Английская Википедия:Deponent verb
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Refimprove In linguistics, a deponent verb is a verb that is active in meaning but takes its form from a different voice, most commonly the middle or passive.[1] A deponent verb has no active forms.
Languages with deponent verbs
This list may not be exhaustive.
Ancient Greek
Шаблон:Main Ancient Greek has middle-voice deponents (some of which are very common) and some passive-voice deponents. An example in classical Greek is Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transl, 'I come' or 'I go'), middle/passive in form but translated into English using the active voice (since English has no middle voice).
Some 'active' verbs will take middle-form futures, such as how Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transl, 'I hear') becomes Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transl, 'I will hear'), rather than the regular adding of a sigma (like Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transl, 'I stop') becoming Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transl, 'I will stop')). These are still translated into English as active. For these verbs, there is no future middle, but the future passive is unaffected.
Koine Greek has a few verbs which have very different meanings in the active and middle/passive forms. For example, Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transl) means "I set fire to", whereas its middle form Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transl) means "I touch". Because Шаблон:Lang is much more common in usage, beginners often learn this form first and are tempted to assume that it is a deponent.
Latin
Latin deponent verbs can belong to any conjugation. Their form (except in the present and future participle) is that of a passive verb, but the meaning is active. Usually a deponent verb has no corresponding active form, although there are a few, such as Шаблон:Lang 'I turn (transitive)' and Шаблон:Lang 'I turn (intransitive)' which have both active and deponent forms.
Examples are Шаблон:Lang ('to exhort'), Шаблон:Lang ('to fear'), Шаблон:Lang ('to speak'), Шаблон:Lang ('to flatter'), and many more.[2] The forms regularly follow those of the passive of normal verbs:
| Active | Passive | Deponent |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss | Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss | Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss |
| Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss | Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss | Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss |
Deponents have all the participles normal verbs do, although those of the perfect carry an active meaning, rather than a passive meaning as in the case of normal verbs. Some deponent verbs, such as Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss, use the corresponding forms of other verbs to express a genuine passive meaning.
Additionally, four Latin verbs (Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss, and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss) are called semi-deponent, because though they look passive in their perfect forms, they are semantically active in all forms.[3]
Conversely, Latin also has some verbs that are active in form but passive in meaning. Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss was used as the passive of Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss. In the perfect forms (perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect), this was a compound verb just like the passive voice of regular verbs (Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss).
Old Irish
Old Irish has a substantial number of deponent verbs, some of them very common, such as Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss. The -Vr ending was the regular passive or impersonal ending.
The pattern was not continued into the modern languages and all such verbforms were ultimately replaced by ‘normal’ forms. The -Vr ending still is the regular passive or impersonal ending in the later language, as in the eg Modern Scottish Gaelic passive/impersonal Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss. The verb Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss has its origin in the deponent Old Irish Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss.
Sanskrit
Sanskrit has active, middle and passive voices. As the passive is a secondary formation (based on a different stem with middle endings), all deponent verbs take middle-voice forms, such as Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Transl.
Traditional grammar distinguishes three classes of verbs: Шаблон:Transl Шаблон:Gloss, Шаблон:Transl Шаблон:Gloss and Шаблон:Transl Шаблон:Gloss. Thus, Шаблон:Transl (plural of Шаблон:Transl) might be considered a deponent verb.
Swedish
Swedish has a few passive-voice deponents, although its closely related neighbour languages Danish and Norwegian mostly use active corresponding forms. Indeed, Norwegian shows the opposite trend: like in English, active verbs are sometimes used with a passive or middle sense, such as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss. Шаблон:Lang is the normal passive ending in the Scandinavian languages.
- Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss (cf. Danish Шаблон:Lang and Norwegian Bokmål Шаблон:Lang (non-deponent))
- Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss (cf. Danish Шаблон:Lang, Norwegian Bokmål Шаблон:Lang (non-deponent))
- Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss
- Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss
- Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss
- Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss
- Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss
- Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss, as in Шаблон:Lang
A handful of Swedish deponent verbs are specifically used for reciprocal or continuous meanings. These verbs typically have non-deponent counterparts.
Norwegian
Norwegian has several common deponents which use the Шаблон:Lang passive ending in the active voice, instead of the usual Шаблон:Lang active ending (and retains the Шаблон:Lang in the infinitive, where most verbs end solely in Шаблон:Lang):
The past tense is indicated by Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang, e.g. Шаблон:Lang.
Danish
Modern Danish has 54 unique deponent verbs[4] which work basically like in the other Scandinavian languages; the most common ones are:
Some other verbs do have an active form but also a deponent one with a different meaning or usage, e.g.:
- Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss (in the active form, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss)
- Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss (in the active form, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss)
- Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss (in the active form Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Gloss).
Finally, some verbs are passive in Danish, but would be translated with active verbs in most other languages, e.g.:
- Шаблон:Lang (literally Шаблон:Gloss), Шаблон:Gloss
Deponency and tense
Some verbs are deponent in all tenses, but other verbs are deponent only in certain tenses. For example, the Greek verb Шаблон:Lang (anabainō) 'I go up' uses active forms in the imperfect active and aorist active, but in the future active it shows the middle form Шаблон:Lang (anabēsomai) 'I will go up'.
Latin has a few semi-deponent verbs, which have active forms in the present, future, and imperfect tenses, but are deponent in the perfect system.
See also
References
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite Merriam-Webster
- ↑ These were chosen because they reflect the four conjugation paradigms. For a longer list, see Adler page 686 ff.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
External links
