Английская Википедия:Demography of London
Шаблон:Short description Участник:RMCD bot/subject notice Шаблон:Too many charts Шаблон:Infobox place demographicsШаблон:EngvarB Шаблон:Use dmy dates The demography of London is analysed by the Office for National Statistics and data is produced for each of the Greater London wards, the City of London and the 32 London boroughs, the Inner London and Outer London statistical sub-regions, each of the Parliamentary constituencies in London, and for all of Greater London as a whole. Additionally, data is produced for the Greater London Urban Area. Statistical information is produced about the size and geographical breakdown of the population, the number of people entering and leaving country and the number of people in each demographic subgroup. The total population of London as of 2021 is 8,799,800.[1]
History
Creation of Greater London - 1965
Through the London Government Act of 1963, the Greater London region was established officially in 1965.[2]
Migration boom - 1991 to today
From 1997 onwards, London has experienced a drastic change in the composition of the city's population, which has off set the decline of the population which had been occurring Шаблон:Citation needed. In 1991, 21.7% of the city was foreign born but by 2011 this had risen to 36.7%.
In 2011, a historic tipping point occurred with the release of the 2011 census indicating that the White British population, which had before been the majority, was now no longer a majority of the city's population, although it remained by far the largest single ethnic group.[3]
Population
Шаблон:Historical populationsШаблон:See also
The historical population for the current area of Greater London, divided into the statistical areas of Inner and Outer London is as follows: Шаблон:Hatnote
Age
- Population pyramid of each borough in London
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Barking and Dagenham
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Bexley
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Brent
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Bromley
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Camden
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City of London
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Croydon
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Ealing
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Enfield
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Hackney
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Greenwich
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Harrow
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Hammersmith and Fulham
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Haringey
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Hillingdon
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Havering
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Hounslow
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Islington
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Kensington and Chelsea
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Kingston upon Thames
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Lambeth
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Lewisham
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Merton
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Newham
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Redbridge
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Richmond upon Thames
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Southwark
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Sutton
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Waltham Forest
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Tower Hamlets
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Wandsworth
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Westminster
- Percentage of the population in age groups
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Under 15s in London
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15 to 64 year olds
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Over 64 years old
Fertility
In 2021, a total of 110,961 live births occurred within the city.[8] The fertility rate of London in 2021 was 1.52, which is below replacement.[9]
- Birth statistics in London
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Teenage conception rate in London
Population density
The population density of London was 5,727 per km2 in 2011.[10]
Urban and metropolitan area
At the 2001 census, the population of the Greater London Urban Area was 8,278,251.[11] This area does not include some outliers within Greater London, but does extend into the adjacent South East England and East of England regions. In 2004 the London Plan of the Mayor of London defined a metropolitan region with a population of 18 million.[12] Eurostat has developed a harmonising standard for comparing metropolitan areas in the European Union and the population of the London Larger Urban Zone is 11,917,000; it occupies an area of Шаблон:Convert. Another definition gives the population of the metropolitan area as 13,709,000.[13]
Ethnicity
For the overwhelming majority of London's history, the population of the city was ethnically homogenous with the population being of White British ethnic origin,[14] with small clusters of minority groups such as Jewish people, most notably in areas of the East End. From 1948 onwards and especially since the 1990s, the population has diversified in international terms at an increased rate.[14] In 2011, it was reported for the first time that White British people had become a minority within the city, establishing it was a majority-minority city within the country.[3] In 2005, a survey of London's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that there were more than 300 languages spoken and 50 non-indigenous communities with a population of more than 10,000 in London.[15]
Ethnicity overall
The following table shows the ethnic group of respondents from estimates in 1971 and in the 1991 – 2021 censuses in Greater London.
| Ethnic Group | Year | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1961 estimations[16][17] | 1971 estimations[14][18] | 1981 estimations[19][20] | 1991[21] | 2001[22] | 2011[23] | 2021[24] | ||||||||
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| White: Total | 7,602,233 | 97.7% | 6,901,596 | 92.6% | 5,663,496 | 85.7% | 5,333,580 | 79.80% | 5,103,203 | 71.15% | 4,887,435 | 59.79% | 4,731,172 | 53.8% |
| White: British[Note 1] | – | – | 6,500,000 | 87% | – | – | – | – | 4,287,861 | 59.79% | 3,669,284 | 44.89% | 3,239,281 | 36.8% |
| White: Irish | – | – | 401,596 | 5.4% | – | – | 256,470 | 3.83% | 220,488 | 3.07% | 175,974 | 2.15% | 156, 333 | 1.8% |
| White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller[Note 2] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8,196 | 0.10% | 7,031 | 0.1% | ||
| White: Roma | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 37,689 | 0.4% | ||
| White: Other[Note 1] | – | – | – | – | – | – | 594,854 | 8.29% | 1,033,981 | 12.65% | 1,290,838 | 14.7% | ||
| Asian or Asian British: Total | – | – | – | – | – | – | 690,031 | 10.33% | 946,894 | 13.20% | 1,511,546 | 18.49% | 1,817,640 | 20.8% |
| Asian or Asian British: Indian | – | – | – | – | – | – | 347,091 | 5.19% | 436,993 | 6.09% | 542,857 | 6.64% | 656,272 | 7.5% |
| Asian or Asian British: Pakistani | – | – | – | – | – | – | 87,816 | 1.31% | 142,749 | 1.99% | 223,797 | 2.74% | 290,549 | 3.3% |
| Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi | – | – | – | – | – | – | 85,738 | 1.28% | 153,893 | 2.15% | 222,127 | 2.72% | 322,054 | 3.7% |
| Asian or Asian British: Chinese[Note 3] | – | – | – | – | – | – | 56,579 | 0.84% | 80,201 | 1.12% | 124,250 | 1.52% | 147,520 | 1.7% |
| Asian or Asian British: Other Asian | – | – | – | – | – | – | 112,807 | 1.68% | 133,058 | 1.86% | 398,515 | 4.88% | 401,245 | 4.6% |
| Black or Black British: Total | – | – | – | – | – | – | 535,216 | 8.01% | 782,849 | 10.92% | 1,088,640 | 13.32% | 1,188,370 | 13.5% |
| Black or Black British: African | – | – | – | – | – | – | 163,635 | 2.44% | 378,933 | 5.28% | 573,931 | 7.02% | 697,054 | 7.9% |
| Black or Black British: Caribbean | – | – | – | – | – | – | 290,968 | 4.35% | 343,567 | 4.79% | 344,597 | 4.22% | 345,405 | 3.9% |
| Black or Black British: Other Black | – | – | – | – | – | – | 80,613 | 1.20% | 60,349 | 0.84% | 170,112 | 2.08% | 145,911 | 1.7% |
| Mixed or British Mixed: Total[Note 1] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 226,111 | 3.15% | 405,279 | 4.96% | 505,775 | 5.7% |
| Mixed: White and Black Caribbean | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 70,928 | 0.99% | 119,425 | 1.46% | 132,555 | 1.5% |
| Mixed: White and Black African | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 34,182 | 0.48% | 65,479 | 0.80% | 77,341 | 0.9% |
| Mixed: White and Asian | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 59,944 | 0.84% | 101,500 | 1.24% | 125,188 | 1.4% |
| Mixed: Other Mixed | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 61,057 | 0.85% | 118,875 | 1.45% | 170,691 | 1.9% |
| Other: Total | – | – | – | – | – | – | 120,872 | 1.81% | 113,034 | 1.58% | 281,041 | 3.44% | 556,768 | 6.3% |
| Other: Arab[Note 2] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 106,020 | 1.30% | 139,791 | 1.6% |
| Other: Any other ethnic group | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 113,034 | 1.58% | 175,021 | 2.14% | 416,977 | 4.7% |
| Non-White: Total | 179,109 | 2.3% | 547,588 | 7.4% | 945,017 | 14.3% | 1,346,119 | 20.2% | 2,068,888 | 28.85% | 3,286,506 | 40.2% | 4,068,553 | 46.2% |
| Total | 7,781,342 | 100% | 7,449,184 | 100% | 6,608,513 | 100% | 6,679,699 | 100.00% | 7,172,091 | 100.00% | 8,173,941 | 100.00% | 8,799,725 | 100% |
- Population pyramids of each ethnic group in London
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White: Total
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White British
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White Irish
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White Other
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Asian: Total
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Asian Bangladeshi
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Asian Indian
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Asian Pakistani
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Asian Chinese
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Other Asian
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Black: Total
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Black: Caribbean
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Black: African
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Other Black
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Mixed: Total
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Other: Total
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Other: Any other ethnic group
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Other: Arabs
Ethnicity of school pupils
| Ethnic group | School year[25][26] | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2004 | 2008 | 2012 | 2015/16 | 2017/18 | 2019/20 | 2021/2022 | ||||||||
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| White: Total | 467,230 | 51.4% | 431,040 | 46.7% | 416,490 | 42.8% | 443,621 | 41.1% | 522,187 | 40.4% | 520,767 | 39.8% | 506,271 | 38.7% |
| White: British | 389,350 | 42.9% | 339,610 | 36.8% | 305,805 | 31.4% | 295,572 | 27.4% | 333,497 | 25.8% | 324,358 | 24.8% | 312,522 | 23.9% |
| White: Irish | 10,610 | 1.2% | 8,610 | 0.9% | 7,610 | 0.8% | 6,939 | 0.6% | 7,322 | 0.6% | 6,759 | 0.5% | 6,268 | 0.5% |
| White: Traveller of Irish heritage | 1,090 | 0.1% | 920 | 0.1! | 1,000 | 0.1% | 1,031 | 0.1% | 1,183 | 0.1% | 1,205 | 0.1% | 1,182 | 0.1% |
| White: Gypsy/Roma | 780 | 0.09%% | 950 | 0.1% | 1,505 | 0.2% | 1,643 | 0.2% | 2,074 | 0.2% | 2,359 | 0.2% | 2,358 | 0.2% |
| White: Other | 65,410 | 7.2% | 80,950 | 8.8% | 100,570 | 10.3% | 138,436 | 12.8% | 178,111 | 13.8% | 186,086 | 14.2% | 183,941 | 14.0% |
| Asian / Asian British: Total | 159,370 | 17.5% | 174,380 | 18.9% | 198,280 | 20.4% | 228,767 | 21.2% | 283,443 | 22% | 296,324 | 22.6% | 305,069 | 23.2% |
| Asian / Asian British: Indian | 57,990 | 6.4% | 54,570 | 5.9% | 54,490 | 5.6% | 62,065 | 5.7% | 78,700 | 6.1% | 85,521 | 6.5% | 89,639 | 6.8% |
| Asian / Asian British: Pakistani | 31,220 | 3.4% | 34,680 | 3.8% | 41,235 | 4.2% | 47,931 | 4.4% | 59,047 | 4.6% | 60,415 | 4.6% | 60,707 | 4.6% |
| Asian / Asian British: Bangladeshi | 38,880 | 4.2% | 44,100 | 4.8% | 51,300 | 5.3% | 59,691 | 5.5% | 73,994 | 5.7% | 77,408 | 5.9% | 79,954 | 6.1% |
| Asian / Asian British: Chinese | 7,220 | 0.8% | 6,970 | 0.8% | 6,920 | 0.7% | 7,883 | 0.7% | 10,116 | 0.8% | 10,475 | 0.8% | 12,267 | 0.9% |
| Asian / Asian British: Other Asians | 24,060 | 2.6% | 34,060 | 3.7% | 44,335 | 4.6% | 51,197 | 4.7% | 61,586 | 4.8% | 62,505 | 4.8% | 62,502 | 4.8% |
| Black / Black British: Total | 170,780 | 18.8% | 188,750 | 20.5% | 208,375 | 21.4% | 226,215 | 20.9% | 254,081 | 19.7% | 244,988 | 18.7% | 234,822 | 17.9% |
| Black: Caribbean | 63,020 | 6.9% | 59,750 | 6.5% | 57,980 | 5.9% | 55,414 | 5.1% | 57,862 | 4.5% | 53,733 | 4.1% | 50,178 | 3.8% |
| Black: African | 91,020 | 10% | 110,090 | 11.92% | 128,295 | 13.1% | 145,447 | 13.5% | 167,058 | 12.9% | 162,680 | 12.4% | 156,883 | 12.0% |
| Black: Other Blacks | 16,740 | 1.8% | 18,930 | 2.1% | 22,100 | 2.3% | 25,354 | 2.3% | 29,161 | 2.3% | 28,575 | 2.2% | 27,761 | 2.1% |
| Mixed / British Mixed | 57,720 | 6.4% | 70,330 | 7.6% | 84,615 | 8.7% | 104,470 | 9.7% | 134,226 | 10.4% | 142,135 | 10.8% | 150,285 | 11.3% |
| Other: Total | 34,750 | 3.8% | 44,290 | 4.8% | 52,640 | 5.4% | 60,865 | 5.6% | 74,589 | 5.7% | 77,413 | 5.9% | 82,516 | 6.3% |
| Unclassified | 18,760 | 2.1% | 6,750 | 0.7% | 13,470 | 1.4% | 16,194 | 1.5% | 22,232 | 1.7% | 27,935 | 2.1% | 30,359 | 2.3% |
| Total: | 908,600 | 100% | 922,890 | 100% | 973,875 | 100% | 1,080,132 | 100% | 1,290,758 | 100% | 1,309,562 | 100% | 1,309,322 | 100% |
- School pupils as a percentage of the school population in each borough in 2021/2022 school year
-
White: Total
-
White: British
Ethnicity of births
| Ethnic Group | Year[27] | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1981 estimates[28] | 2007 | 2010 | 2015 | 2019 | 2021[29] | |||||||
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| White: Total | – | 80% | 58,024 | 46.4% | 65,117 | 49.5% | 61,716 | 47.8% | 57,405 | 48.7% | 53,141 | 48% |
| White: British | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 25,827 | 23.3% |
| White: Other | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 27,314 | 24.7% |
| Asian / Asian British: Total | – | – | 21,701 | 17.3% | 24,445 | 18.5% | 26,957 | 20.9% | 24,616 | 20.9% | 24,426 | 22.1% |
| Asian / Asian British: Indian | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8,259 | 7.5% |
| Asian / Asian British: Pakistani | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4,341 | 3.9% |
| Asian / Asian British: Bangladeshi | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5,458 | 4.9% |
| Asian / Asian British: Other Asians | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6,368 | 5.8% |
| Black / Black British: Total | – | – | 22,036 | 17.6% | 22,293 | 16.9% | 18,526 | 14.3% | 15,319 | 13% | 13,476 | 12.2% |
| Black: Caribbean | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2,893 | 2.6% |
| Black: African | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8,697 | 7.9% |
| Black: Other Blacks | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1,886 | 1.7% |
| Mixed / British Mixed | – | – | 7,967 | 6.3% | 9,424 | 7.1% | 11,979 | 9.3% | 12,041 | 10.2% | 12,502 | 11.3% |
| Other: Total | – | – | 6,337 | 5% | 5,831 | 4.4% | 6,770 | 5.2% | 6,494 | 5.5% | 5,367 | 4.8% |
| Not Stated | – | – | 9,055 | 7.2% | 4,391 | 3.3% | 3,170 | 2.4% | 1,880 | 1.5% | 1,787 | 1.6% |
| Non-White: Total (not including Not stated) | – | 20% | 58,041 | 46.2% | 61,993 | 46.9% | 64,232 | 49.7% | 58,470 | 49.6% | 55,771 | 50.4% |
| Total: | – | 100% | 125,120 | 100% | 131,501 | 100% | 129,118 | 100% | 117,755 | 100% | 110,699 | 100% |
- Ethnicity of births as a percentage of total births in 2021
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White (49.6% including Not stated)
-
White: British (24.9% including Not stated)
-
Asian (22.1%)
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Black (12.2%)
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Mixed (11.3%)
Ethnicity in boroughs
This table shows the proportion of different multi-ethnic groups by London borough, as found in the 2021 census.
| Broad multi-ethnic group make-up of London boroughs (2021) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Local authority | White | Mixed | Asian | Black | Other |
| Barnet | 57.7 | 5.4 | 19.3 | 7.9 | 9.8 |
| Barking and Dagenham | 44.9 | 4.3 | 25.9 | 21.4 | 3.6 |
| Bexley | 71.9 | 3.5 | 9.9 | 12.2 | 2.5 |
| Brent | 34.6 | 5.1 | 32.8 | 17.5 | 10 |
| Bromley | 76.5 | 5.4 | 8.3 | 7.6 | 2.3 |
| Camden | 59.5 | 6.6 | 18.1 | 9.0 | 6.8 |
| City of London | 69.4 | 5.5 | 16.8 | 2.7 | 5.6 |
| Croydon | 48.4 | 7.6 | 17.5 | 22.6 | 3.9 |
| Ealing | 43.2 | 5.2 | 30.3 | 10.8 | 10.6 |
| Enfield | 52.1 | 5.9 | 11.5 | 18.3 | 12.1 |
| Greenwich | 55.7 | 6.0 | 13.2 | 21 | 4.2 |
| Hackney | 53.1 | 6.7 | 10.4 | 21.1 | 8.7 |
| Haringey | 57 | 7 | 8.7 | 17.6 | 9.7 |
| Harrow | 36.5 | 3.8 | 45.2 | 7.3 | 7.2 |
| Havering | 75.3 | 3.7 | 10.7 | 8.2 | 2 |
| Hammersmith and Fulham | 63.2 | 6.7 | 10.5 | 12.3 | 7.3 |
| Hillingdon | 48.2 | 4.4 | 33.3 | 7.8 | 6.3 |
| Hounslow | 44.1 | 4.7 | 36.7 | 7.2 | 7.3 |
| Islington | 62.2 | 7.5 | 9.9 | 13.3 | 7.1 |
| Kensington and Chelsea | 63.7 | 6.6 | 11.9 | 7.9 | 9.9 |
| Kingston upon Thames | 68.3 | 5.4 | 17.8 | 2.8 | 5.7 |
| Lambeth | 55 | 8.1 | 7.3 | 24 | 5.7 |
| Lewisham | 51.5 | 8.1 | 9 | 26.8 | 4.7 |
| Merton | 60.2 | 5.9 | 18.6 | 10.6 | 4.6 |
| Newham | 30.8 | 4.7 | 42.2 | 17.5 | 4.9 |
| Redbridge | 34.8 | 4.1 | 47.3 | 8.4 | 5.4 |
| Richmond upon Thames | 80.5 | 5.5 | 8.9 | 1.9 | 3.3 |
| Southwark | 51.4 | 7.2 | 9.9 | 25.1 | 6.3 |
| Sutton | 68.3 | 4.8 | 17.5 | 5.9 | 3.4 |
| Tower Hamlets | 39.4 | 5 | 44.4 | 7.3 | 3.9 |
| Waltham Forest | 52.8 | 6.5 | 19.9 | 15 | 5.8 |
| Wandsworth | 67.8 | 6.3 | 11.7 | 10.1 | 4.1 |
| Westminster | 55.2 | 6.5 | 16.8 | 8.1 | 13.5 |
- White multi-ethnic group over time
-
1991 (79.8%)
-
2001 (71.2%)
-
2011 (59.8%)
-
2021 (53.8%)
- Asian multi-ethnic group over time
-
1991 (10.3%)
-
2001 (13.2%)
-
2011 (18.5%)
-
2021 (20.8%)
- Black multi-ethnic group over time
-
1991 (8%)
-
2001 (10.9%)
-
2011 (13.3%)
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2021 (13.5%)
Country of birth
The 2021 census recorded that 3,575,740 people or 40.7% of London's population are foreign-born (including 27.9% born in a non-European country).[30]
| Country of Birth | Year | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1971[31][32] | 1981[33][34] | 1991[35] | 2001[36] | 2011[37] | 2021[30] | |||||||
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| Europe | 6,568,348 | 90.76% | 5,787,624 | 87.57% | 5,639,192 | 84.4% | 5,741,636 | 80% | 6,174,371 | 75.5% | 6,346,649 | 72.1% |
| Файл:Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).svg United Kingdom | 6,133,105 | 84.74% | 5,405,576 | 81.79% | 5,228,658 | 78.3% | 5,231,701 | 72.9% | 5,175,677 | 63.3% | 5,223,986 | 59.3% |
| Файл:Flag of Ireland.svg Republic of Ireland | 236,396 | 3.26% | 199,460 | 3.01% | 214,033 | 157,556 | 129,807 | – | – | |||
| European Community or Other Europe | 198,847 | 2.74% | 182,588 | 2.76% | 196,501 | 352,379 | 865,681 | 1,122,663 | 12.8% | |||
| Asia | 161,777 | 2.23% | 234,599 | 3.54% | 435,819 | 6.5% | 634,917 | 8.9% | 966,990 | 11.8% | 1,146,247 | 13% |
| Файл:Flag of India.svg India | 104,001 | 1.43% | 139,140 | 2.10% | 151,619 | – | – | 262,247 | – | – | ||
| Файл:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan | 29,395 | 0.40% | 35,616 | 0.53% | 44,741 | – | – | 112,457 | – | – | ||
| Файл:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh | – | – | 22,102 | 0.33% | 56,657 | – | – | 109,948 | – | – | ||
| Other Asia | 28,381 | 0.39% | 37,741 | 0.57% | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Old Commonwealth | 38,738 | 0.53% | 37,064 | 0.56% | 53,320 | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Africa | 74,660 | 1.03% | 144,072 | 2.18% | 246,025 | 454,536 | 621,613 | 625,071 | 7.1% | |||
| America/Caribbean (also classed under New Commonwealth) | 165,369 | 2.28% | 167,399 | 2.53% | 51,222 | 249,191 | 326,280 | 367,664 | 4.2% | |||
| Antarctica and Oceania (including Australasia) and Other | – | – | – | – | – | – | 70,632 | 84,661 | 64,228 | 0.7% | ||
| British Overseas | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5,994 | – |
| Other: Total | 227,829 | 3.14% | 237,840 | 3.59% | 1,119 | 21,179 | 26 | – | – | |||
| Total | 7,236,721 | 100.00% | 6,608,598 | 100.00% | 6,679,699 | 100% | 7,172,091 | 100% | 8,173,941 | 100% | 8,799,726 | 100% |
- Foreign born in the County of London (excluding Irish born in images)
-
1901 (5% overall including Irish born)
-
1911 (5% overall including Irish born)
-
1921 (4% overall including Irish born)
-
1931 (5% overall including Irish born)
-
1951 (8% overall including Irish born)
- Foreign born in London over time
-
1961 (9.8%)
-
1971 (15.3%)
-
1981 (18.2%)
-
1991 (21.7%)
-
2001 (27.1%)
-
2011 (36.7%)
-
2021 (40.7%)
| Region of birth of mother[38] | 2001 | 2006 | 2011 | 2016 | 2021 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| United Kingdom | 59,104 | 56.7% | 57,376 | 47.5% | 57,450 | 43.2% | 53,866 | 41.8% | 47,958 | 43.2% |
| Foreign born | 45,058 | 43.3% | 63,522 | 52.5% | 75,383 | 56.7% | 74,923 | 58.2% | 62,986 | 56.8% |
| EU | 6,977 | 6.7% | 11,309 | 9.4% | 18,402 | 13.8% | 22,573 | 17.5% | 18,365 | 16.5% |
| Rest of Europe | 3,380 | 3.2% | 4,090 | 3.4% | 4,160 | 3.1% | 5,382 | 4.2% | 5,933 | 5.3% |
| Middle East and Asia | 13,489 | 13% | 18,206 | 15% | 25,478 | 19.2% | 24,235 | 18.8% | 21,394 | 19.2% |
| Africa | 13,600 | 13.1% | 20,043 | 16.6% | 19,866 | 15% | 15,600 | 12.1% | 10,725 | 9.7% |
| Rest of the world | 7,612 | 7.3% | 9,874 | 8.2% | 7,477 | 5.6% | 7,133 | 5.5% | 6,569 | 5.9% |
| Total | 104,162 | 100% | 120,898 | 100% | 132,843 | 100% | 128,803 | 100% | 110,961 | 100% |
- Born to foreign born mothers
-
2007
-
2014
-
2021
- Population pyramids of country of birth groupings in 2021
-
UK born
-
Foreign born: Total
Languages
According to the 2011 Census, 6,083,420 or 77.9% of London's population aged 3 and over spoke English as a main language, with a further 1,406,912 (19.8%) speaking it as a second language or well to very well.[39] 271,693 (3.5%) could not speak English well, while 47,917 (0.6%) could not speak English at all.[39] 2,456 (<0.1%) spoke other UK minority languages, with the most common being Welsh and 2,926 (<0.1%) used British Sign Language.[40] This shows also great challenges for TfL and other government services, for example most ticket vending machines use only English, French and up to 2 other western Europe hemisphere languages, while as shown below most demand is for Indian languages, Polish, etc.
The most common main languages spoken in Greater London according to the 2011 and 2021 censuses are shown below.[41]
Main language
| 2011 | 2021 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language | Number | Percentage | Number | Percentage | |
| English | 6,083,420 | 77.90% | 6,650,973 | 78.40% | |
| Polish | 147,816 | 1.90% | 112,068 | 1.30% | |
| Bengali | 114,267 | 1.50% | 101,975 | 1.20% | |
| Gujarati | 101,676 | 1.30% | 82,610 | 1.00% | |
| French | 84,191 | 1.10% | 67,049 | 0.80% | |
| Urdu | 78,667 | 1.00% | 63,626 | 0.80% | |
| Portuguese | 71,525 | 0.90% | 94,205 | 1.10% | |
| Turkish | 71,242 | 0.90% | 69,641 | 0.80% | |
| Spanish | 71,192 | 0.90% | 117,457 | 1.40% | |
| Arabic | 70,602 | 0.90% | 72,102 | 0.80% | |
| Tamil | 70,565 | 0.90% | 70,673 | 0.80% | |
| Punjabi | 68,525 | 0.90% | 74,205 | 0.90% | |
| Malayalam | 68,520 | 0.90% | 74,205 | 0.90% | |
| Somali | 54,852 | 0.70% | 37,346 | 0.40% | |
| Italian | 49,484 | 0.60% | 81,293 | 1.00% | |
| Romanian | 39,653 | 0.50% | 159,338 | 1.90% | |
| Persian | 39,645 | 0.50% | 39,233 | 0.50% | |
| Lithuanian | 35,341 | 0.50% | 30,768 | 0.40% | |
| German | 31,306 | 0.40% | 19,074 | 0.20% | |
| Greek | 26,924 | 0.30% | 36,015 | 0.40% | |
| Russian | 26,603 | 0.30% | 31,906 | 0.40% | |
| Other | 441,968 | 5.66% | |||
Proficiency in English
| Language proficiency | London (aged 3 and over) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2011[42] | 2021[43] | |||
| Number | % | Number | % | |
| Main language is English | 6,083,420 | 77.9% | 6,650,973 | 78.4% |
| Main language is not English | 1,726,522 | 22.1% | 1,831,690 | 21.6% |
| Can speak English very well | 763,502 | 9.8% | 840,463 | 9.9% |
| Can speak English well | 643,410 | 8.2% | 636,226 | 7.5% |
| Cannot speak English well | 271,693 | 3.5% | 303,265 | 3.6% |
| Cannot speak English | 47,917 | 0.6% | 51,736 | 0.6% |
| Total | 7,809,942 | 100% | 8,482,663 | 100% |
Religion
London's religious landscape over the past two decades has undergone significant change. In 2001, Christians constituted the majority at 58.23%, but by 2021, this percentage had declined to 40.66%. Meanwhile, the population identifying with no religion saw a significant increase, rising from 15.76% in 2001 to 27.05% in 2021. This shift suggests a growing trend of secularization in the city.Шаблон:Citation needed
The Muslim population also experienced notable growth, increasing from 8.46% in 2001 to 14.99% in 2021. The number of individuals who chose not to state their religion slightly fluctuated during these years, from 8.66% in 2001 to 7.00% in 2021.
Hinduism saw steady growth, constituting 4.07% of the population in 2001 and rising to 5.15% in 2021. The Jewish community remained relatively stable but saw a slight decline from 2.09% to 1.65% over the same period. Sikhism also experienced growth, albeit modest, from 1.45% in 2001 to 1.64% in 2021. Other religions, including Buddhism, collectively accounted for small but fluctuating percentages, with Buddhism specifically ranging from 0.76% in 2001 to 0.88% in 2021.
These changes are influenced by various factors, including immigration, generational attitudes, and broader social trends.Шаблон:Citation needed
| Religion | 2001[44] | 2011[45] | 2021[46] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| Christian | 4,176,175 | 58.23% | 3,957,984 | 48.42% | 3,577,681 | 40.66% |
| No religion | 1,130,616 | 15.76% | 1,694,372 | 20.73% | 2,380,404 | 27.05% |
| Muslim | 607,083 | 8.46% | 1,012,823 | 12.39% | 1,318,754 | 14.99% |
| Religion not stated | 621,366 | 8.66% | 692,739 | 8.47% | 615,662 | 7.00% |
| Hindu | 291,977 | 4.07% | 411,291 | 5.03% | 453,034 | 5.15% |
| Jewish | 149,789 | 2.09% | 148,602 | 1.82% | 145,466 | 1.65% |
| Sikh | 104,230 | 1.45% | 126,134 | 1.54% | 144,543 | 1.64% |
| Other religion | 36,558 | 0.51% | 47,970 | 0.59% | 86,759 | 0.99% |
| Buddhist | 54,297 | 0.76% | 82,026 | 1.00% | 77,425 | 0.88% |
| Total | 7,172,091 | 100.00% | 8,173,941 | 100.00% | 8,799,728 | 100.00% |
- Population pyramids of each religious group in London
-
Christian
-
No religion
-
None stated
-
Muslim
-
Hindu
-
Buddhist
-
Sikh
-
Jewish
-
Other religion
Social issues
Marriage and divorce
In 2019, a total of 29,139 marriages occurred within London.[47]
Abortion
In 2020, 27.7% of conceptions were aborted in the city.[48]
- Abortion in London
-
Percentage of conceptions aborted in London by each borough in 2020
-
Abortion rates by age group in London
Sexual orientation and gender identity
| Sexual orientation | London (aged 16 and over) | |
|---|---|---|
| 2021[49] | ||
| Number | % | |
| Straight or Heterosexual | 6,123,195 | 86.2% |
| Gay or Lesbian | 158,760 | 2.2% |
| Bisexual | 108,140 | 1.5% |
| All other sexual orientations | 37,482 | 0.5% |
| Not answered | 676,408 | 9.5% |
| Total | 7,103,985 | 100% |
| Gender identity | London (aged 16 and over) | |
|---|---|---|
| 2021[50] | ||
| Number | % | |
| Gender identity the same as sex registered at birth | 6,479,664 | 91.2 |
| Gender identity different from sex registered at birth but no specific identity given | 32,753 | 0.5% |
| Trans woman | 11,266 | 0.2% |
| Trans man | 11,480 | 0.2% |
| All other gender identities | 8,862 | 0.1% |
| Not answered | 559,960 | 7.9% |
| Total | 7,103,985 | 100% |
Health
In 2021, the suicide rate in total was 6.6 for every 100,000 people.[51] For males this was 9.9 and for females this was 3.4.[51]
- Variety of health issues in graphs
-
Suicide rates in London
-
Drug misuse rate in London
-
Percentage of Year 6s obese in 2020 in London
-
Percentage of Reception age children obese in 2020
General health
| General health (self-identified) | 2001[52] | 2011[53] | 2021[54] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| Very good health | 5,078,978 | 70.8% | 4,127,788 | 50.5% | 4,712,358 | 53.6% |
| Good health | 2,725,645 | 33.3% | 2,802,395 | 31.8% | ||
| Fair health | 1,499,198 | 20.9% | 915,035 | 11.2% | 908,941 | 10.3% |
| Bad health | 593,915 | 8.3% | 305,343 | 3.7% | 283,864 | 3.2% |
| Very bad health | 100,130 | 1.2% | 92,170 | 1.0% | ||
| Total | 7,172,091 | 100% | 8,173,941 | 100% | 8,799,728 | 100% |
Disability
| Disability status | London | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1991 (long term illness)[55] | 2001 (limiting long term illness)[56] | 2011[57] | 2021[58] | |||||
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| Disabled (under the Equality Act) | 742,870 | 10.7% | 1,111,284 | 15.5% | 1,157,16 | 14.1% | 1,164,456 | 13.2% |
| Disabled under the Equality Act: Day-to-day activities limited a little | – | – | – | – | 605,501 | 7.4% | 658,547 | 7.5% |
| Disabled under the Equality Act: Day-to-day activities limited a lot | – | – | – | – | 551,664 | 6.7% | 505,909 | 5.7% |
| Not disabled (under the Equality Act) | – | – | – | – | 7,016,776 | 85.8% | 7,635,272 | 86.8% |
| Not disabled under the Equality Act: No long term physical or mental health conditions | – | – | – | – | 7,016,776 | 85.8% | 7,175,718 | 81.5% |
| Not disabled under the Equality Act: Has long term physical or mental health condition but day-to-day activities are not limited | – | – | – | – | – | – | 459,554 | 5.2% |
| Total | 6,887,280 | 100% | 7,172,091 | 100% | 8,173,941 | 100% | 8,799,728 | 100% |
Income and industry
The vast majority of people within London work in the service sector.[59]
- Income and industry of London in images
-
Employment rate in London
-
Unemployment rate in London
-
Gross Disposable Household Income (GDHI) across London in 2020
-
Employment in public or private sector in London
Industry
| Industry sector | London (aged 16 and over in employment) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1961 (10% sample)[60] | 1981 (10% sample)[61] | 1991 (10% sample)[62] | 2001[63] | 2011[64] | 2021[65] | |||||||
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| A: Agriculture, Forestry and fishing | 772 | 0.2% | 445 | – | 613 | – | 11,033 | 0.3% | 2,363 | 0.1% | 2,827 | 0.1% |
| B: Mining and quarrying | 296 | – | – | – | 2,961 | 1% | 4,487 | 0.1% | 5,606 | 0.1% | 4,957 | 0.1% |
| C: Manufacturing | 156,035 (Production) | 41.5% | 58,649 | 19.1% | 29,889 | 10.5% | 253,358 | 7.6% | 128,905 | 3.2% | 131,674 | 3.0% |
| D: Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply | 5,181 | 1.7% | 3,195 | 1.1% | 11,035 | 0.3% | 10,358 | 0.3% | 15,040 | 0.3% | ||
| E: Water supply; Sewerage, Waste management and Remediation activities | 14,207 | 0.4% | 12,732 | 0.3% | ||||||||
| F: Construction | 20,347 | 6.6% | 18,395 | 6.5% | 174,731 | 5.3% | 262,356 | 6.6% | 340,992 | 7.8% | ||
| G: Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles | – | – | – | – | – | – | 478,374 | 14.4% | 522,204 | 13.1% | 531,842 | 12.2% |
| H: Transport and storage | – | – | 29,760 | 9.7% | 25,056 | 8.9% | 270,358 | 8.1% | 200,336 | 205,733 | 4.7% | |
| J: Information and communication | – | – | – | – | – | – | 276,355 | 6.9% | 332,394 | 7.6% | ||
| I: Accommodation and food service activities (Distribution or catering; 1981 + 1991) | 213,766 (Services) | 56.9% | 58,778 | 19.2% | 54,123 | 19.1% | 153,357 | 4.6% | 251,574 | 237,887 | 5.5% | |
| K: Financial and insurance activities | – | – | 57,672 | 20.4% | 937,377 | 28.3% | 306,443 | 288,113 | 6.6% | |||
| L: Real estate activities | – | – | 79,520 | 92,403 | 2.1% | |||||||
| M: Professional, scientific and technical activities | – | – | 434,405 | 456,965 | 10.5% | |||||||
| N: Administrative and support service activities | – | – | 234,191 | 262,952 | 6.0% | |||||||
| P: Education | – | – | – | – | 247,767 | 7.5% | 384,156 | 418,765 | 9.6% | |||
| Q: Human health and social work activities | – | – | – | – | 334,783 | 10.1% | 428,586 | 563,238 | 12.9% | |||
| O: Public administration and defence; compulsory social security | 4,795 | 1.3% | – | – | – | – | 178,261 | 5.4% | 201,545 | 209,607 | 4.8% | |
| R, S, T, U: Other and not stated | – | – | 131,194 | 42.6% | 90,740 | 32.1% | 264,213 | 8.0% | 255,787 | 251,958 | 5.8% | |
| Total | 375,664 | 100% | 307,857 | 100% | 282,644 | 100% | 3,319,134 | 100% | 3,998,897 | 100% | 4,360,079 | 100% |
Method of transportation to work
| Method of transportation | London (aged 16 and over in employment) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1981 (10% sample)[66] | 1991 (10% sample)[67] | 2001[68] | 2011[69] | 2021[70] | ||||||
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| Work mainly at or from home | 9,593 | 3.1% | 12,433 | 4.4% | 285,935 | 7.5% | 202,679 | 5.1% | 1,836,823 | 42.1% |
| Underground, metro, light rail, tram | 39,035 | 12.7% | – | – | 642,476 | 16.9% | 902,263 | 22.6% | 431,842 | 9.9% |
| Train | 32,638 | 10.6% | 74,262 | 26.3% | 661,166 | 17.4% | 532,720 | 13.3% | 231,074 | 5.3% |
| Bus, minibus or coach | 51,409 | 16.7% | 32,131 | 11.4% | 376,926 | 9.9% | 561,605 | 14.0% | 386,068 | 8.9% |
| Taxi | – | – | – | – | 21,962 | 0.6% | 20,314 | 0.5% | 22,544 | 0.5% |
| Motorcycle, scooter or moped | 6,481 | 2.1% | 3,239 | 1.1% | 55,752 | 1.5% | 45,976 | 1.1% | 30,404 | 0.7% |
| Driving a car or van | 90,522 | 29.4% | 108,546 | 38.4% | 1,294,081 | 34.0% | 1,120,826 | 28.0% | 897,111 | 20.6% |
| Passenger in a car or van | 22,903 | 7.4% | 10,068 | 3.6% | 92,819 | 2.4% | 69,659 | 1.7% | 63,883 | 1.5% |
| Bicycle | 7,308 | 2.4% | 5,783 | 2.0% | 78,804 | 2.1% | 161,705 | 4.0% | 128,833 | 3.0% |
| On foot | 40,563 | 13.2% | 27,523 | 9.7% | 281,338 | 7.4% | 352,612 | 8.8% | 279,453 | 6.4% |
| Other method of travel to work (or Not stated) | 7,405 | 2.4% | 8,659 | 3.1% | 14,396 | 0.4% | 28,538 | 0.7% | 52,040 | 1.2% |
| Total | 307,857 | 100% | 282,644 | 100% | 3,805,655 | 100% | 3,998,897 | 100% | 4,360,075 | 100% |
Hours worked weekly
| Hours worked weekly | London (aged 16 and over in employment) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1991 (10% sample)[71] | 2001[72] | 2011[73] | 2021[74] | |||||
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| Full-time | 224,494 | 79.4% | 2,651,793 | 79.9% | 2,973,844 | 74.4% | 3,137,424 | 72% |
| Full-time: 31 to 48 hours worked | 224,494 | 79.4% | 2,063,598 | 62.2% | 2,338,716 | 58.4% | 2,555,494 | 58.6% |
| Full-time: 49 or more hours worked | 588,195 | 17.7% | 635,128 | 15.9% | 581,930 | 13.3% | ||
| Part-time | 46,319 | 16.4% | 667,341 | 20.1% | 1,025,053 | 25.6% | 1,222,653 | 28% |
| Part-time: 15 hours or less worked | 15,812 | 5.6% | 224,349 | 6.8% | 346,106 | 8.7% | 464,497 | 10.7% |
| Part-time: 16 to 30 hours worked | 30,507 | 10.8% | 442,992 | 13.3% | 678,947 | 17% | 758,156 | 17.3% |
| Not stated | 11,831 | 4.1% | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Total | 282,644 | 100% | 3,319,134 | 100% | 3,998,897 | 100% | 4,360,077 | 100% |
Distance to travel to work
| Distance to travel to work | 2001[75] | 2011[76] | 2021[77] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| Less than 2 km | 475,102 | 14.3% | 474,585 | 11.9% | 331,191 | 7.6% |
| 2 km to less than 5 km | 659,230 | 19.9% | 715,936 | 17.9% | 484,894 | 11.1% |
| 5 km to less than 10 km | 803,143 | 24.2% | 926,646 | 23.2% | 533,671 | 12.2% |
| 10 km to less than 20 km | 686,960 | 20.7% | 795,833 | 19.9% | 409,530 | 9.4% |
| 20 km to less than 30 km | 128,560 | 3.9% | 154,589 | 3.9% | 79,897 | 1.8% |
| 30 km to less than 40 km | 32,812 | 1.0% | 38,310 | 1.0% | 23,145 | 0.5% |
| 40 km to less than 60 km | 25,001 | 0.8% | 28,294 | 0.7% | 15,808 | 0.4% |
| 60 km and over | 36,282 | 1.1% | 52,083 | 1.3% | 29,917 | 0.7% |
| Works mainly from home | 285,935 | 8.6% | 380,665 | 9.5% | 1,836,823 | 42.1% |
| Works mainly at an offshore installation, in no fixed place, or outside the UK | 186,109 | 5.6% | – | – | 615,201 | 14.1% |
| Other | – | – | 431,956 | 10.8% | – | – |
| Total | 3,319,134 | 100% | 3,998,897 | 100% | 4,360,077 | 100% |
National identity
| National identity | 2011[78] | 2021[79] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | |
| British only | 2,526,808 | 30.9% | 5,011,396 | 56.9% |
| English only | 3,035,090 | 37.1% | 717,894 | 8.2% |
| Welsh only | 31,952 | 0.4% | 19,167 | 0.2% |
| Scottish only | 53,531 | 0.7% | 29,943 | 0.3% |
| Northern Irish only | 19,943 | 0.2% | 13,917 | 0.2% |
| Any combination of UK only identities | – | – | 14,484 | 0.2% |
| English and British only | 444,115 | 5.4% | 594,149 | 6.8% |
| Welsh and British only | 7,081 | 0.1% | 10,161 | 0.1% |
| Scottish and British only | 11,344 | 0.1% | 15,665 | 0.2% |
| Northern Irish and British only | 2,530 | 0.0% | 4,504 | 0.1% |
| Irish only | 125,733 | 1.5% | 99,780 | 1.1% |
| Irish and at least one UK identity | 7,169 | 0.1% | 16,941 | 0.2% |
| Other identity only | 1,830,912 | 22.4% | 1,878,830 | 21.4% |
| Other identity and at least one UK identity | 191,771 | 2.3% | 372,898 | 4.2% |
| Total | 8,173,941 | 100% | 8,799,729 | 100% |
Note: The order of options for the census question on national identity was changed between 2011 and 2021. In 2011 "English only" was the first group listed whereas in 2021 "British only" was first instead.[80]
- Population pyramids of identity groupings in 2021
-
English only identity
-
English and British identity
-
British only identity
-
UK and non-UK identity
-
Non-UK only identity
Housing
| Tenure | 1981[81] | 1991[82] | 2001[83] | 2011[84] | 2021[85] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| Owned | 1,217,525 | 1,579,177 | 1,704,719 | 1,618,315 | 1,601,042 | |||||
| Owned: outright | 491,232 | 665,061 | 689,898 | 710,052 | ||||||
| Owned: with a mortgage or loan | 1,087,945 | 1,010,629 | 886,309 | 838,494 | ||||||
| Shared ownership | 29,029 | 42,108 | 52,496 | |||||||
| Privately renting | 415,247 | 382,785 | 520,907 | 819,085 | 1,025,533 | |||||
| Lives rent free | 42,780 | 6,356 | ||||||||
| Social renting | 872,449 | 799,167 | 790,371 | 785,993 | 790,958 | |||||
| Total | 2,505,221 | 100% | 2,761,129 | 100% | 3,015,997 | 100% | 3,266,173 | 100% | 3,423,889 | 100% |
Education
Level of qualification
| Level of qualification | London (aged 16 and over, not in education) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001[86] | 2011[87] | 2021[88] | ||||
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| No qualifications | 1,257,929 | 23.7% | 1,152,517 | 17.6% | 1,151,250 | 16.2% |
| Level 1 and entry level qualifications | 689,228 | 13.0% | 702,687 | 10.7% | 545,269 | 7.7% |
| Level 2 qualifications | 904,205 | 17.1% | 775,928 | 11.8% | 707,518 | 10.0% |
| Apprenticeship | – | – | 107,665 | 1.6% | 227,622 | 3.2% |
| Level 3 qualifications | 518,624 | 9.8% | 685,508 | 10.5% | 937,875 | 13.2% |
| Level 4 qualifications or above | 1,642,467 | 31.0% | 2,470,225 | 37.7% | 3,316,829 | 46.7% |
| Other qualifications | 287,879 | 5.4% | 654,643 | 10.0% | 217,622 | 3.1% |
| Total | 5,300,332 | 100% | 6,549,173 | 100% | 7,103,985 | 100% |
See also
- Demography of the United Kingdom
- Demography of England
- Demography of Birmingham
- Demography of Greater Manchester
- Religion in London
- Religion in England
- List of English cities by population
- List of English districts by population
- List of English districts and their ethnic composition
- List of English districts by area
- List of English districts by population density
References
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 30,0 30,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ As UK Census data past 2001 is unavailable through the ONS website, it has been recommended to use archival census collection websites to obtain data. Taken from Casweb UK Data Service from the 1971 UK wide Census. SAS08 of Country of Birth of England > Greater London.
- ↑ Registrar General for England and Wales; General Register Office Scotland (2002): 1971 Census aggregate data. UK Data Service. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5257/census/aggregate-1971-1 This information is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence [1]
- ↑ As UK Census data past 2001 is unavailable through the ONS website, it has been recommended to use archival census collection websites to obtain data. Taken from Casweb UK Data Service from the 1981 UK wide Census. Table 4 of Country of Birth in England > Inner and Outer London.
- ↑ Office of Population Censuses and Surveys; Registrar General for Scotland (2000): 1981 Census aggregate data (Edition: 2000). UK Data Service. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5257/census/aggregate-1981-1 This information is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence [2]
- ↑ Data taken from 1991 census data query on NOMIS
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