Английская Википедия:Demographics of Berlin

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox place demographics

Файл:Berlin Panorama 2010.jpg
Urbanized Berlin

In December 2019, the city-state of Berlin had a population of 3,769,495 registered inhabitants[1] in an area of Шаблон:Convert.[2] The city's population density was 4,227 inhabitants per km2. Berlin is Germany's largest city and the most populous city proper in the European Union.

In December 2015, there were 621,075 registered residents of foreign nationality,[3] originating from approximately 190 different countries.[4]

History

Файл:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-54121-0003, Berlin, Waldlaufmeisterschaften.jpg
People running in 1958
Файл:Population pyramid of Berlin in 1946.svg
Population pyramid of Berlin in 1946

The city responded to the 1685 revocation of the Edict of Nantes in France with the Edict of Potsdam, which guaranteed religious freedom and tax-free status to French Huguenot refugees for ten years. Thanks to its role as the capital of rising Prussia, the population grew steadily: it surpassed the 100,000 mark in 1747 and the one-million mark in 1877.

Growth accelerated in the 19th century with the industrialisation after the Napoleonic Wars and the Prussian Reforms. Only about 40% of Berliners in the last quarter of the 19th century were natives of the city. Nevertheless, Berlin's population remained ethnically and even regionally very homogeneous: In 1895, over 98% of inhabitants spoke German as their native language. Among the rest were 12,000 Polish speakers, 700 Russophones and about 2,000 other Slavs. In 1900, most of the 1.9 million Berliners originated from the eastern provinces of Prussia. A fifth hailed from the surrounding province of Brandenburg, 9% from the provinces of West and East Prussia, 7% from Silesia, 6% from Pomerania, 5% from Posen, 4% from Saxony. Only about 3 to 4% had come to the city from other German regions and only about 1,5% from abroad, mostly from Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire.[5]

Between 1913 and 1917, the population fell by about 16% down to 1.744 million people, mostly due to men serving in World War I, but recovered somewhat after the armistice, reaching 1.928 million people in December 1919. In December 1917, during the latter part of the war, there were 58,152 military personnel and 4,017 prisoners-of-war in the city.

The industrialisation had brought about a rapid expansion of the suburbs, many of them developed explicitly for workers of specific factories, e.g. Siemensstadt and Borsigwalde. The Greater Berlin Act of 1920 (Groß-Berlin-Gesetz) boosted the population by incorporating many hitherto autonomous towns and cities, e.g. Spandau and Köpenick at the margins of the modern metropolis, but also Charlottenburg, nowadays almost in the heart of the city. The city approximately reached its modern extent, growing from Шаблон:Convert to Шаблон:Convert. This expansion made Berlin the most populous city proper of Continental Europe in the interwar period (though not the largest agglomeration[6]) and the third-largest in the world behind London and New York.

The four-million mark was surpassed in the 1920s, and in 1942, the officially registered population reached its maximum of 4.48 million, although because of the war conditions, this was an overestimation. More likely estimates based on food rationing data show lower numbers of 3.95 million people in February 1942 and only 3.11 million people in February 1944 (incl. 177,000 foreigners) when aerial attacks approached its most intense phase.[7]

In the context of the more general huge population movements in immediately post-war Germany, a significant part of Berlin's pre-war population permanently resettled to other parts of Germany or abroad. A 1946 census counted 436,600 Berliners in the western occupation zones and 306,823 in the Soviet zone. In 1950, this number had risen to 518,218 in what had now become the Federal Republic.[8] Since the end of World War II, the city population has been fluctuating between 3 and 3.5 million, with a low of less than 3.1 million from the mid-1970s to mid-1980s.[9] Between 1950 and 1961, so between the establishment of the Soviet-backed German Democratic Republic and the construction of the Berlin Wall, most of the losses were incurred by East Berlin, while West Berlin showed modest growth of 2.3%.

Moving to West Berlin was attractive for those from West Germany who wished to avoid the draft from 1957 to 1990, because the special administrative status of the city meant that the draft could not be enforced there.

Asylum policies in West Berlin triggered waves of immigration during the 1960s and 1970s. Berlin is home to about 250,000 Turks (especially in Kreuzberg, Neukölln and Wedding, a locality in the borough of Mitte),[10] the largest Turkish community outside Turkey.[11]

During the 1990s, the Aussiedlergesetze enabled immigration to Germany of residents of the former Soviet Union. Ethnic Germans from countries from the former Soviet Union make up the largest portion of the Russian-speaking community.[12] Immigration continues from a number of Western countries, particularly by young people from Germany and other parts of Europe.

The number of Arabic speakers in Berlin could be higher than 150,000. There are at least 40,000 Berliners with Syrian citizenship, third only behind Turkish and Polish citizens. The 2015 refugee crisis made Berlin Europe's capital of Arab culture.[13]

Berlin is among the cities in Germany that have received the biggest amount of refugees after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. As of November 2022, estimated 85,000 Ukrainian refugees were registered in Berlin,[14] making Berlin the most popular destination of Ukrainian refugees in Germany.[15]

Statistics

Файл:Berlin population2.svg
Chart showing Berlin's population fluctuations since 1880. The spike in population in 1920 is a result of the Greater Berlin Act.
Файл:Kinderfestival 25. April 2010 - Children's festival - Berlin - panoramio.jpg
Children in a fair in front of the Brandenburg Gate
Year Population
1250 1,200
1307 7,000
1400 8,500
1576 12,000
1600 9,000
1631 8,100
1648 6,000
1654 6,197
1685 17,500
1690 21,500
1698 22,400
1700 29,000
1709 55,000
1712 61,000
1750 113,289
1775 136,137
1800 172,132
1825 219,968
December 3, 1840 ¹ 322,626
December 3, 1846 ¹ 408,500
December 3, 1849 ¹ 418,733
Year Population
December 3, 1852 ¹ 426,600
December 3, 1855 ¹ 442,500
December 3, 1858 ¹ 463,600
December 3, 1861 ¹ 524,900
December 3, 1864 ¹ 632,700
December 3, 1867 ¹ 702,400
December 1, 1871 ¹ 826,341
December 1, 1875 ¹ 969,050
December 1, 1880 ¹ 1,122,330
December 1, 1885 ¹ 1,315,287
December 1, 1890 ¹ 1,578,794
December 2, 1895 ¹ 1,678,924
December 1, 1900 ¹ 1,888,848
December 1, 1905 ¹ 2,042,402
December 1, 1910 ¹ 2,071,257
December 1, 1916 ¹ 1,712,679
Year Population
December 5, 1917 ¹ 1,681,916
October 8, 1919 ¹ 1,902,509
June 16, 1925 ¹ 4,024,286
June 16, 1933 ¹ 4,242,501
May 17, 1939 ¹ 4,338,756
August 12, 1945 ¹ 2,807,405
October 29, 1946 ¹ 3,170,832
December 31, 1950 3,336,026
December 31, 1960 3,274,016
December 31, 1970 3,208,719
December 31, 1980 3,048,759
December 31, 1990 3,433,695
December 31, 2000 3,382,169
September 30, 2005 3,394,000
December 31, 2010 3,460,725
December 31, 2013 3,517,424
December 31, 2016 3,670,622

City size

Файл:Metropolregion Berlin-Brandenburg Einwohnerdichte.svg
Population density of the Berlin-Brandenburg metro region in 2015

Municipality

On 31 December 2015, the city-state of Berlin had a population of 3,520,031 registered inhabitants[3] in an area of Шаблон:Convert.[2] Berlin in 2009 was estimated to have another 100,000 to 250,000 non-registered inhabitants.[16] The city's population density was 4,048 inhabitants per km2. Berlin is the most populous city proper in the EU.

Urban area

The urban area of Berlin comprised about 4.1 million people in 2014 in an area of Шаблон:Convert, making it the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union.[17] The urban agglomeration of the metropolis was home to about 4.5 million in an area of Шаблон:Convert.

Metropolitan area

As of 2014, the functional urban area was home to about 5 million people in an area of approximately Шаблон:Convert.[18] The entire Berlin-Brandenburg capital region has a population of more than 6 million in an area of Шаблон:Convert.[19]

Population

In 2014, the city state Berlin had 37,368 live births (+6.6%), a record number since 1991. The number of deaths was 32,314. Almost 2 million households were counted in the city. 54 percent of them were single-person households. More than 337,000 families with children under the age of 18 lived in Berlin. In 2014 the German capital registered a migration surplus of approximately 40,000 people.[20]

Boroughs

Файл:Berlin Subdivisions.svg
Map of Berlin's twelve boroughs and their 96 localities
Файл:Crowd at the MyFest in Berlin Kreuzberg.jpg
People in Kreuzberg
Borough Population
2010
Area
in km2
Largest Non-German ethnic groups
Mitte 332,100 39.47 Turks, Arabs, Kurds, Asians, Western Europeans
Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg 268,831 20.16 Turks, Arabs, Africans, Kurds, Chinese
Pankow 368,956 103.01 Poles, Italians, French, Americans, Vietnamese, British
Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf 320,014 64.72 Turks, Africans, Russians, Arabs
Spandau 225,420 91.91 Turks, Africans, Russians, Arabs
Steglitz-Zehlendorf 293,989 102.50 Poles, Turks, Croats, Serbs, Koreans
Tempelhof-Schöneberg 335,060 53.09 Turks, Croats, Serbs, Koreans, Africans
Neukölln 310,283 44.93 Arabs, Turks, Kurds, Russians, Africans, Poles, Albanians
Treptow-Köpenick 241,335 168.42 Russians, Poles, Ukrainians, Vietnamese
Marzahn-Hellersdorf 248,264 61.74 Russians, Vietnamese, Eastern Europeans
Lichtenberg 259,881 52.29 Vietnamese, Russians, Ukrainians, Poles, Albanians
Reinickendorf 240,454 89.46 Turks, Poles, Serbs, Croats, Arabs, Italians
Total Berlin 3,450,889 891.82 Turks, Arabs, Russians, Vietnamese, Poles, Africans

Nationalities

Шаблон:See also

Файл:Obamas with children at U.S. embassy in Berlin, 2013.jpg
Sons and daughters of U.S. embassy staff in 2013
Файл:Einwohnerinnen und Einwohner ohne Migrationshintergrund in Berlin am 31. Dezember 2020 nach Bezirken.svg
Native population by district (2020)

As of December 2013 there were approximately 1,000,000 people (about 30 percent of the population) with an immigrant background living in Berlin, with significant differences in their distribution. The immigrant community is diverse, with Middle Easterners (including Turkish and Kurdish people and Arabs), smaller numbers of East Asians, Sub-Saharan Africans and other European immigrants, Eastern Europeans forming the largest groups.[21][22] Since the accession of Romania and Bulgaria to the European Union there has been a Romani influx. About 70,000 Afro-Germans live in Berlin.[23]

There are more than 25 non-indigenous communities with a population of at least 10,000 people, including Turkish, Kurdish, Polish, Russian, Croatian, Palestinian, Serbian, Italian, Bosnian, Vietnamese, American, Romanian, Bulgarian, Chinese, Austrian, Ghanaian, Ukrainian, French, British, Spanish, Israeli, Thai, Iranian, Egyptian and Syrian communities.[24]

Residents by Citizenship (31.12.2019)[25]
Country Population
Total registered residents 3,769,495
Шаблон:Flag 2,992,150
Шаблон:Flag 98,940
Шаблон:Flag 56,573
Шаблон:Flag 39,813
Шаблон:Flag 31,573
Шаблон:Flag 30,824
Шаблон:Flag 26,640
Шаблон:Flag 24,264
Шаблон:Flag 22,694
Шаблон:Flag 20,109
Шаблон:Flag 20,023
Шаблон:Flag 19,072
Шаблон:Flag 16,251
Шаблон:Flag 15,045
Шаблон:Flag 14,625
Шаблон:Flag 13,930
Шаблон:Flag 13,410
Шаблон:Flag 13,301
Шаблон:Flag 13,293
Шаблон:Flag 12,291
Шаблон:Flag 11,886
Other Middle East and Asia 88,241
Other Europe 80,807
Africa 36,414
Other Americas 27,491
Oceania and Antarctica 5,651
Stateless or Unclear 24,184
Ethnic groups in 2011[24][26] % of population
European: 82.0
Ethnic German 71.0
Polish 3.0
Former Soviet Union (Russians and Russian-Germans)[27][28] 3.0
Former Yugoslavia 2.0
European Other (primarily Southern Europeans) 3.0
Middle Eastern: 9.0
Turkish 5.5
Arab 2.0
Iranian 0.5
other 2.0
Asian: 3.0
Southeast Asian 1.5
East Asian 1.0
South Asian 0.5
Afro-German or Black African 2.0
Mixed or unspecified background 2.0
Other groups (primarily the Americas) 2.0
Total population 3,496,082

Employment

In 2015, the total labour force in Berlin was 1.85 million. The unemployment rate reached a 24-year low in November 2015 and stood at 10.0% .[29] From 2012 to 2015 Berlin, as a German state, had the highest annual employment growth rate. Around 130,000 jobs were added in this period.[30]

Languages

Шаблон:Main

Файл:Berlin, Mitte, Neue Schoenhauser Strasse 20, Kurt-Berndt-Hoefe.jpg
Goethe Institut, German language academy, in Berlin Mitte
German

German is the official and predominant spoken language in Berlin. It is a West Germanic language that derives most of its vocabulary from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family. German is one of 24 languages of the European Union,[31] and one of the three working languages of the European Commission.

Berlin dialect

Шаблон:Main

Berlinerisch or Berlinisch is a variety of High German. It is spoken in Berlin and the surrounding metropolitan area. It originates from a Brandenburgish variant. The regiolect is now seen more as a sociolect, largely through increased immigration and trends among the educated population to speak standard German in everyday life.

International languages

The most commonly spoken foreign languages in Berlin are English, Turkish, Russian, Arabic, Polish, Kurdish, Vietnamese, Serbian, Croatian, Greek, and other Asian languages.

Turkish, Arabic, Kurdish, Serbian and Croatian are heard more often in the western part, due to the large Middle Eastern and former-Yugoslavian communities; Vietnamese, Russian and Polish have more native speakers in eastern Berlin.[32] English, Vietnamese, Russian, and Polish have more native speakers in eastern Berlin.[32]

Religions

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:Pie chart More than 60% of Berlin residents have no registered religious affiliation.[33] The largest denomination in 2010 was the Protestant regional church body – the Evangelical Church of Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian Upper Lusatia (EKBO) – a United church. EKBO is a member of the Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD) and Union Evangelischer Kirchen (UEK), and accounts for 18.7% of the local population.[34] The Roman Catholic Church has 9.1% of residents registered as its members.[34] About 2.7% of the population identify with other Christian denominations (mostly Eastern Orthodox, but also various Protestants).[35]

An estimated 300,000–420,000 Muslims reside in Berlin, making up about 8–11 percent of the population. 0.9% of Berliners belong to religions other than Christianity or Islam.[36] Of the estimated population of 30,000–45,000 Jewish residents,[37] approximately 12,000 are registered members of religious organizations.[35]

See also

Шаблон:Portal

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Berlin

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  2. 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  3. 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  4. Шаблон:Cite web
  5. Rounded numbers, compiled from: Wolfgang Ribbe (ed.): Geschichte Berlins. Vol. II. Von der Märzrevolution bis zur Gegenwart. C. H. Beck, München 1987, pp. 692–697; Otto-Friedrich Gandert, Berthold Schulze, Ernst Kaeber and others (eds.): Heimatchronik Berlin. Archiv für deutsche Heimatpflege, Köln 1962, p. 427; Max Mechow: Die Ost- und Westpreußen in Berlin. Ein Beitrag zur Bevölkerungsgeschichte der Stadt. Haude & Spener, Berlin 1975, pp. 112-113; Königliches statistisches Bureau [Royal Statistical Bureau] (ed.): Statistisches Handbuch für den preußischen Staat. Verlag des königlichen statistischen Bureaus, Berlin 1898, concerning the native language pp. 128-129, concerning the percentage of foreigners pp. 114-115.
  6. Paris had a more populous agglomeration although the city proper was much smaller, cf. Paris#Media
  7. Шаблон:Cite book
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  12. Berlin is speaking Russians' language Шаблон:Webarchive. The Russia Journal. 10 March 2001.
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  17. Demographia: World Urban Areas. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
  18. Population on 1 January by age groups and sex – functional urban areas, Eurostat. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  19. Шаблон:In lang Hauptstadtregion Berlin-Brandenburg
  20. statistics Berlin Brandenburg. www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  21. Melderechtlich registrierte Einwohner im Land Berlin am 31. Dezember 2010
  22. Шаблон:Cite web
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  24. 24,0 24,1 Шаблон:Cite web
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  26. http://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/Publikationen/Stat_Berichte/2012/SB_A01-05-00_2011h02_BE.pdf Шаблон:Bare URL PDF
  27. Шаблон:Cite web
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  32. 32,0 32,1 Шаблон:Cite web
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  34. 34,0 34,1 Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland: Kirchenmitgliederzahlen am 31. Dezember 2010. EKD, 2011, (PDF; 0,45 MB) Retrieved, 10 Märch 2012.
  35. 35,0 35,1 Amt für Statistik Berlin Brandenburg: Die kleine Berlin-Statistik 2010. (PDF-Datei). Retrieved, 4 January 2011. Шаблон:Webarchive
  36. Шаблон:Cite web
  37. Шаблон:Cite web