon (Шаблон:Lang) or Delta Phi Epsilon Foreign Service Council the largest national American professional foreign service fraternity and sorority. Founded on January 25, 1920, it was the first fraternity dedicated to careers in foreign diplomacy in trade.[1] Its Alpha chapter went on in the first half of the twentieth century to colonize new chapters at many other universities throughout the country, although most chapters went defunct in the latter half of the century. In 1973 Delta Phi Epsilon Foreign Service Sorority was founded, with its Alpha chapter at Georgetown University. As of 2021, there remained ten active collegiate chapters, half of which were created between 2016 and 2018.

History

Delta Phi Epsilon's 1st House, in 1921
Delta Phi Epsilon's first chapter house on Massachusetts Avenue, NW, in Washington, D.C. in 1921
Файл:Hoover telegram.jpg
During its National Convention in June 1932, President Herbert Hoover sent a congratulatory telegram.
Файл:Pinning 25 Jun 1960 Bros. Sutter, Hoover, Williamson photo.jpg
Former U.S. President Herbert. Hoover receives the DPE Honor Key on June 25, 1960, from DPE national president Leonard Sutter and DPE Southern California Alumni Association president Buel Williamson.

Fraternity

The fraternity was founded in the wake of World War I, in a time of increased interest in world politics and solving global issues with diplomacy. In 1919, Fr. Edmund A. Walsh, S.J. at Georgetown University founded the School of Foreign Service (SFS) and in 1924, the Rogers Act formed the basis of the United States Foreign Service. During this time, other groups with similar missions, such as the Council on Foreign Relations, were founded, along with international bodies such as the League of Nations.

The four founders of the fraternity were Alfred O. Arseneau, Wesley O. Ash, Samuel C. Bartlett, and T. J. Patrick O'Connell. At first, three of them, all undergraduates in Georgetown's SFS living together on 10th Street, held in common only their experience in overseas military service and their interest in foreign service careers. Soon they met the fourth, Pat O'Connell, who thought of founding a foreign service fraternity independently. They were drawn together by their common vision for a professional foreign service fraternity for future graduates of the School of Foreign Service and others in the field.

Later these men joined with seven other interested undergraduates (future brothers Sandager, Butts, Ash, MacKenzie, Brooks, Sullivan, Scott, and Bates) and signed the Articles of Agreement. After choosing a name and nominating officers, Delta Phi Epsilon Foreign Service Fraternity was formally founded at the Catholic Community House at 6th and E Streets, NW, on January 25, 1920. The group was incorporated in the District of Columbia on April 20, 1920. Early expansion focused on both East and West Coast schools. The fraternity's activities and expansion ceased during World War II.[2] After the war, the fraternity saw even greater expansion into institutions across the United States. and by the 1960s, the fraternity began to see a decline in the number of its chapters.[3] During the 1970s most of the fraternity's collegiate chapters went inactive, leaving only the original Alpha. This decline is attributed to two major factors: a national decline in professional fraternities and a negative perception generally of foreign service. During the Vietnam War, foreign service was closely associated in many minds with current United States foreign policy, which was protested against at many member institutions.[3]

After some attempts during the 1990s, several of these defunct chapters were revived in the 2000s. The Alpha chapter at Georgetown University went defunct but was revived in 1990 after ten years of inactivity and revived again in 1998 after another five years of inactivity.[4] In the summer of 2003, the first reactivation of a dormant chapter, Epsilon chapter at UC Berkeley, occurred. In 2016, the first co-ed chapter, Delta chapter, was founded at USC by Jacob Lokshin and eleven other USC students.[5] This was soon followed by the creation of Pi chapter, Psi chapter, Chi chapter, Eta chapter, Gamma chapter, and Mu chapter.

Alpha chapter was the longest-lived collegiate chapter of Delta Phi Epsilon; its undergraduate officers all resigned in 2018 and suspended all chapter activities in protest to actions of national leadership.[6] The chapter three successive one-person initiations over the succeeding eighteen months. In late February 2020, Alpha initiated the chapter's 200th line of ten initiates, just before the fraternity's 100th Founders' Day Banquet.

Sorority

In the 1950s, some members suggested that the fraternity accept women.[4] Gregory Creutz (Alpha 1921), national general secretary led the way to a compromise.[4] In 1956 the National Board of Directors of the fraternity created the Delta Phi Epsilon International Society of Business and Foreign Affairs which was to be open to both men and women.[7][4] However, that society failed to develop,[8]

Another movement to make the fraternity coed emerged in the late 1960s.[4] During the 1972 National Convention, members voted to amend the bylaws to admit female members.[4] However, the amendment ultimately failed because the members did not approve it a second time at either of the next two conventions.[4]

In June 1972, the Alpha chapter at Georgetown changed to include both a fraternity and a sorority of the Delta Phi Epsilon Professional Foreign Service.[4] The two groups operated separately when it came to recruiting and initiating members.[4] However, the two groups worked together for professional and social programs.[4]

The Alpha chapter of the sorority held its first initiation on February 24, 1973.[9] A second chapter of the sorority, Epsilon chapter, was founded at UC Berkeley in 2003.

In January 2021, the American University chapter withdrew from the national organization, saying that the national board "was unrepresentative of its values."[10] The group continued as the local organization Sisterhood for International Engagement.[10]

Co-educational

In 2016, the fraternity's National Convention endorsed a proposal for joint fraternity-sorority projects, including publishing a peer-reviewed Delta Phi Epsilon Journal of Foreign Affairs, operating a scholarship competition for students who had been initiated into Delta Phi Epsilon, and holding an annual symposium promoting alumni and student international relations research. This project developed into the Delta Phi Epsilon Foreign Affairs Council, incorporated and recognized as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit educational organization in 2016.[11] The council originally selected its leaders from Delta Phi Epsilon members to support international relations education, promote public engagement in foreign policy, and provide career development tools to Delta Phi Epsilon brothers and sisters.[12]

In 2016, the first co-ed chapter, Delta chapter, was founded at the University of Southern California by Jacob Lokshin and eleven other USC students.[5] The Gamma chapter also merged the sorority and fraternity into a single co-ed chapter in 2016.[13] However, some of the national fraternity's leadership continue to oppose the admission of women.[14]

Scandals

In July 2018, The Chronicle of Higher Education published several accounts of student and alumni fraternity members, accusing Terrence Boyle of sexism and bigotry.[14] Boyle has served as the fraternity's general secretary for nearly 40 years, controlled the alumni newsletter, and oversaw pledge recruitment for the Alpha chapter.[1] Charges included making the sorority members clean the bedrooms and wash the socks of the fraternity members.[14] In addition, no females had held national leadership positions.[6] In the article and in a petition shortly following it, leaders from most fraternity chapters, along with many non-DPE Fraternity members, called for Boyle's resignation.[15][16] In August 2018, the Alpha chapter officers resigned and closed the chapter's activities after Georgetown University's student newspaper, The Hoya, published an opinion piece authored by presidents of Eta, Chi, and Pi chapters calling for Georgetown students to boycott Alpha chapter.[17][18] Boyle appointed new student leadership for the Alpha chapter from outside of Georgetown; however, several of the fraternity's other chapters indicated that they would not recognize this new leadership.[6]

D.C. Attorney General Litigation.

On June 1, 2020, Terrence J. Boyle, the Treasurer of DPE, Inc., donated Alpha House to a separate corporation named the Delta Phi Epsilon for Foreign Service Education. Mr. Boyle was the treasurer of both corporations. This was deemed to be a conflict of interest.

In 2021, the District of Columbia Attorney General, Karl Racine, filed a case against the foundation and the Delta Phi Epsilon corporation.[1] The complaint alleged that funds belonging to the foundation were used by Boyle, to buy a house on 34th Street NW in 1990.[19][1] In addition, Boyle sold the fraternity's chapter house for $2.6 million when it was appraised for $4 million.[1] Mr. Boyle, the Treasurer of DPE, and Matthew W. Schmidt, the President of DPE, secretly transferred ownership of the fraternity house from the fraternity to the Foundation. Mr. Boyle was the treasurer of both organizations. This was deemed a conflict of interest.

Journalists Fredrick Kunkle and Jonetta Rose Barras published several articles about the scandals.

In January 2022, Brian Schwalb become the second elected attorney General of he District of Columbia.

In April 2022, the Office of the Attorney General filed a motion for summary judgment in the case.

In September 2021, D.C. Superior Court issued an Order for Partial Summary Judgment. The court ruled that the defendants breached their fiduciary duties. The Order was signed by D.C. Superior Court Judge, Judge Shana Frost Matini.

On November 30, 2023, the D.C. Office of the Attorney General and the defendants signed a Consent Judgment, which was approved by the D.C. Superior Court. Under the terms of the Consent Judgment, Mr. Boyle was required to make a restitution payment in the amount of $100,000. Mr. Boyle was barred for 10 years from being an officer, director, trustee or employee of any nonprofit organizations operating in the District of Columbia. Matthew W. Schmidt was barred from being an officer or director of DPE in the future.

Файл:DPE House.jpg
The Alpha chapter house at 3401 Prospect Street Northwest in Georgetown, D.C.

Chapter house

The fraternity purchased the former Seymour House in Georgetown as a chapter house for $27,500 in 1940.[1] Constructed in 1869 by merchant William E. Seymour, 3401 Prospect Street Northwest was home to the Alpha chapter until 2020.[1] The three-story brick chapter house had fifteen rooms.[1] It is a contributing property to the Georgetown Historic District and became a National Historic Landmark listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1967. For decades, the Alpha chapter of Delta Phi Epsilon was the only fraternal organization at Georgetown University with its own house. It was used for keg parties and social events.[1]

During the February 2020 annual meeting of Delta Phi Epsilon, its members voted to sell 3401 Prospect Street for as much money as possible. Alpha chapter's historic house purportedly had to be sold because it was believed that Georgetown University implemented a rule requiring undergraduates to live on campus for four years. A new house might be purchased by the foundation, not the fraternity or the Delta Phi Epsilon corporation. It would be based on a clubhouse model and would be owned by the foundation. It would not be a boarding house and would not be owned by the Delta Phi Epsilon corporation, which had owned 3401 Prospect Street.

Organizational structure

Several distinct and separate corporations use the name Delta Phi Epsilon.

Delta Phi Epsilon, Incorporated is a professional foreign service fraternity that is a 501(c)(7) nonprofit corporation. This corporation is a member-based nonprofit corporation. This organization is rare, and perhaps unique, among American fraternal organizations in that its membership as a whole does not elect the members of its board of directors. The board is self-appointed. Sitting board members select replacements to fill board seats as seats become vacant.

The Delta Phi Epsilon Foundation for Foreign Service Education is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization established in 1960.[1] Its purpose is to give scholarships to students.[1] In September 2021, The Washington Post reported that the foundation stopped issuing scholarships in 1984, including withholding $52,000 in bequests that were designated for scholarships.

Chapters

Active chapters are listed in bold. Inactive chapters are listed in italic.[20]

Chapter Chartered/Range Institution School Location Status Notes Reference
Alpha (fraternity) Шаблон:Dts–1980; 1981–198x; 1990–1993; 1996 Georgetown University Walsh School of Foreign Service Washington, D.C. Active? Male [21][22]
Alpha (sorority) 1973–1981; 1990–1996; 1998 Georgetown University — Washington, D.C. Active Female [23][2][24]
Beta Шаблон:Dts–1966; 2009–2xxx ? New York University School of Commerce, Accounts, and Finance New York City, New York Dormant Male [2][25]
Gamma Шаблон:Dts–1933; 1993–1996; 2016 Boston University Frederick S. Pardee School of Global Studies Boston, Massachusetts Active Co-ed [2][26][13]Шаблон:Efn
Gamma (sorority) 1994–199x ? Boston University Boston, Massachusetts Consolidated Female [22][13]Шаблон:Efn
Delta Шаблон:Dts–1974; 2016 University of Southern California School of International Relations Los Angeles, California Active Co-ed [26][27]Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Efn
Epsilon Шаблон:Dts–19xx ?; 1960–1973; 2003 University of California College of Commerce Berkeley, California Active Co-ed [26][28][29]Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Efn
Epsilon (sorority) 1999–19xx ?; 2003–20xx ? University of California College of Commerce Berkeley, California Consolidated Female [22][29]Шаблон:Efn
Zeta Шаблон:Dts–19xx ? University of Detroit Mercy School of Commerce and Finance Detroit, Michigan Dormant Male [26]Шаблон:Efn
Eta (fraternity) Шаблон:Dts–1943; 1944–1955; 1964–1969; 2004–20xx ?; 2023 George Washington University Elliott School of International Affairs Washington, D.C. Active Co-Ed [26][30][31]Шаблон:Efn
Eta (sorority) Шаблон:Dts George Washington University Elliott School of International Affairs Washington, D.C. Inactive Female [22][32]
Theta Шаблон:Dts–197x ? Northwestern University School of Business Evanston, Illinois Dormant Male [2]
Iota Prime Шаблон:Dts–194x ? University of Wisconsin–Madison Madison, Wisconsin Dormant Male [2]Шаблон:Efn
Iota Шаблон:Dts–197x ? Wayne State University Detroit, Michigan Dormant Male [2]
Kappa Шаблон:Dts–197x ? Leland Stanford Junior University Palo Alto, California Dormant Male [2]
Lambda Шаблон:Dts–197x ? Arizona State University Thunderbird School of Global Management Phoenix, Arizona Dormant Male [2]Шаблон:Efn
Lambda (sorority) 197x ?–1994 Arizona State University Phoenix, Arizona Dormant Female [22]
Mu Шаблон:Dts–197x; 2017–20xx ? Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan Dormant Male
Mu (sorority) Шаблон:Dts Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan Active Female [22][33]
Nu Шаблон:Dts–197x ? University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan Dormant Male [2]
Xi Шаблон:Dts–197x ? Texas Tech University Lubbock, Texas Dormant Male [2]
Xi (sorority) 197x ?–1994 Texas Tech University Lubbock, Texas Dormant Female [22]
Omicron Шаблон:Dts–197x; 1992–xxxx ? Occidental College Los Angeles, California Dormant Male [2]
Omicron (sorority) Шаблон:Dts–1993 Occidental College Los Angeles, California Dormant Female [22]
Pi Шаблон:Dts–197x ?; 2016 American University School of International Service Washington, D.C. Active Male [2]
Pi (sorority) Шаблон:Dts–2021 American University School of International Service Washington, D.C. Withdrew Female [22][10]Шаблон:Efn
Rho Шаблон:Dts–197x ? Los Angeles State College Los Angeles, California Dormant Male [2]
Rho (sorority) 19xx ? –199x ? Los Angeles State College Los Angeles, California Dormant Female [22]
Sigma Шаблон:Dts–197x ? Pepperdine University Los Angeles, California Dormant Male [2]
Sigma (sorority) Шаблон:Dts–197x ? Pepperdine University Los Angeles, California Dormant Female [22]
Tau Шаблон:Dts–197x ? Loyola Marymount University Los Angeles, California Dormant Male [2]
Tau (sorority) Шаблон:Dts–197x ? Loyola Marymount University Los Angeles, California Dormant Female [22]
Upsilon Шаблон:Dts–197x ? Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona Dormant Male [2]
Upsilon (sorority) Шаблон:Dts–197x ? Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona Dormant Female [22]
Phi Шаблон:Dts–197x ? University of South Carolina Columbia, South Carolina Dormant Male [2]
Phi (sorority) Шаблон:Dts–197x ? University of South Carolina Columbia, South Carolina Dormant Female [22]
Chi Шаблон:Dts James Madison University School of Public and International Affairs Harrisonburg, Virginia Active Co-ed [34]
Psi Шаблон:Dts–20xx ?; 2017 University of the Pacific School of International Studies Stockton, California Active? Male [2]
Psi (sorority) Шаблон:Dts University of the Pacific School of International Studies Stockton, California Active? Female [22]
Omega Шаблон:Dts–197x ? Southern Methodist University Dallas, Texas Dormant Male [2]
Omega (sorority) Шаблон:Dts–197x ? Southern Methodist University Dallas, Texas Dormant Female [22]
Beta Alpha Шаблон:Dts–197x ? Wayne State University Detroit, Michigan Dormant Male

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

Notable members

The fraternity initiates Line Brothers, those who pledge when they are students, and National Brothers, mostly those already out of school who only go through the required final initiation ritualistic ceremonies.

Name Chapter Pledge Year Brother Type Notability Ref
Diego C. Asencio Alpha 1950 Line U.S. Ambassador to Colombia, U.S. Ambassador to Brazil [35]
Robert Barr Delta 1970 Line Federal Prosecutor and U.S. Congressman from Georgia [36]
Derek C. Bok Kappa 1950 Line president of Harvard University and dean of Harvard Law School [37]
St. Clair Bourne Alpha 1962 Line documentary filmmaker [38]
Mitchell R. Chitwood Alpha 1981 Brig. General U.S. Army Reserve, worked on human rights issues in Afghanistan [39]
Charles A. Coulombe Alpha 2004 National Catholic historian, author, journalist, and lecturer [40]
William S. Culbertson Alpha 1920 National U.S. Ambassador to Romania, U.S. Ambassador to Chile
Michael Czinkota Alpha 1996 National Georgetown University professor, deputy assistant secretary in the U.S. Department of Commerce [41]
Roderic H. Davison Eta 1948 National professor of government at George Washington University [42]
Walt Disney Delta 1950 National film producer, Film director, screenwriter, voice actor, and animator [43]
James F. Dobbins Alpha 1960 Line U.S. Ambassador to the European Union [44]
Lev Dobriansky Alpha 1968 National U.S. Ambassador to the Bahamas, Georgetown University professor [45]
Thomas J. Dodd Jr. Alpha 1972 National U.S. Ambassador to Uruguay, U.S. Ambassador to Costa Rica [46]
Walter J. Donnelly Alpha 1920 Line U.S. Ambassador to Costa Rica, U.S. Ambassador to Venezuela, U.S. Ambassador to Austria [47]
Don C. Faith Jr. Alpha 1938 Line Medal of Honor recipient [48][49]
Evan G. Galbraith Alpha 1994 National U.S. Ambassador to France [50]
Walter I. "Jack" Giles Alpha 1949 National government professor at Georgetown University, namesake of an endowed chair [51]
Edward "Skip" Gnehm Eta 1964 Line U.S. Ambassador to Kuwait, U.S. Ambassador to Australia, U.S. Ambassador to Jordan [52][53]
H. Allen Holmes Alpha 2007 National U.S. Ambassador to Portugal [54]
George R. Houston Jr. Alpha 1964 National accounting professor at Georgetown University, president of Mount St. Mary's University [55]
Eric G. John Alpha 1978 Line U.S. Ambassador to Thailand [56]
Phillip Karber Alpha 2003 National Ford Motor Company executive, special advisor to Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher [57]
Jan Karski Alpha 1964 National Georgetown University professor, Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient [58][59]
Thomas M. King Alpha 2005 National professor of theology at Georgetown University [60]
William Knowland Alpha 1951 National U.S. Senator from California and Republican Party leader [61]
Evan Kohlmann Alpha 1998 Line private sec Privateernational counter-terrorism consultant [62]
Frank Lavin Alpha 1975 Line U.S. Ambassador to Singapore [63]
Edward B. Lawson Alpha 1924 Line U.S. Ambassador to Iceland, U.S. Ambassador to Israel [64]
Paul M. A. Linebarger Alpha 1953 National author, East Asia scholar; expert in psychological warfare [65]
Raymond P. Ludden Alpha 1928 Line China expert for the U.S. State Department
Douglas MacArthur II Alpha 1956 National U.S. Ambassador to Japan, U.S. Ambassador to Belgium, U.S. Ambassador to Austria, U.S. Ambassador to Iran [66]
Thaddeus M. Machrowicz Alpha 1959 National [67]
Philip W. Manhard Delta 1942 Line U.S. Ambassador to Mauritius [68]
Jesse A. Mann Alpha 1966 National dean of the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University [69]
Grady Louis McMurtry Epsilon 1954 Line occultist and revivor of Ordo Templi Orientis [70]
Aurel Munteanu Alpha 1998 National Romanian Foreign Minister and Ambassador to the U.S. [71]
Nicholas Onuf Alpha 1967 National professor emeritus of international relations at Florida International University [72]
Donald Lawrence O'Toole Alpha 1951 National U.S. Representative from New York [73]
Ibrahim Oweiss Alpha 1968 National professor of economics emeritus at Georgetown University [74]
Samuel Potolicchio Alpha 2015 National director of global and custom education at McCourt School of Public Policy, Georgetown University [75]
Earl Ravenal Alpha 1994 National senior fell Seniorforeign policy studies and professor in foreign service Georgetown University [76]
Christopher R. Reich Alpha 1979 Line The New York Times bestselling author [77]
Claude G. Ross Delta 1938 Line U.S. Ambassador to Central African Republic, U.S. Ambassador to Haïti, U.S. Ambassador to Tanzania [78]
Abdul Aziz Said Pi 1967 National professor of international relations in the School of International Service at American University [79]
Harry Sandager Alpha 1920 Line U.S. Representative from Rhode Island [80]
Robert A. Scalapin Epsilon 1950 National professor of government emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley [81]
Howard B. Schaffer Alpha 2005 National U.S. Ambassador to Bangladesh, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State [82]
George L. Sherry Omega 1989 National U.S. United Nations official, professor at Occidental College [83]
Ken Starr Eta 1967 Line Solicitor General of the United States [52]
Mark von Hagen Alpha 1972 Line professor of history at Arizona State University [84]
Rufus B. von KleinSmid Delta 1923 Line president American Association of Colleges and Universities, president

University of Arizona, and chancellor of the University of Southern California

[85]
John Wood Alpha 1996 National Chancellor Chancellorniversity of Canterbury]], deputy secretary of foreign affairs of New Zealand, New Zealand Ambassador to the United States

See also

References

Шаблон:ReflistШаблон:Professional Fraternities

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