Английская Википедия:Dera language

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Infobox language Шаблон:GeoGroupTemplate Dera (Dra, Dla) Шаблон:A.k.a. Mangguar and Kamberataro (Komberatoro) is a Senagi language of Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. In Papua New Guinea, it is primarily spoken in Kamberataro village (Шаблон:Coord), Amanab Rural LLG, Sandaun Province.[1][2]

Dialects

There are two dialects, namely Dla proper and Menggwa Dla. Dla proper is spoken in the three main villages of Kamberatoro Mission (3°36′S 141°03′E; 1299 feet) in Papua New Guinea, Amgotro Mission (3°38′S 140°58′E; 1969 feet) in West Papua, and Komando village in West Papua. Komando village was formerly a Dutch border post. Other Dla proper speaking villages in Papua New Guinea are Tamarbek (Шаблон:Coord), Akamari (Шаблон:Coord), New Kamberatoro; Old Kamberatoro, ‘Border Village’, Nimberatoro (Шаблон:Coord), Nindebai (Шаблон:Coord), Mamamora (Шаблон:Coord), Yamamainda (Шаблон:Coord), Orkwanda (Шаблон:Coord), and Lihen (Шаблон:Coord). West Papua, Indonesia has the Dla villages of Amgotro, Komando, Indangan, Mongwefi, Buku, and Agrinda, which are mostly located in Yaffi District, Keerom Regency.[3]

Menggwa Dla, the less populous of the two dialects, is spoken in five villages located between Kamberatoro Mission and Komando village, which are Menggau, Wahai (Шаблон:Coord), Ambofahwa (alternatively known as Wahai Nº 2), Wanggurinda (Шаблон:Coord; 3°34′59″S, 141°01′41″E) in Papua New Guinea, and Menggwal (3°33′53″S, 140°59′04″E) in West Papua.[3]

Status

Dla (Dera) speakers are shifting to Tok Pisin and Papuan Malay. De Sousa (2006) reports that the younger generation born in the 1990s or later usually cannot speak Dera fluently, whereas the older generation remains fluent.[3]

Phonology

Dera has 14 consonants (4 less than Angor), which are:[4]

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Plosive Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Fricative Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Liquid Шаблон:IPA link
Semivowel Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link

Dera has 5 vowels (2 less than Angor), which are:[4]

Front Back
Close Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Mid Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Open Шаблон:IPA link

Vocabulary comparison

The following basic vocabulary words of Dera dialects are from Voorhoeve (1971, 1975),[5][6] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:[7]

gloss Dera (Amgotro dialect) Dera (Moŋgowar dialect) Dera (Amgotro dialect)
head boda bapale boda
hair nanada nenale nanada
ear kumbo- keda gombo-gala kumbo- keda
eye kumba- kwada kamba-gala kumba- kwada
nose gutubu damor gutubu
tooth jabo-gemda djabo jabo-gemda
tongue tabu tep tabu
louse manə mave manə
dog jabodo jabodo
pig wadə wadə
bird du tu du
egg dogomda tugabola dogomda
blood kodoa hola kodoa
bone gemda saba gemda
skin kueda kiaba kueda
breast toto tutu toto
tree namo; nomo agala namo; nomo
man jani- ndia jani jani- ndia
woman kuadedebo kolbake kuadedebo
sun kəbu gəfu kəbu
moon amana anam amana
water kue gəwei kue
fire kai kai kai
stone nəmai nimi nəmai
road, path bakoda bakoda
name dia
eat tato- hede- tato-
one mano; ŋguadu mamu mano; ŋguadu
two imbu jimbal imbu

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Papuan languages Шаблон:Languages of Indonesia Шаблон:Languages of Papua New Guinea

  1. Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок e25 не указан текст
  2. Шаблон:Cite web
  3. Перейти обратно: 3,0 3,1 3,2 Шаблон:Cite thesis
  4. Перейти обратно: 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  5. Voorhoeve, C.L. "Miscellaneous Notes on Languages in West Irian, New Guinea". In Dutton, T., Voorhoeve, C. and Wurm, S.A. editors, Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 14. A-28:47-114. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1971. Шаблон:Doi
  6. Voorhoeve, C.L. Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists. B-31, iv + 133 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. Шаблон:Doi
  7. Шаблон:Cite web