Английская Википедия:Demarchos

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:For The dēmarchos (Шаблон:Lang-gr; plural δήμαρχοι, dēmarchoi), anglicized as Demarch, is a title historically given to officials related to civic administration. In ancient Athens the title was given to the elected chief magistrate of each of the demes of Attica. In later literature, the term was used as a translation of the Roman office of Шаблон:Lang. In the Byzantine Empire the dēmarchos was the leader of one of the racing factions (then known as "demes") of the Hippodrome of Constantinople. Largely concerned with ceremonial in the early centuries, from the 11th century the title was applied to various administrative positions in Constantinople, until the end of the empire. In modern usage, the term is used for the mayor of a municipality.

Ancient Greece

Athens

In Classical Athens, the Шаблон:Transl was the highest magistrate in each of the 139 demes (Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Transl, sing. Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Transl) that comprised Attica after the reforms of Cleisthenes.Шаблон:Sfn[1] The office lasted for one year, and was elected from the members of the deme (the δημώται, Шаблон:Transl), initially by direct vote, but by the end of the 4th century, he was usually elected by lot. The Шаблон:Transl of Piraeus was initially appointed by the Шаблон:Transl (i.e., the Athenian city-state), as was that of Oropus; these too eventually came to be elected by lot from among the entire Athenian citizen body.Шаблон:Sfn In some demes, the office was eponymous, i.e. it was used for dating, along with the names of the eponymous archons of the entire Шаблон:Transl of Athens.Шаблон:Sfn

The responsibilities of the Шаблон:Transl were to convene and chair the local assembly, and supervise the execution of its resolutions, as well as their engraving in public view.Шаблон:Sfn Along with the treasurers he supervised the deme's landed properties and their rent, as well as expenditure; along with the priests he was responsible for religious festivals, sacrifices, or theatre performances.Шаблон:Sfn As chief magistrate he also possessed considerable judicial powers, including holding his outgoing predecessor to account, and chairing the assembly when it was functioning as a public court. In the event that the deme as a whole was involved in a court case, he was responsible for representing it before the Шаблон:Transl.Шаблон:Sfn

Occupying a crucial position at the interface between the deme and the Athenian Шаблон:Transl, he was also charged with maintaining up to date the deme's register of citizens (Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Transl), which he kept sealed at his own residence,Шаблон:Sfn as well as registers of those citizens eligible for naval service as rowers in the triremes.Шаблон:Sfn It is unclear whether he was also responsible for maintaining registers of those eligible for hoplite service.Шаблон:Sfn He also had fiscal duties, supervising confiscations and maintaining the registers of confiscated property,Шаблон:Sfn as well as collecting (before 387/86 BC) the Шаблон:Transl tax from property-owning citizens.[1]

Other usage

The office is also attested in Chios in the 6th century BC, where the Шаблон:Transl was appointed alongside the Шаблон:Transl, possibly charged with judicial matters,[1] whereas in Eretria on Euboea the Шаблон:Transl was responsible for religious affairs.[1]

In Naples, originally a Greek colony in Italy, the Шаблон:Transl was originally an important office, standing at the head of the Шаблон:Transl. It is unclear whether it was held by a single person or a college of holders. The office survived into the Roman period, where it was reduced to a largely symbolic role supervising public religious acts and festivals. Its holders included the Roman emperors Titus (Шаблон:Reign) and Hadrian (Шаблон:Reign). The office survived at least until the time of Constantine the Great (Шаблон:Reign).[1]Шаблон:Sfn

Greek writers also commonly used the term to translate the Roman magistrature of Шаблон:Lang, probably influenced by the title's use in Naples and other Greek cities of the area. The term Шаблон:Lang was thus rendered Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transl).Шаблон:Sfn

Byzantine usage

Background

In Late Antiquity, the term "demes" (Шаблон:Transl) came to be used for the associations responsible for the organization of games and chariot races. There were usually four, known by their colours as the Blues (Βένετοι, Шаблон:Transl), Greens (Πράσινοι, Шаблон:Transl), Whites (Λευκοὶ, Шаблон:Transl), and Reds (Ῥούσιοι, Шаблон:Transl). The Blues and Greens were the most important, with the Whites and Reds as their respective junior partners.[2] In Late Antiquity, they were widespread across the Byzantine Empire, and even played an important political role, both as leading ceremonial acclamations to the emperor in the Hippodrome of Constantinople, and as organizing factors in urban riots in the empire's great cities, notably the Nika revolt in Constantinople.[2] However, after the Muslim conquests and the crisis of the 7th century, the Шаблон:Transl were restricted to Constantinople and were reduced to a purely ceremonial role as integral parts of the administration: their personnel had court ranks, and were paid salaries by the Шаблон:Transl.[2]

According to the Шаблон:Transl of 899, only the Blues and Greens survived, separated further into those "of the city" (πολιτικοὶ, Шаблон:Transl), under a dēmarchos, and the "suburban" (περατικοὶ, Шаблон:Transl), under a Шаблон:Transl, a role which was entrusted to senior military officials: the Domestic of the Schools for the Blues, and the Domestic of the Excubitors for the Greens. All of these were grouped under the generic label of Шаблон:Transl.Шаблон:Sfn

History and functions

The title of Шаблон:Transl is first securely attested in 602. The 10th-century Patria of Constantinople refer to two Шаблон:Transl under Theodosius II (Шаблон:Reign), but this is most likely an anachronism.[3] In popular usage, they are sometimes called Шаблон:Transl (διοικηταὶ).[3]

Their exact role is unclear: in view of their ceremonial role in later centuries, Alan Cameron suggested that they were claque conductors, whereas G. Manojlovic considered them as military commanders of a militia recruited by the Шаблон:Transl.[3] By the mid-9th century, the Шаблон:Transl was a government official, as attested in the Taktikon Uspensky and seals of office, holding the dignities such as Шаблон:Transl or Шаблон:Transl in the court hierarchy.[3] The Шаблон:Transl records their staff of subaltern officials:

The actual personnel of the Hippodrome were not part of their staff.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In the De ceremoniis of Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos, the ceremonies of promotion for the Шаблон:Transl are recorded, as well as for their subalterns.[3]

In the 11th century, the Шаблон:Transl that appear in seals also hold offices in the administration, such as Шаблон:Transl and Шаблон:Transl. The continuity with their 9th–10th century forebears is unclear.[3] The title survived into the Palaiologan period, charged with various administrative duties in Constantinople: according to a letter of Patriarch Athanasius I of Constantinople (1289–1293 and 1303–1309), two Шаблон:Transl were responsible for supervising the grain trade and bread production, while later in the 14th century the Шаблон:Transl administered the quarters (Шаблон:Transl) of the city.[3] In the mid-14th century book of ceremonies of pseudo-Kodinos, the banners (Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Transl) of the Шаблон:Transl are mentioned as following behind those of all the other officials in processions.Шаблон:Sfn

During the final siege of Constantinople in 1453, the Шаблон:Transl assumed the role of military commanders.[3]

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 Шаблон:Harvnb
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Шаблон:Harvnb.
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6 3,7 3,8 Шаблон:Harvnb.
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Demarchos&oldid=14257837