Английская Википедия:Department (administrative division)
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Other uses
A department (Шаблон:Lang-fr, Шаблон:Lang-es) is an administrative or political division in several countries. Departments are the first-level divisions of 11 countries, nine in the Americas and two in Africa. An additional 10 countries use departments as second-level divisions, eight in Africa, and one each in the Americas and Europe.[1]
As a territorial entity, "department" was first used by the French Revolutionary governments, apparently to emphasize that each territory was simply an administrative sub-division of the united sovereign nation. (The term "department", in other contexts, means an administrative sub-division of a larger organization.) This attempt to de-emphasize local political identity contrasts strongly with countries divided into "states" (implying local sovereignty).
The division of France into departments was a project particularly identified with the French revolutionary leader the Abbé Sieyès, although it had already been frequently discussed and written about by many politicians and thinkers. The earliest known suggestion of it is from 1764 in the writings of d'Argenson.
Today, departments may exist either with or without a representative assembly and executive head depending upon the countries' constitutional and administrative structure.
Countries using departments
- Шаблон:Flagicon Argentina*
- Шаблон:Flagicon Benin
- Шаблон:Flagicon Bolivia
- Шаблон:Flagicon Burkina Faso
- Шаблон:Flagicon Cameroon
- Шаблон:Flagicon Chad
- Шаблон:Flagicon Colombia
- Шаблон:Flagicon Republic of the Congo
- Шаблон:Flagicon Côte d'Ivoire
- Шаблон:Flagicon El Salvador
- Шаблон:Flagicon France
- Шаблон:Flagicon Gabon
- Шаблон:Flagicon Guatemala
- Шаблон:Flagicon Haiti
- Шаблон:Flagicon Honduras
- Шаблон:Flagicon Mauritania
- Шаблон:Flagicon Nicaragua
- Шаблон:Flagicon Niger
- Шаблон:Flagicon Paraguay
- Шаблон:Flagicon Peru
- Шаблон:Flagicon Senegal
- Шаблон:Flagicon Uruguay
*All provinces except Buenos Aires province.
Former countries using departments
- Шаблон:Flagicon Batavian Republic
- Шаблон:Flagicon Cisalpine Republic
- Шаблон:Flagicon French Empire
- Шаблон:Flagicon Gran Colombia
- Шаблон:Flagicon Centralist Republic of Mexico
- Шаблон:Flagicon Second Mexican Empire
- Шаблон:Flagicon Kingdom of Holland
- Шаблон:Flagicon Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)
- Шаблон:Flagicon Italian Republic (Napoleonic)
- Шаблон:Flagicon Peru**
- Шаблон:Flagicon Duchy of Warsaw
- Шаблон:Flagicon United States***
- Шаблон:Flagicon Kingdom of Westphalia
**Replaced by regions in 2002.
***Before Alaska became a U.S. state, it was designated as the "Department of Alaska".
References
External links
See also
- Administrative divisions
- Departments of the Duchy of Warsaw
- Departments of France
- Overseas departments and territories of France
Шаблон:French terms for administrative divisions Шаблон:Types of administrative division
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