Английская Википедия:Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania
Шаблон:Infobox political party
The Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania (Шаблон:Lang-de, DFDR; Шаблон:Lang-ro, FDGR; in short Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang) is a political party (legally recognized as an association of public utility according to the governmental decision HG 599 as per 4 June 2008) organised on ethnic criteria representing the interests of the German minority in Romania.[1][2][3]
Initially, the FDGR/DFDR was a cultural association representing the culture of the German community in Romania, but it subsequently became a moderately successful local political party (especially amongst Romanian voters as well), most notably in parts of Transylvania (central Romania) and Banat (south-western Romania). Consequently, the counties where the FDGR/DFDR obtained the highest political scores in many local elections after 1989 are Sibiu (Шаблон:Lang-de) and Timiș (Шаблон:Lang-de) respectively.
History (1989–present)
The forum was founded at the end of 1989, in the wake of the Romanian Revolution which culminated with the downfall of Nicolae Ceaușescu's dictatorship.[4]Шаблон:Rp Despite originally being a German minority party (and, initially, a cultural organization), it gradually grew quite popular amongst many ethnic Romanians, especially in parts of Transylvania and Banat, including, most notably, the major town of Sibiu (Шаблон:Lang-de), where the party still holds a majority in the local town council (12 out of 23 seats), as well as in the County of Sibiu.[5] Aside from its significant presence in Transylvania and Banat, the FDGR/DFDR is also active in Bukovina (i.e. Suceava County), yet without any elected representatives in the local politics, acting instead in the manner of a cultural foundation which periodically organizes a wide range of educational and cultural events.
In terms of reputation, the party is regarded as independent, whilst its politicians, including former Sibiu mayor, former party leader, and current President of Romania, Klaus Johannis, have earned respect as thorough administrators.[6] The FDGR/DFDR has often cooperated with the National Liberals (PNL), to which Iohannis became a member and one of its prime leaders (as vice-president) starting from February 2013. Additionally, the FDGR/DFDR also has a youth wing known as the German Youth Federation in Romania (Шаблон:Lang-de), currently headed by Adelheid Simon.[7]
At local administration level, most notably in Timișoara (Шаблон:Lang-de) or Baia Mare (Шаблон:Lang-de), the FDGR/DFDR has also co-operated with another Romanian centre-right historical party, namely the PNȚCD.[8] For the 2020 Romanian local elections however, the FDGR/DFDR supported Dominic Fritz (the candidate of the USR PLUS, now USR) for the seat of mayor of Timișoara which the latter also won in the first round with 53.24% over former national liberal (PNL) mayor Nicolae Robu.
In recent years, the main headquarters of FDGR/DFDR in Sibiu (Шаблон:Lang-de) organised several foreign receptions of high ranking German officials, among which most notably there were former Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU) leader and former chancellor Angela Merkel and president Joachim Gauck.[9][10]
Overview and organization
The history of the German minority in Romania, and mostly, their presence in the historical region of Transylvania, spans approximately a millennium back in time. Nevertheless, under the blanket term "Romanian Germans" (Шаблон:Lang-de) a wide variety of different regional German-speaking groups are included (some which are native to other regions of Romania) as follows:
- Файл:Coa Romania Nationality Saxons.svg Transylvanian Saxons (the eldest ethnic German sub-group on the territory of present-day Romania);
- Файл:Dunauschwaben.jpg Banat Swabians (including Banat Highland Germans);
- Файл:Sathmarer Schwaben.jpg Sathmar Swabians;
- Файл:Coat of arms of Bucovina.svg Bukovina Germans;
- Файл:Coa Romania Nationality Saxons.svg Transylvanian Landler;Шаблон:Efn
- Файл:Flag of Carpathian Germans.svg Zipser Germans;Шаблон:Efn
- Файл:Kingdom of Romania - Big CoA.svg Regat Germans;Шаблон:NoteTag
- Файл:Dobrudscha logo.svg Dobrujan Germans;
- Файл:Flag of Bessarabia Germans.svg Bessarabia Germans (former Romanian citizens between 1918 and 1940).
Since 2000, the FDGR/DFDR has won offices on both local and regional levels. In Sibiu (Шаблон:Lang-de), the FDGR/DFDR's Klaus Johannis has held the office of mayor from 2000 to 2014. In 2004, the forum gained 60.43% of votes in local elections for the Municipal Council. In addition, the FDGR/DFDR held 12 out of 23 seats in the Sibiu Municipal Council, forming an absolute majority alongside the PNL.
Following the 2016 local elections in Sibiu County (which has a population of about 450,000 residents), the FDGR/DFDR won 8 out of 33 seats in the County Council, where it is the third strongest political faction, after the National Liberals (PNL) and Social Democrats (PSD).
The FDGR/DFDR has also had mayors in office since 2004 in the cities of Mediaș (Шаблон:Lang-de) and Cisnădie (Шаблон:Lang-de), as well as in a few villages in Satu Mare (Шаблон:Lang-de) county. The FDGR/DFDR is an associated member of the Federal Union of European Nationalities and was formerly affiliated with the European People's Party (Шаблон:Lang-de).
Additionally, at local political level, the FDGR/DFDR is organized in five distinct branches as follows: FDGR Banat (Шаблон:Lang-de), FDGR Bucovina (Шаблон:Lang-de), FDGR Transilvania (Шаблон:Lang-de), FDGR Transilvania de Nord (Шаблон:Lang-de), and FDGR Regiunea Extra-carpatică (Шаблон:Lang-de).[12][13]
Controversies
Both during and after the 2014 presidential campaign of former FDGR/DFDR president Klaus Johannis, who subsequently became president of the National Liberal Party (PNL) during the autumn of the same year, the Social Democratic Party (PSD) accused the forum of being the legal continuator of the German Ethnic Group (Шаблон:Lang-ro) concerning alleged dubious retrocessions of several buildings from Sibiu (Шаблон:Lang-de) by Johannis during his terms as mayor to the forum itself.[14] While the German Ethnic group was indeed a fascist organisation during World War II which represented the German minority in Romania between 1940 and 1944, the FDGR/DFDR is a distinct platform which has nothing to do with the latter, formed after 1989 anti-communist revolution and consequently not inheriting anything from it.[15]
Presidents
- 1990–1992: Thomas Nägler;Шаблон:Efn
- 1992–1998: Paul Philippi;Шаблон:Efn
- 1998–2001: Eberhard Wolfgang Wittstock;
- 2001–2013: Klaus Werner Johannis;
- 2013–present: Paul-Jürgen Porr.[16][17]
Chronology of FDGR/DFDR deputies
- 1990–1992: Ingmar Brandsch;
- 1992–1996: Eberhard Wolfgang Wittstock;
- 1996–1997: Werner Horst Brück;
- 1997–2004: Eberhard Wolfgang Wittstock;
- 2004–present: Ovidiu Victor Ganț.[18][19]
Localities with FDGR/DFDR mayors
2016 Romanian local elections
After the 2016 Romanian local elections, the FDGR/DFDR candidates won the following localities (most of them belonging to Satu Mare County):[20][21]
- Cămin (Шаблон:Lang-de), Imre Sütő;
- Sanislău (Шаблон:Lang-de), Ioan-Zoltan Kardosi;
- Turulung (Шаблон:Lang-de), Gheorghe-Nicolae Gyákon;
- Petreşti (Шаблон:Lang-de), Iosif Mellau;
- Sibiu (Шаблон:Lang-de), Astrid Fodor.
Furthermore, the FDGR/DFDR also held 91 local councillor seats in 32 communes.[22]
2020 Romanian local elections
After the 2020 Romanian local elections, the FDGR/DFDR candidates won the following localities (most of them belonging to Satu Mare County):
- Cămin (Шаблон:Lang-de), Imre Sütő;
- Sanislău (Шаблон:Lang-de), Ioan-Zoltan Kardosi;
- Turulung (Шаблон:Lang-de), Gheorghe-Nicolae Gyákon;
- Petreşti (Шаблон:Lang-de), Marchis Gheorghe Otto;
- Sibiu (Шаблон:Lang-de), Astrid Fodor.
In addition, the party now holds 68 local council seats (39 in Satu Mare, 13 in Sibiu, 10 in Brașov, 4 in Timiș, 1 in Maramureș, and 1 in Arad) as well as 5 county council seats in Sibiu County.
Notable FDGR/DFDR politicians
- Astrid Fodor, the current mayor of Sibiu (Шаблон:Lang-de)[23]
- Wilhelm Fabini, sculptor and artist
- Martin Bottesch, former President of the Sibiu County Council
- Ovidiu Victor Ganț, member of Parliament and MEP for Romania (2007–09)
- Daniel Thellmann, former mayor of Mediaș (Шаблон:Lang-de) and founding member of DFDR/FDGR
- Klaus Johannis, 5th and current President of Romania
- Paul Philippi, theologian and President of FDGR/DFDR
- Eberhard Wolfgang Wittstock, journalist and former FDGR/DFDR Member of Parliament
- Arnold Günter Klingeis, former mayor of Avrig (Шаблон:Lang-de)
- Josef-Otto Exner, president of the ACI Bukowina Stiftung in the town of Suceava (Шаблон:Lang-de)[24]
- Trudi Wiski, local president for FDGR Cârlibaba (Шаблон:Lang-de)
- Josef Robert Stadler, local president for FDGR Frasin (Шаблон:Lang-de)
- Siegfried Kwirsfeld, local president for FDGR Vatra Dornei (Шаблон:Lang-de)
Electoral performance
Local elections
Legislative elections
| Election | Chamber | Senate | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | |
| 1990 | 38,768 | 0.28 | Шаблон:Composition bar | 19,105 | 0.14 | Шаблон:Composition bar |
| 1992 | 34,685 | 0.32 | Шаблон:Composition bar | 588 | 0.00 | Шаблон:Composition bar |
| 1996 | 23,888 | 0.20 | Шаблон:Composition bar | Шаблон:N/a | Шаблон:N/a | Шаблон:N/a |
| 2000 | 40,844 | 0.31 | Шаблон:Composition bar | Шаблон:N/a | Шаблон:N/a | Шаблон:N/a |
| 2004 | 36,166 | 0.35 | Шаблон:Composition bar | Шаблон:N/a | Шаблон:N/a | Шаблон:N/a |
| 2008 | 23,190 | 0.30 | Шаблон:Composition bar | Шаблон:N/a | Шаблон:N/a | Шаблон:N/a |
| 2012 | 39,175 | 0.53 | Шаблон:Composition bar | Шаблон:N/a | Шаблон:N/a | Шаблон:N/a |
| 2016 | 12,375 | 0.18 | Шаблон:Composition bar | Шаблон:N/a | Шаблон:N/a | Шаблон:N/a |
| 2020 | 7,582 | 0.13 | Шаблон:Composition bar | Шаблон:N/a | Шаблон:N/a | Шаблон:N/a |
| 2024 | TBD | TBD | TBD | Шаблон:N/a | Шаблон:N/a | Шаблон:N/a |
See also
Further reading
- 2014 – Step by step (Шаблон:Lang-ro, Шаблон:Lang-de, Шаблон:ISBN), autobiographical volume by Klaus Johannis and bestseller in the history of Gaudeamus International Book and Education Fair, detailing his political career as mayor of his native Sibiu (Шаблон:Lang-de).[26][27]
- 2015 – First step (Шаблон:Lang-ro, Шаблон:Lang-de, Шаблон:ISBN), a continuation of the volume "Step by step" by Klaus Johannis which was published in 2014. The volume describes his future plans as president.[28]
- 2019 – EU.RO – un dialog deschis despre Europa (Шаблон:Lang-en, Шаблон:Lang-de), an introductory and statistical volume on the European Union (EU)[29]
Notes
Шаблон:Notelist Шаблон:NoteFoot
References
External links
- Romanian Chamber of Deputies
- Шаблон:In lang Hermannstädter ZeitungШаблон:Dead link
- Шаблон:In lang Romanian Department of Internal Affairs Шаблон:Webarchive (some information in English)
- Шаблон:In lang Allgemeine Deutsche Zeitung für Rumänien
- Шаблон:In lang Verband der Siebenbürger Sachsen in Deutschland
- Шаблон:In lang Deutsches Forum der Banater Berglanddeutschen
- Шаблон:In lang Deutsches Forum Kronstadt
- Шаблон:In lang Deutsches Forum Sathmar
- Шаблон:In lang Deutsches Forum Bistritz
- Шаблон:In lang Deutsches Forum Klausenburg
- Шаблон:In lang Deutsches Forum Schäßburg
Шаблон:Romanian political parties Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Doctorul Paul Jürgen Porr, succesorul lui Klaus Iohannis la conducerea Forumului Democrat al Germanilor din România, 5 March 2013, Gândul
- ↑ Medicul Paul Porr este noul președinte al FDGR, 10 July 2013, Mediafax
- ↑ Aleşii Votează: Pagina deputatului: Ganț Ovidiu Victor Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ ADZ: Ovidiu Ganţ resümiert zehn Jahre Politik - Der Abgeordnete stellt in Bukarest sein Buch vor, 22 September 2011
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Astrid Fodor aleasă cu 57,13%, 6 June 2016, Ora de Sibiu.
- ↑ Forumul regional Bucovina Шаблон:Webarchive, 7 June 2020, FDGR.ro.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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