Английская Википедия:Demographics of Venezuela

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Venezuela is a country in South America. The Venezuelan people comprise a combination of heritages, primarily Native American and European. The historically present Native American, Spanish colonists, and African slaves have all contributed to varying degrees. Later, waves of European groups (Italians, Spanish, Portuguese and Germans) migrated to Venezuela in the 20th century, influencing many aspects of Venezuelan life, including its culture, language, food, and music though small in number.

About 51% of the population is mestizo (mixed white and indigenous); Europeans and Arabs (whites) make up 43% of the population, Africans 3.6%, Amerindian people 2%, and other races, mostly Asians, make up 1.2%. About 85% of the population live in urban areas in the northern portion of the country and currently resides in the urban conglomerations (Caracas, Maracay, Maracaibo, Valencia, etc.) that are concentrated in Venezuela's northern coastal mountain strip. Nearly half of Venezuela's geographic area lies south of the Orinoco River; however, this region contains only 5% of the Venezuelan population.

Шаблон:UN Population estimate puts Venezuela's total population at Шаблон:UN Population inhabitants.Шаблон:UN Population Additionally, over the past five years, Venezuelan society's general age structure has been trending towards the homologous structure found in Cuba, Western Europe, Japan, and other healthy and rapidly ageing societies. Notably, there has been a significant increase in the proportion and gross numbers of elderly Venezuelans (aged 65 and up), as well as a corresponding drop in the total fertility. More than 7 million people, that is 20 per cent of the population, have left Venezuela in the last years, mostly as refugees due to the economic and political situation.

Population

According to Шаблон:UN Population the total population was Шаблон:UN Population in Шаблон:UN Population, compared to only 5,482,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 29.5%, 64.9% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 5.6% was 65 years or older.

	Total population	Proportion aged 0–14 (%)	Proportion aged 15–64 (%)	Proportion aged 65+ (%)
1950	5,482,000	43.5	54.6	1.9
1955	6,758,000	44.8	53.1	2.0
1960	8,147,000	45.6	51.9	2.4
1965	9,825,000	46.4	51.0	2.6
1970	11,588,000	45.7	51.5	2.8
1975	13,361,000	43.3	53.6	3.0
1980	15,344,000	40.7	56.2	3.2
1985	17,508,000	38.8	57.8	3.4
1990	19,862,000	37.9	58.4	3.7
1995	22,189,000	36.3	59.8	3.9
2000	24,192,000	34.0	61.5	4.5
2005	26,432,000	31.7	63.3	5.0
2010	28,440,000	29.9	64.5	5.6
2015	30,082,000	28.4	65.3	6.4
2020	28,436,000	27.3	64.8	8.0

Source:

Structure of the population

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	13 549 752	13 678 178	27 227 930	100
0–4	1 254 208	1 183 423	2 437 631	8.95
5–9	1 236 217	1 166 147	2 402 364	8.82
10–14	1 298 191	1 218 588	2 516 779	9.24
15–19	1 336 159	1 305 161	2 641 320	9.70
20–24	1 280 125	1 280 524	2 560 649	9.40
25–29	1 159 400	1 184 932	2 344 332	8.61
30–34	1 105 617	1 114 124	2 219 741	8.15
35–39	942 311	962 942	1 905 253	7.00
40–44	873 509	881 981	1 755 490	6.45
45–49	747 704	781 077	1 528 781	5.61
50–54	651 255	686 679	1 337 934	4.91
55–59	530 935	577 864	1 108 799	4.07
60–64	407 656	440 702	848 358	3.12
65-69	267 691	300 997	568 688	2.09
70-74	189 285	221 170	410 455	1.51
75-79	130 126	162 866	292 992	1.08
80-84	78 996	109 899	188 895	0.69
85-89	40 560	63 581	104 141	0.38
90-94	14 875	25 495	40 370	0.15
95+	4 932	10 026	14 958	0.05
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Per cent
0–14	3 788 616	3 568 158	7 356 774	27.02
15–64	9 034 671	9 215 986	18 250 657	67.03
65+	726 465	894 034	1 620 499	5.95

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	16 085 704	15 979 037	32 064 741	100
0–4	1 392 960	1 317 350	2 710 310	8.45
5–9	1 420 995	1 327 513	2 748 508	8.57
10–14	1 442 288	1 349 218	2 791 506	8.71
15–19	1 427 367	1 342 856	2 770 223	8.64
20–24	1 372 148	1 306 480	2 678 628	8.35
25–29	1 322 783	1 281 779	2 604 562	8.12
30–34	1 294 114	1 275 147	2 569 261	8.01
35–39	1 180 244	1 177 120	2 357 364	7.35
40–44	1 042 646	1 050 897	2 093 543	6.53
45–49	946 494	963 933	1 910 427	5.96
50–54	877 401	903 878	1 781 279	5.56
55–59	747 504	781 852	1 529 356	4.77
60–64	574 077	613 380	1 187 457	3.70
65-69	409 138	450 856	859 994	2.68
70-74	282 267	326 025	608 292	1.90
75-79	179 631	221 308	400 939	1.25
80-84	101 653	140 040	241 693	0.75
85-89	48 109	81 333	129 442	0.40
90-94	17 947	43 357	61 304	0.19
95-99	4 924	19 593	24 517	0.08
100+	1 014	5 122	6 136	0.02
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Per cent
0–14	4 256 243	3 994 081	8 250 324	25.73
15–64	10 784 778	10 697 322	21 482 100	67.00
65+	1 044 683	1 287 634	2 332 317	7.27

Vital statistics

Registration of vital events in Venezuela is not complete. The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates.

Period	Live births per year	Deaths per year	Natural change per year	CBR*	CDR*	NC*	TFR*	IMR*	Life expectancy total	Life expectancy males	Life expectancy females
1950–1955	263,000	69,000	193,000	46.5	12.6	34.1	6.46	107	54.3	52.9	55.8
1955–1960	309,000	73,000	236,000	44.9	10.9	34.2	6.46	89	57.1	55.6	58.7
1960–1965	375,000	77,000	298,000	45.1	9.5	35.7	6.66	73	59.9	58.2	61.7
1965–1970	397,000	76,000	320,000	40.1	8.0	32.4	5.90	60	62.6	60.5	64.9
1970–1975	411,000	76,000	334,000	35.1	6.7	28.6	4.94	49	65.0	62.4	67.7
1975–1980	476,000	81,000	395,000	34.2	5.8	28.4	4.47	39	67.3	64.6	70.4
1980–1985	519,000	89,000	430,000	32.0	5.3	26.5	3.96	34	68.9	66.0	72.0
1985–1990	561,000	92,000	468,000	30.3	4.9	25.3	3.65	27	70.5	67.7	73.5
1990–1995	563,000	101,000	461,000	26.9	4.8	22.1	3.25	23	71.5	68.7	74.5
1995–2000	569,000	114,000	455,000	24.5	4.9	19.7	2.94	21	72.1	69.3	75.1
2000–2005	585,000	129,000	456,000	23.0	5.1	17.9	2.72	19	72.7	69.9	75.8
2005–2010	598,000	142,000	456,000	21.5	5.4	16.1	2.55	17	73.7	70.8	76.8
2010–2015	601,000	159,000	442,000	20.0	5.9	14.1	2.40	15	74.5	71.7	77.6
2015–2020	595,000	178,000	417,000	18.0	7.0	11.0	2.28	13	75.3	72.5	78.4
2020–2025				16.8	7.3	9.5	2.18
2025–2030				16.5	7.4	9.1	2.10
* CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman)

Births and deaths

Births and deaths:

Year	Population	Live births	Deaths	Natural increase	Crude birth rate	Crude death rate	Rate of natural increase	TFR
1948		183 590	59 934	123 656
1949		198 773	57 477	141 296
1950	5,034,838	212 096	54 397	157 699
1951		224 553	56 757	167 796
1952		230 703	57 115	173 588
1953		250 943	53 945	196 998
1954		262 134	56 846	205 288
1955		272 433	59 348	213 085
1956		278 072	59 339	218 733
1957		284 080	61 918	222 162
1958		291 747	59 037	232 710
1959		324 739	58 988	265 751
1960		338 199	55 354	282 845
1961	7,523,999	344 989	55 585	289 404
1962		341 324	54 960	286 364
1963		353 546	58 474	295 072
1964		365 340	60 912	304 428
1965		379 530	61 568	317 962
1966		376 367	61 691	314 676
1967		407 986	62 111	345 875
1968		384 678	64 592	320 086
1969		397 003	67 784	329 219
1970		392 583	68 493	324 090
1971	10,721,522	405 964	70 478	335 486
1972		406 120	73 379	332 741
1973		405 455	76 333	329 122
1974		433 397	73 555	359 842
1975		446 110	74 388	371 722
1976		462 233	75 088	387 145
1977		465 332	74 257	391 075
1978		475 824	72 584	403 240
1979		481 349	74 649	406 700
1980		493 009	77 018	415 991
1981	14,516,735	497 270	80 346	416 924
1982		510 532	77 021	433 511
1983		514 381	75 743	438 638
1984		503 973	78 091	425 882
1985		502 329	78 938	423 391
1986		504 278	77 647	426 631
1987		516 773	80 322	436 451
1988		522 392	81 442	440 950
1989		529 015	84 761	444 254
1990	18,105,265	577 976	89 830	488 146
1991		602 024	88 634	513 390
1992		559 950	90 566	469 384
1993		524 387	89 105	435 282
1994		547 819	96 696	451 123
1995		520 584	92 273	428 311
1996		497 975	93 839	404 136	22.3	4.2	18.1
1997		516 616	94 334	422 282	22.7	4.1	18.6
1998		501 808	98 624	403 184	21.6	4.2	17.4
1999		527 888	101 907	425 981	22.1	4.3	17.8
2000		544 416	103 255	441 161	22.4	4.2	18.2
2001	23,232,553	529 552	107 867	421 685	21.4	4.4	17.0
2002		492 678	105 388	387 290	19.5	4.2	15.3
2003		555 614	118 562	437 052	21.6	4.6	17.0
2004		637 799	114 480	523 319	24.4	4.4	20.0
2005		665 997	110 301	555 696	25.1	4.2	20.9
2006		646 225	115 348	530 877	23.9	4.3	19.6
2007		615 371	118 594	496 777	22.4	4.3	18.1
2008		581 480	124 062	457 418	20.8	4.4	16.4
2009		593 845	123 530	470 315	20.9	4.4	16.6
2010		591 303	130 597	460 706	20.7	4.6	16.1
2011	27,722,793	615 132	136 803	478 329	21.3	4.7	16.5	2.466
2012		619 530	142 988	476 542	21.1	4.9	16.2	2.446
2013		597 902	147 901	450 001	20.1	5.0	15.1	2.427
2014	30,070,000	597 773	159 239	438 534	19.9	5.3	14.6	2.410
2015	30,489,000	600 860	163 367	437 493	19.6	5.3	14.3
2016	30,740,000	642 664	185 697	456 967	20.8	6.0	14.8
2017	30,560,000	579 349	190 236	389 113	18.5	6.7	11.8
2018	29,830,000	543,836	209,334	334,502	17.8	7.0	10.8
2019	28,970,000	497,361	206,669	290,692	16.9	7.0	9.9
2020	28,490,000	466,065	217,755	248,310	16.2	7.6	8.6
2021	28,200,000	451,855	231,205	220,650	15.9	8.1	7.8
2022	28,300,000	438,384	228,020	210,364	15.6	8.1	7.5

Other demographic statistics

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2019.

• One birth every 53 seconds
• One death every 3 minutes
• One net migrant every 45 minutes
• Net gain of one person every 1 minute

Demographic statistics according to the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Total population:

28,644,603 (July 2020 est.)

Ethnic groups:

unspecified Spanish, Italian (13–16%), Portuguese (1.4%), Arab (5%), German (<0.1%), African (3.4%), indigenous peoples (2.7%)

Age structure:

Файл:Venezuelapop.svg

Population pyramid of Venezuela in 2017

0-14 years: 25.66% (male 3,759,280/female 3,591,897)

15–24 years: 16.14% (male 2,348,073/female 2,275,912)

25–54 years: 41.26% (male 5,869,736/female 5,949,082)

55–64 years: 8.76% (male 1,203,430/female 1,305,285)

65 years and over: 8.18% (male 1,069,262/female 1,272,646) (2020 est.)

Median age:

total: 30 years. Country comparison to the world: 124th

male: 29.4 years

female: 30.7 years (2020 est.)

Birth rate:

17.9 births/1,000 population (2020 est.) Country comparison to the world: 92nd

Death rate:

7.5 deaths/1,000 population (2020 est.) Country comparison to the world: 106th

Total fertility rate:

2.26 children born/woman (2020 est.) Country comparison to the world: 87th

Net migration rate:

-3.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2020 est.) Country comparison to the world: 184th

Population growth rate:

-0.18% (2020 est.) Country comparison to the world: 207th

1.51% (2009 est.).

Contraceptive prevalence rate:

75% (2010)

Dependency ratios:

total dependency ratio: 52.6 (2015 est.)

youth dependency ratio: 43 (2015 est.)

elderly dependency ratio: 9.5 (2015 est.)

potential support ratio: 10.5 (2015 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

Файл:Life expectancy in Venezuela.svg

Life expectancy in Venezuela since 1900

Файл:Life expectancy by WBG -Venezuela -diff.png

Life expectancy in Venezuela since 1960 by gender

total population: 76.2 years

male: 73.2 years

female: 79.3 years (2018 est.)

Urbanization:

urban population: 88.2% of total population (2018)

rate of urbanisation: 1.28% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)

Languages:

Spanish (official), numerous indigenous dialects

Literacy:

definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2016 est.)

total population: 97.1%

male: 97%

female: 97.2% (2016 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):

total: 14 years

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24:

total: 14.6%. Country comparison to the world: 92nd

Sex ratio

Age	Ratio (males/females)
Total:	1.02
At birth:	1.07
Under 15:	1.07
15–64:	1.01
Over 65:	0.83

Race

According to an autosomal DNA genetic study conducted in 2008 by the University of Brasilia (UNB), the composition of Venezuela's population is: 60.60% of European contribution, 23% of Amerindian contribution and 16.30% of African contribution. According the Statistics National Institute of Venezuela, individuals of mixed race constitute the largest demographic group nationwide, comprising approximately half of the population (50%). Following closely are individuals of white ethnicity, accounting for around 43% of the population and predominantly distributed across various regions of the country. These regions include traditional destinations for European immigrants, such as the Coastal Mountain Range, Andean cordillera, the Caribbean islands, and significant urban centers.

While afro-descendants are dispersed throughout the country, comprising around 3.6% of the population, they tend to be concentrated in areas with historical ties to colonial-era slavery, such as the north-central coast (Barlovento region, Ocumare de la Costa) and the southern region of Lake Maracaibo Lowlands. Over time, some black communities have migrated to larger metropolitan areas during the post-colonial period.

Indigenous populations primarily inhabit the southern half of Venezuela, the region known as Guayana south-along the Orinoco River. Additionally, Indigenous communities can be found in the Guajira Peninsula and the eastern part of the country. Together, Indigenous peoples represent approximately 2% of the total population in Venezuela.

Mixed-Race/Moreno Venezuelans

Шаблон:Main Approximately 50% of Venezuelans identify themselves as mixed-race, indicating mixed ancestry with intermediate features reflecting indigenous, European, and/or African phenotypes (to a lesser extent, this category can include individuals with Arab or Asian ancestry mixed with the aforementioned groups). The intermingling of races in Venezuela commenced in the 16th century when Spanish conquerors and settlers intermarried with indigenous women, owing to the absence of European women in the region. Subsequently, with the introduction of enslaved Africans, a process of racial fusion emerged among the indigenous, European, and African populations. This process persisted over the decades as additional waves of migration from Europe, the Middle East, North America, Latin America, and Asia contributed to Venezuela's diverse genetic landscape. Diverses genetic studies indicate that the mestizo Venezuelan population predominantly possesses a European genetic component (54 - 71.9%), followed by Amerindian (18.6 - 32%), and to a lesser extent, African (9.5 - 16.3%) ancestry, with notable regional variations.

Mestizos are distributed throughout most of the country, with significant concentrations primarily along the northern strip of the Orinoco River (the northern half of the country). Noteworthy towns in the Los Llanos region, such as El Pao (Cojedes), San Antonio (Barinas), Trinidad de La Capilla - Guanarito (Portuguesa), La Union (Barinas), Florida (Portuguesa), and Libertad de Orituco (Guárico), boast a majority of residents belonging to this ethnic group, with over 75% mestizo population. States with the highest proportion of mestizos include Apure, Cojedes, Guárico, and Portuguesa, all part of the Los Llanos region in the central-western interior, with slightly over 60% of their population identifying as mestizo. Conversely, areas with minimal mestizo presence are observed in jungle regions of the Upper Orinoco in Amazonas, as well as portions of the Orinoco Delta and Alta Guajira (Zulia), where they represent less than 1% of the total population. States with the lowest percentage of mestizo population include Amazonas (less than 10%) and Delta Amacuro (less than 35%), both situated in the Guayana region of southern Venezuela, characterized by low population density historically dominated by Native American Indians.

White Venezuelans

Around 42-43% of the population are identified as White Venezuelan. The highest concentrations, ranging from 65 to 80%, are found in the Venezuelan Andes (Mérida, San Cristóbal, Tovar, Valera, and numerous others towns), the Coastal Range (Eastern Caracas, San Antonio de Los Altos, El Junko, Colonia Tovar, among others) and areas of the north-eastern Caribbean coast (Lechería, Porlamar, Pampatar, Araya Peninsula).

Census data reveals that in major urban areas like Maracaibo, Valencia, Maracay, Barquisimeto, Ciudad Guayana, Puerto La Cruz, among others, several districts or parishes boast white majorities exceeding 50%. These areas typically align with medium to higher socioeconomic levels, resembling Latin American cities of European descent such as Montevideo and Buenos Aires. Conversely, regions like Amazonas state, Orinoco Delta, and Alta Guajira exhibit minimal white presence, often less than 1% of the local population.

The majority of White Venezuelans trace their ancestry to European Mediterranean origins, primarily Spanish, followed by Italian and Portuguese contributions. European colonization of Venezuela commenced with the arrival of the Spanish in the late 15th century, with settlers predominantly hailing from regions such as Andalusia, Galicia, the Basque Country, and the Canary Islands. The influence of the Canary Islands on Venezuelan culture and customs has been particularly significant, earning Venezuela the occasional nickname "the eighth island of the Canary archipelago".

While Spanish authorities discouraged non-Spanish migration to safeguard colonial territories from rival European claims, although exceptions existed. The influx of Germans began in the early 16th century, with King Carlos I granting colonization privileges to German families to offset certain debts. This led to the renaming of the Province of Venezuela as Klein-Venedig, with its capital established as Neu-Augsburg (now Coro), and the founding of Neu-Nürnberg (now Maracaibo), the country's second-largest city. In 1542, the Dutch seized control of the Araya peninsula for its lucrative salt flats, subsequently expanding their presence to other coastal areas such as Falcón, Carabobo, and Zulia due to economic ties with the nearby Netherlands Antilles. Until deep into the 19th century, the now Venezuelan islands of Aves, the Aves archipelago, Los Roques and La Orchila were also considered by the Dutch government to be part of the Dutch West Indies.

During the emergence of the independence movements in the Americas, Venezuela experienced a notable influx of White Dominicans. This surge in migration was largely prompted by a genocide perpetrated by Afro-descendant Haitians following the capture of Hispaniola. As Venezuela pursued independence, it witnessed a significant arrival of Italian immigrants seeking better opportunities, with migration beginning in 1814 and intensifying around 1870 during Italy's unification. These Italian immigrants primarily concentrated in agricultural regions, particularly focusing on coffee and cocoa cultivation in the Andean and the Coastal Range area of the country. Concurrently, volunteers from England, Scotland, and Ireland formed the "British Legion", actively engaging in the War of Independence, leaving a lasting impact and contributing to the enduring presence of British descendants in Venezuela.

Following independence, Venezuela faced challenges attracting immigrants due to economic stagnation and internal conflicts. Despite this, small groups of French settlers, particularly Corsicans, established themselves along the coast of the Paria Peninsula, contributing significantly to the cocoa industry. Additionally, Italians were notably present in the Andean region, while German immigrants formed communities such as Colonia Tovar in the center-north, they also played vital roles in commerce, particularly in Maracaibo's retail sector and informal banking systems. Towards the late 19th century, White Americans and White Canadians relocated to Venezuela, primarily as evangelical missionaries representing various Protestant denominations, along with engineers drawn by the burgeoning oil industry.

After 1935, Venezuela underwent a period of economic and social advancement with the discovery of oil, positioning itself as an attractive destination for immigrants. From 1948 to 1961, an estimated 900,000 European immigrants arrived in Venezuela, driven by the prospect of new opportunities. Among them, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese migrants constituted the majority, while smaller numbers included Germans, French, Swiss, Poles, Greeks, Czechs, Russians, Ukrainians, Serbs, Nordics, Romanians, Slovenes, Croats, Belgians, Austrians and Hungarians.

During the 1970s and 1980s, Southern Cone nations like Argentina and Uruguay with a predominantly Spanish and Italian-descents population, were plagued by oppressive dictatorships. Consequently, many individuals from these countries sought refuge in Venezuela, attracted by the promise of safety and stability. Additionally, Venezuela became a destination for other European Latin Americans communities, including Colombians, Chileans, Dominicans, Brazilians, Cubans, and others, fleeing economic struggles, political unrest, and autocratic regimes in their homelands.

Religious affiliation

Шаблон:Main The overwhelming majority of Venezuelans denote themselves as adherents of Catholicism; this is true nominally, if not in practice.

Religious affiliation in Venezuela. (2011)

Affiliation	% of Venezuela population
Christian	Шаблон:Bartable
Catholic	Шаблон:Bartable
Protestant	Шаблон:Bartable
Mormon	Шаблон:Bartable
Non-Christian faiths	Шаблон:Bartable
Jewish	Шаблон:Bartable
Muslim	Шаблон:Bartable
Santería	Шаблон:Bartable
Other Non-Christian faiths	Шаблон:Bartable
Unaffiliated	Шаблон:Bartable
Agnostic/indifferent	Шаблон:Bartable
Atheist	Шаблон:Bartable
Don't know/refused answer	Шаблон:Bartable
Total	Шаблон:Bartable

According to the 2011 census, 88.3 per cent of the population is Christian, primarily Roman Catholic (71%), 17 per cent Protestant, and the remaining 0.03 per cent Mormons (LDS Church). The Venezuelans without religion are 9% (atheist 2%, agnostic or indifferent 6% and doesn't know/doesn't respond 1% ), almost 3% of the population follow other religions (1% of them are of Santería).

References

• Шаблон:CIA World Factbook
• Acosta, Maruja. "Urbanizacion y clases sociales en Venezuela." Revista Interamericana de Planificacion Bogota, 7, No. 26, June 1973, 22–44.
• The article contains a statistical reference from the Wikipedia public domain Mestizos (2006).

External links

• Ethnic Map of Venezuela by census