Английская Википедия:Der Deutsche Canadier
Шаблон:Use Canadian English Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:Good article Шаблон:Use dmy dates
Шаблон:Lang (English: The German Canadian; originally Шаблон:Lang, English: The German Canadian and News Messenger) was a German-language weekly newspaper published in Berlin, Canada West (now Kitchener, Ontario), from 1841 to 1865. The Шаблон:Lang was founded in January 1841 by Heinrich "Henry" Eby, son of Berlin's founder Benjamin Eby. It was among Upper Canada's first German-language newspapers and was the only one published in British North America from September 1841 through January 1848, during which time it was widely read across Canada.
In the 1840s, Canada West experienced an influx of GermanШаблон:Efn immigrants who left Europe due to social and political upheaval. The Шаблон:Lang directed its coverage towards the interests of these new immigrants, focusing on European politics and social happenings, especially those of Germany. Regarding Canadian politics, the newspaper was a reliable supporter of the Reform Party. As most new immigrants were artisans rather than farmers, readers demanded German prose and poetry, and the newspaper supplemented its political coverage with literary content.
Across its twenty-four year history, the newspaper went through numerous owners and editors. The instability which characterized its management left it unable to easily cope with competition. In 1859, the head of the Шаблон:LangШаблон:'s mechanical department, Шаблон:Interlanguage link, abruptly left the newspaper to found the competing Berliner Journal. The Шаблон:Lang folded in January 1865, with attempted revivals in the late 1860s failing quickly.
Background
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Waterloo Township in Upper Canada was primarily made up of Mennonites from Pennsylvania.Шаблон:Sfn With an influx of European immigrants to Upper Canada beginning in the 1820s,Шаблон:Sfn the presence of this German-speaking population attracted German settlers.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn As the third-largest immigrant group to Canada in the nineteenth century after the English and French, German publications were in high demand.Шаблон:Sfn The publications faced numerous obstacles to their success, including a short supply of German printers and typesetters. As well, most news items needed to be translated into German from English, a labour-intensive process, especially when dealing with more technical subjects.Шаблон:Sfn
Canada Museum und Allgemeine Zeitung
In 1835, Heinrich Wilhelm PetersonШаблон:Efn established Шаблон:Lang in the hamlet of Berlin, Waterloo Township.Шаблон:Sfn As Upper Canada's first German-language weekly newspaper,Шаблон:Sfn the publication predated Berlin's first English newspaper by 18 years.Шаблон:Sfn Born in Quakenbrück, Duchy of Oldenburg, on 27 May 1793, Peterson's parents migrated to Baltimore, Maryland when he was two years old.Шаблон:Sfn Arriving in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in March 1803, he operated several German publications in Pennsylvania in the 1810s and 1820s before moving to Berlin in 1832.Шаблон:Sfn Wanting to start another newspaper, but finding himself with little available capital, he relied on help from around 140 friends, 51 of whom became shareholders in the newspaper.Шаблон:Sfn After a printing press was transported from Pennsylvania to Berlin via oxen,Шаблон:Sfn he printed, published and edited the first issue of Шаблон:Lang, appearing on 27 August 1835.Шаблон:Sfn His first apprentice, Heinrich Eby, the son of bishop and Berlin-founder Benjamin Eby, assisted in the production, printing a poem by the German poet Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart.Шаблон:Sfn
The presence of the Шаблон:Lang in Berlin helped to emphasize the town's status as the centre of Upper Canada's German population.Шаблон:Sfn The newspaper ran pieces advocating for Berlin to be the township's "district town",Шаблон:Sfn while subscribers hoped it would help to preserve their language and traditional values.Шаблон:Sfn Peterson became increasingly active in the community, leaving him with less time to sustain the publication of the Шаблон:Lang. He sold the German part of his printing business to Heinrich Eby, who had by that time been apprenticing under Peterson as a printer for four years.Шаблон:Sfn The final issue of the Шаблон:Lang ran on 18 December 1840, with Peterson recommending Eby and Enslin's new German language newspaper, Шаблон:Lang, to all Шаблон:Lang subscribers.Шаблон:Sfn
History
Heinrich Eby founded Шаблон:Lang (The German Canadian and News Messenger)Шаблон:Sfn in January 1841, serving as its first publisher and owner.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn Basing the newspaper in Berlin, Eby built a printing office near the corner of King and South Eby Streets.Шаблон:Sfn Upon its founding, the only other local German newspaper, Шаблон:Lang, issued a piece warmly welcoming the Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn In Шаблон:LangШаблон:'s final issue, dated 16 September 1841, its proprietor, Benjamin Burkholder, recommended readers subscribe to the Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn Christian Enslin was the Шаблон:LangШаблон:'s first editor, holding the position for nine years.Шаблон:Sfn A local bookbinder and seller of books, medicines and glasses, Enslin migrated from Württemberg to Berlin in 1833.Шаблон:Sfn He worked as the associate editor of the Шаблон:Lang from December 1837 through November 1838.Шаблон:Sfn The Шаблон:Lang went through a series of editors, some only serving for a few months.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn At the end of 1851, Eby sold the newspaper to his brother, Peter Eby, and in July 1856 Peter sold it to another brother, Elias Eby. Elias served a broader audience through publishing an English language newspaper as well, the Berlin Telegraph and Waterloo County Intelligencer, from 1853 to 1899.Шаблон:Sfn The Telegraph and Шаблон:Lang were both published in a building owned by Peter Eby.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Elias Eby sold the Шаблон:Lang to Dougall McDougall in May 1857, who owned the newspaper until its final issue on 19 January 1865.Шаблон:Sfn With frequent changes in ownership and many different editors, the paper experienced consistent instability in its management, with disputes between publisher and editor common. The most significant shock to the Шаблон:Lang came when the head of its mechanical department, Шаблон:Interlanguage link, left in 1859 to found the competing Berliner Journal with John Motz.Шаблон:Sfn Entering into a prolonged feud with the Journal, the management of the Шаблон:Lang found it too difficult to cope against the better run Journal.Шаблон:Sfn
Following the Шаблон:LangШаблон:'s dissolution, William Moyer in the neighbouring village of Waterloo attempted to revive the newspaper by founding the Шаблон:Lang in November 1867. The attempt lasted less than two years, dissolving in October 1869. Another local, Wilhelm Raich, founded a Шаблон:Lang in September 1869 in opposition to Moyer's newspaper, but Raich's publication folded in January 1870.Шаблон:Sfn
Content
Format and style
The format of the Шаблон:Lang was nearly identical to that of its predecessor, the Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn As a weekly newspaper, subscribers paid CA$2.00 per year or CA$3.00 if receiving it by mail (equivalent to CA$Шаблон:Inflation and CA$Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation/year) until 1852, at which time the prices were reduced to $1.50 in advance or $2.00 if in arrears three months (equivalent to CA$Шаблон:Inflation and CA$Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation/year). Always four pages long, the dimensions of the newsprint expanded over time. Beginning with 20 × 14 inch paper (50.8 × 35.6 cm) and four large columns per page, the dimensions expanded to 22 × 16 inches (55.9 × 40.6 cm) for 1843–1844 before reverting to its original size; in 1848, it again expanded to its larger size, adding a fifth column to each page; in 1852, it added a sixth column.Шаблон:Sfn In 1853, it again increased, this time to 25½ × 19½ inches (64.8 × 49.5 cm) and seven columns per page.Шаблон:Sfn A motto that occasionally changed appeared beneath the newspaper's masthead, including Шаблон:Lang (God and my right) in 1841, and Шаблон:Lang (Equality alone is the firm foundation of justice) in 1855.Шаблон:Sfn
In its written vocabulary, the newspaper occasionally used words from the local Pennsylvania German language,Шаблон:Sfn including "Шаблон:Lang" (flour) and "Шаблон:Lang" (clergy), amongst others.Шаблон:Sfn Advertisements were mostly in German, but English ones appeared on occasion. Scholar Herbert Karl Kalbfleisch writes the newspaper was stylistically weak, which "offended the taste of some readers", though most did not complain.Шаблон:Sfn
Coverage
In the 1840s, Canada West experienced another influx of German immigrants caused by poor agricultural conditions in Europe, as well as turbulent political conditions resulting from the German revolutions of 1848–1849.Шаблон:Sfn The Шаблон:LangШаблон:'s flourishing period coincided with this population increase,Шаблон:Sfn with historians John English and Kenneth McLaughlin describing the Шаблон:Lang as "the most successful and widely read German newspaper in [Canada]".Шаблон:Sfn From September 1841 through January 1848, Шаблон:Lang was the only German language newspaper in British North America.Шаблон:Sfn The only circulation figure available is from the 2 January 1852 issue of the newspaper, with Peter Eby writing that the subscription list numbered almost one thousand. Kalbfleisch writes there is no way to confirm the figure, adding that some newspapers artificially inflated their subscriber numbers to attract advertisers.Шаблон:Sfn
Though his father was a Mennonite, Heinrich Eby instead focused the paper towards the German culture of Berlin's new immigrants, cultivating a unique German-Canadian culture.Шаблон:Sfn Though the new immigrants detested the German political system they left behind, they remained interested in the political and social events of Germany,Шаблон:Sfn leading the newspaper to focus on European coverage.Шаблон:Sfn The Шаблон:Lang published an extra edition in March 1848 covering the revolutions in Europe, which Kalbfleisch suggests indicates how interested the readership remained in European news.Шаблон:Sfn
Despite its focus on Europe, the Шаблон:Lang covered Canadian political content, especially regarding its political and public institutions.Шаблон:Sfn Kalbfleisch suggests the coverage of Canadian politics was framed in a way to encourage recent German immigrants to abandon "their lethargy toward public affairs which had characterized the behavior of many of them in the fatherland".Шаблон:Sfn While the Шаблон:Lang attempted to be politically impartial,Шаблон:Sfn it strongly denounced the rebellions of 1837–1838.Шаблон:Sfn The Шаблон:Lang, however, was consistently partisan through all of its owners and editors,Шаблон:Sfn vehemently arguing for the Reform Party and describing the Tories as dishonest and corrupt.Шаблон:Sfn The paper encouraged those Germans who could vote to support the Reform Party in all election contests.Шаблон:Sfn Through the 1850s, McDougall's political connections helped him win the majority of Waterloo County's municipal printing contracts.Шаблон:Sfn[1] When the Liberal Party gifted him a gold watch in 1861 to recognize his services, the Berliner Journal criticized the gift as open bribery.[1] In December 1863, McDougall was proposed to be the county registrar of deeds, with the Journal strongly opposing the nomination and suggesting the "honest man" A. J. Peterson in his place.Шаблон:Sfn[1] Despite the opposition, McDougall won the position in 1864.Шаблон:Sfn
As recent German immigrants were mostly made up of artisans rather than farmers, the readers of the Шаблон:Lang demanded poetry and prose content,Шаблон:Sfn pushing the paper to maintain "a high literary tone".Шаблон:Sfn After Edward Lindemann became editor in October 1853, the amount of literary content greatly expanded,Шаблон:Sfn including several of Lindemann's short stories.Шаблон:Sfn Kalbfleisch writes that Lindemann "raised the quality of the Шаблон:Lang appreciably and improved its literary tone".Шаблон:Sfn After publishing a serial story from January through February 1854 – "Шаблон:Lang" by Friedrich Gerstäcker – the newspaper published at least one prose story instalment with each issue until it folded in January 1865.Шаблон:Sfn
See also
- List of German language newspapers of Ontario
- List of early Canadian newspapers
- List of defunct newspapers of Canada
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
Further reading
External links
- Шаблон:WorldCat
- Newspapers on Microfilm at the Kitchener Public Library
- Der Deutsche Canadier 1856–1864 copies (in German) digitized on the Canadian Research Knowledge Network
- Der Deutsche Canadier und Neuigkeitsbote entry on the University of Alberta's Canadian Minority Media Database
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Шаблон:Harvnb, quoted in Шаблон:Harvnb.
- Английская Википедия
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- German-language newspapers published in Berlin/Kitchener
- Newspapers established in 1841
- Defunct newspapers published in Ontario
- Defunct weekly newspapers
- Publications disestablished in 1865
- 1841 establishments in Canada West
- 1865 disestablishments in Canada West
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