Английская Википедия:Derby

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox settlement

Derby (Шаблон:IPAc-en Шаблон:Respell) is a city and unitary authority area on the River Derwent in Derbyshire, England. Derbyshire is named after Derby, which was its original county town. As a unitary authority, Derby is administratively independent from Derbyshire County Council. The population of Derby is Шаблон:English district population (Шаблон:United Kingdom statistics year).[1]

The Romans established the town of Derventio, which was later captured by the Anglo-Saxons and then by the Vikings who made Шаблон:Lang one of the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw. Initially a market town, Derby grew rapidly in the industrial era and was home to Lombe's Mill, an early British factory, Derby contains the southern part of the Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site. With the arrival of the railways in the 19th century, Derby became a centre of the British rail industry. Despite having a cathedral since 1927, Derby did not gain city status until 1977.

Derby is a centre for advanced transport manufacturing. It is home to engine manufacturer Rolls-Royce and Alstom (formerly Bombardier Transportation) has a production facility at the Derby Litchurch Lane Works; Toyota's UK headquarters is located in the south-west of the city at Burnaston.

History

Шаблон:See also

Origins

Файл:Derby Cathedral.jpg
The tower of Derby Cathedral.[2]
Файл:Derbyshire Cathedral.jpg
View of Derby Cathedral's facing clock tower

The Roman camp of Derventio is considered to have been at Little Chester/Chester Green (Шаблон:Gbmapping), the site of the old Roman fort. Later, the town was one of the "Five Boroughs" (fortified towns) of the Danelaw, until it was captured by Lady Æthelflæd of Mercia in July 917, after which the town was annexed to the Kingdom of Mercia.[3]

The Viking name Шаблон:Lang, recorded in Old English as Шаблон:Lang, means "village of the deer". However, the origin of the name Derby has had multiple influences: a variation of the original Roman name Шаблон:Lang with pronunciation of the letter "v" as "b", becoming Шаблон:Lang, and later Derby, along with a link to the river Derwent – from the Celtic meaning "valley thick with oaks"[4] – which flows through the city, triggering a shortened version of Derwent by, meaning 'Derwent settlement'.

The town name appears as Darbye on early maps, such as that of John Speed, 1610.[5]

Modern research (2004) into the history and archaeology of Derby has provided evidence that the Vikings and Anglo-Saxons would have co-existed, occupying two areas of land surrounded by water. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (c. 900) says that "Derby is divided by water". These areas of land were known as Шаблон:Lang ("Northworthy"="north enclosure") and Шаблон:Lang, and were at the "Irongate" (north) side of Derby.[6]

16th–18th centuries

During the Civil War of 1642–1646, Derby was garrisoned by Parliamentary troops commanded by Sir John Gell, 1st Baronet, who was appointed Governor of Derby in 1643. These troops took part in the defence of nearby Nottingham, the siege of Lichfield, the battle of Hopton Heath and many other engagements in Nottinghamshire, Staffordshire and Cheshire, as well as successfully defending Derbyshire against Royalist armies.

The first civic system of piped water in England was established in Derby in 1692, using wooden pipes,[7] which was common for several centuries.[8] The Derby Waterworks included waterwheel-powered pumps for raising water out of the River Derwent and storage tanks for distribution.[9] This was designed and built by local engineer George Sorocold.[10]

Файл:Bonniequest.jpg
Statue of Charles Edwart Stuart on Cathedral Green

During the Jacobite rising of 1745, Jacobite Army troops led by Prince Charles Edward Stuart arrived in Derby on 4 December 1745, whilst on their way to London to attempt to overthrow the reigning House of Hanover. Stuart called at The George Inn on Irongate (where the Duke of Devonshire had set up his headquarters in late November after raising The Derbyshire Blues) and demanded billets for the 9,000 troops under his command. The prince stayed at Exeter House on Full Street, where he held a council of war on 5 December which decided to retreat. Stuart had received misleading information about a government army coming to meet him south of Derby. He abandoned his invasion at Swarkestone Bridge on the River Trent, a few miles south of Derby. The prince, who on the march from Scotland had walked at the front of the column, made the return journey on horseback at the rear of the bedraggled and tired army.Шаблон:Cn

Shrovetide football was played at Derby every year, possibly from as early as the 12th century. The town was split into the St Peter's and All Saints parishes, who fought to bring the ball from the Market Place to a goal within their own parishes.[11] There were several attempts to ban the game, described in 1846 as "the barbarous and disgusting play of Foot-Ball, which for a great number of years has annually disgraced our town". In that year the military were brought in and after the police cut the first ball to pieces, another ball was produced and the town's Mayor was "stuck on the shoulder by a brick-bat, hurled by some ferocious ruffian, and severely bruised".[12] The Derby Football was banned in 1846, although it was played once more in 1870.[13]

Industrial Revolution

Derby and Derbyshire were among the centres of Britain's Industrial Revolution. In 1717, Derby was the site of the first water-powered silk mill in Britain, built by John Lombe and George Sorocold, after Lombe had reputedly stolen the secrets of silk-throwing from Piedmont in Italy (he is alleged to have been poisoned by the Piedmontese as revenge in 1722).[14]

In 1759, Jedediah Strutt patented and built a machine called the Derby Rib Attachment[15] that revolutionised the manufacture of hose. This attachment was used on the Rev. Lee's Framework Knitting Machine; it was placed in front of – and worked in unison with – Lee's Frame, to produce ribbed hose (stockings). The partners were Jedediah Strutt, William Woollatt (who had been joined in 1758 by John Bloodworth and Thomas Stafford, all leading hosiers in Derby). The patent was obtained in January 1759. After three years, Bloodworth and Stafford were paid off, and Samuel Need – a hosier of Nottingham – joined the partnership. The firm was known as Need, Strutt and Woollatt. The patent expired in 1773[15] though the partnership continued until 1781 when Need died.

Messrs Wright, the bankers of Nottingham, recommended that Richard Arkwright apply to Strutt and Need for finance for his cotton spinning mill. The first mill opened in Nottingham in 1770 and was driven by horses. In 1771 Richard Arkwright, Samuel Need and Jedediah Strutt built the world's first commercially successful water-powered cotton spinning mill at Cromford, Derbyshire, developing a form of power that was to be a catalyst for the Industrial Revolution.[16][17][18]

This was followed in Derbyshire by Jedediah Strutt's cotton spinning mills at Belper. They were: South Mill, the first, 1775; North Mill, 1784, which was destroyed by fire on 12 January 1803 and then rebuilt, starting work again at the end of 1804; West Mill, 1792, commenced working 1796; Reeling Mill, 1897; Round Mill, which took 10 years to build, from 1803 to 1813, and commenced working in 1816; and Milford Mills, 1778. The Belper and Milford mills were not built in partnership with Arkwright; they were all owned and financed by Strutt.

Other notable 18th-century figures with connections to Derby include the painter Joseph Wright, known as Wright of Derby, who was known for his innovative use of light in his paintings and was an associate of the Royal Academy; and John Whitehurst, a clockmaker and philosopher. Erasmus Darwin, doctor, scientist, philosopher and grandfather of Charles Darwin, moved to Derby in 1782 and founded the Derby Philosophical Society.

Derby's place in the country's philosophical and political life continued with Henry Hutchinson, an active member of the Fabian Society. On his death in 1894, he left the society an amount in his will which was instrumental in founding the London School of Economics.[19]

The beginning of 19th century saw Derby emerging as an engineering centre, with manufacturers such as James Fox, who exported machine tools to Russia.

In 1840, the North Midland Railway set up its works in Derby and when it merged with the Midland Counties Railway and the Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway to form the Midland Railway, Derby became its headquarters. The connection with the railway encouraged others, notably Andrew Handyside, Charles Fox and his son Francis Fox.

A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of Normanton Barracks in 1877.[20]

Derby was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, and it became a county borough with the Local Government Act 1888. The borough expanded in 1877 to include Little Chester and Litchurch, and then in 1890 to include New Normanton and Rowditch. The borough did not increase substantially again until 1968, when under a recommendation of the Local Government Boundary Commission it was expanded into large parts of the rural district of Belper, Repton and South East Derbyshire. This vastly increased Derby's population from 132,408 in the 1961 census to 219,578 in the 1971 census.[21]

Файл:Silkmill1.jpg
Derby Silk Mill is part of the Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site

Despite being one of the areas of Britain furthest from the sea, Derby holds a special place in the history of marine safety – it was as MP for Derby that Samuel Plimsoll introduced his bills for a "Plimsoll line" (and other marine safety measures). This failed on first introduction, but was successful in 1876 and contributed to Plimsoll's re-election as an MP.

20th century to present day

An industrial boom began in Derby when Rolls-Royce opened a car and aircraft factory in the town in 1907. In 1923, the Midland Railway became part of the London, Midland & Scottish Railway with headquarters in London. However, Derby remained a major rail manufacturing centre, second only to Crewe and Wolverton. Moreover, it remained a design and development centre and in the 1930s, on the direction of Lord Stamp, the LMS Scientific Research Laboratory was opened on London Road.Шаблон:Citation needed

In 1911, the Derby Wireless Club was formed by a group of local engineers and experimenters. It was to be the first radio or "wireless club" in the country.[22][23] The early activities of the club, (even through World Wars), pushed the boundaries of 'wireless' technologies at the time in England, and promoted it into becoming a hobby for many local folk. {Over later years, as radio technology progressed, the club transitioned to become the Derby & District Amateur Radio Society (DADARS), continuing to host meetings and events for radio hobbyists with all the new technologies, into the early 2020s.}

In World War I, Derby was targeted by German Zeppelin air bombers, who killed five people in a 1916 raid on the town.[24]

All Saints Church was designated as a cathedral in 1927, signalling that the town was ready for city status.[25]

Slum clearance in the 1920s and 1930s saw the central area of Derby become less heavily populated as families were rehoused on new council estates in the suburbs, where houses for private sale were also constructed. Rehousing, council house building and private housing developments continued on a large scale for some 30 years after the end of World War II in 1945.[26]

Production and repair work continued at the railway works. In December 1947 the Locomotive Works unveiled Britain's first mainline passenger diesel-electric locomotive – "Number 10000". In 1958 production switched over to diesel locomotives completely. Meanwhile, the Carriage & Wagon Works were building the first of the Diesel Multiple Units that were to take over many of the services.

In 1964 the British Rail Research Division opened to study all aspects of railway engineering from first principles. Its first success was in drastically improving the reliability and speed of goods trains, work which led to the development of the Advanced Passenger Train.

Derby was awarded city status on 7 June 1977 by Queen Elizabeth II to mark the 25th anniversary of her ascension to the throne.[27] The Queen presented the "charter scroll" or "letters patent" in person on 28 July 1977 on the steps of the Council House to the then Mayor Councillor Jeffrey Tillet (Conservative).[28] Until then, Derby had been one of the few towns in England with a cathedral but not city status.

Derby holds an important position in the history of the Labour movement as one of two seats (the other being Keir Hardie's in Merthyr Tydfil) gained by the recently formed Labour Representation Committee at the 1900 general election. The MP was Richard Bell, General Secretary of the Railway Servants Union. Bell was succeeded in 1910 by Jimmy Thomas and he in turn by the distinguished polymath and Nobel Laureate Philip Noel-Baker in 1936.

Despite its strategic industries (rail and aero-engine), Derby suffered comparatively little damage in both world wars (contrast Bristol and Filton). This may in part have been because of jamming against the German radio-beam navigations systems (X-Verfahren and Knickebein, camouflage and decoy techniques ("Starfish sites") were built, mainly south of the town, e.g. out in fields near Foremark.[29][30])

Derby has also become a significant cultural centre for the deaf community in Britain. Many deaf people move to Derby because of its strong sign language-using community.Шаблон:Citation needed It is estimated that the deaf population in Derby is at least three times higher than the national average, and that only London has a larger deaf population.Шаблон:Citation needed The Royal School for the Deaf on Ashbourne Road provides education in British Sign Language and English.

Government

Файл:Derby Council House (geograph 2355048).jpg
Derby Council House
Файл:Former county hall, St Marys Gate, Derby (geograph 4178083).jpg
County Hall

Local government

Шаблон:Main By traditional definitions, Derby is the county town of Derbyshire; the county's quarter sessions were held at Derby and knights of the shire were elected there, with County Hall on St Mary's Gate being built in 1660 to host such courts and meetings.[31] When elected county councils were established in 1889, Derbyshire County Council initially used County Hall as its meeting place, but moved to Smedley's Hydro in Matlock in 1955.[32][33]

Between 1889 and 1974 Derby was a county borough, independent from the county council.[34] It then became a lower-tier district council with the county council providing county-level services between 1974 and 1997. On 1 April 1997, Derby City Council became a unitary authority, regaining its independence from the county council.[35] On 7 July 2014, Derby's first ever Youth Mayor, Belal Butt (a student from Chellaston Academy), was elected by the Mayor of Derby.[36]

UK parliament

Derby was a single United Kingdom Parliamentary constituency represented by two members of parliament until 1950, when it was divided into the single-member constituencies of Derby North and Derby South. However, in 2010, the wards of Allestree, Oakwood and Spondon were moved to the new constituency of Mid Derbyshire, created for the 2010 general election.Шаблон:Citation needed As of 2020, Derby is represented by three MPs.

Derby North Derby South Mid Derbyshire
Файл:Official portrait of Amanda Solloway MP crop 2.jpg Файл:Official portrait of Rt Hon Margaret Beckett MP crop 2.jpg Файл:Official portrait of Mrs Pauline Latham MP crop 2.jpg
Amanda Solloway Margaret Beckett Pauline Latham
Conservative Labour Conservative
Файл:The Derby Ram on East Street and Albion Street, Derby - geograph.org.uk - 1705947.jpg
Representation of The Derby Ram in East Street

City emblem

Derby's emblem is the Derby Ram, about which there is a folk song titled "The Derby Ram". It is found in a number of places, most notably serving as the nickname of Derby County F.C. The logo of the City Council's services is a stylised ram.

Geography

Derby is in a relatively low-lying area along the lower valley of the River Derwent, where the south-east foothills of the Pennines adjoin the lowlands and valley of the River Trent to the south.[37] The city is bordered by four national character areas, the Trent Valley Washlands to the south, the Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and Yorkshire Coalfields in the east, the South Derbyshire Claylands in the west, and the Derbyshire Peak Fringe in the north. Most of the flat plains surrounding Derby lie in the Trent Valley Washlands and South Derbyshire Claylands, while the hillier, northern parts of the city lie within the Derbyshire Peak Fringe and the Coalfields.[38]

The city is around Шаблон:Cvt from Coton in the Elms, the farthest place from coastal waters in the United Kingdom.

Файл:Derby-BUA.jpg
Derby built-up area, also showing Quarndon

Derby urban area

The Derby Built-up Area (BUA) or Derby Urban Area is an area including Derby and adjoining built-up districts of Derbyshire, including Borrowash and Duffield. The Office for National Statistics defines an urban area as one which is built upon, with nearby areas linked if within 200 metres.[39][40] It had a total population of 270,468 at the time of the 2011 census.[41] An increase of over 10% since the 2001 census recorded population of 236,738;[42] comprising population increases since 2001 along with new minor residential areas, and larger sub-divisions.The Derby built-up area is considered to be most of the city, as well as outlying villages within the districts of Amber Valley and Erewash which adjoin the city. This overall area is, by ONS' figures, the 29th largest in the UK.

Because methods of measuring linked areas were redefined for the 2011 census, Breadsall, Duffield and Little Eaton were included. However, Quarndon is not considered to be a component as it is marginally too distant. It extends south to small adjoining estates in the South Derbyshire district, at Boulton Moor/Thulston Fields, Stenson Fields, and the Mickleover Country Park residential development (The Pastures)[43] within Burnaston parish. The urban area is bounded to the east by a narrow gap between Borrowash and Draycott (to the west of the Breaston urban area sub-division of the Nottingham BUA). It is also close to other nearby urban areas to the north.

Urban subdivision Population District
2001 census 2011 census
Derby 229,407 255,394 City of Derby
Borrowash 5,621 7,335 Erewash
Duffield 5,046 Amber Valley
Little Eaton 1,920 Erewash
Ockbrook 1,710 Erewash
Breadsall 773 Erewash
Total 236,738 270,468

Notes:

  • Ockbrook included in Borrowash figure in 2011.
  • Derby unitary authority 2001/2011 population figures were 221,716 and 244,625,[44] the table ONS subdivision figures also containing small adjoining estates outside the city boundary at Boulton Moor/Thulston Fields, Stenton Fields, and Burnaston.
  • Quarndon, although very close to the BUA is considered to be a separate area.

Green belt

Шаблон:Main Derby has a green belt area defined to the north and east of the city, first drawn up in the 1950s, to prevent convergence with the surrounding towns and villages. It extends for several miles into the counties of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire, covering much of the area up to Nottingham.

Climate

Derby's climate is classified as warm and temperate. There is precipitation even during the driest month. This location is classified as Cfb according to the Köppen climate classification. Under the Köppen climatic classification Derby has an oceanic climate along with the rest of the British Isles. The average annual temperature is 9.7 °C. Precipitation averages 694 mm.[45]

The highest temperature ever recorded in Derby was Шаблон:Convert, recorded at Markeaton Park on 3 August 1990,[46]

Шаблон:Weather box

Nearby settlements

Шаблон:Geographic Location

Demography

Шаблон:Historical populations

Файл:Derby population pyramid.svg
Population pyramid of Derby (unitary authority) in 2021

Ethnicity

Файл:Ethnic demography of Derby over time.gif
Ethnic demography of Derby (unitary authority) over time
Ethnic Group Year
1971 estimations[47] 1981 estimations[48] 1991[49] 2001[50] 2011[51] 2021[52]
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
White: Total 203,415 95.2% 193,963 91.5% 197,658 90.3% 193,881 87.4% 199,751 80.3% 192,871 73.8%
White: British – – – – – – 187,104 84.4% 187,386 75.3% 173,077 66.2%
White: Irish – – – – – – 3,060 2,319 1,982 0.8%
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller – – – – – – – – 295 408 0.2%
White: Roma – – – – – – – – – – 1,163 0.4%
White: Other – – – – – – 3,717 9,751 16,241 6.2%
Asian or Asian British: Total – – – – 15,285 7% 19,390 8.7% 31,095 12.5% 40,901 15.5%
Asian or Asian British: Indian – – – – 8,388 8,505 10,907 12,631 4.8%
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani – – – – 5,537 8,790 14,620 21,034 8.0%
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi – – – – 1,45 210 658 827 0.3%
Asian or Asian British: Chinese – – – – 557 857 1,292 1,416 0.5%
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian – – – – 658 1,028 3,618 4,993 1.9%
Black or Black British: Total – – – – 4,653 2.1% 3,895 1.8% 7,320 2.9% 10,482 4%
Black or Black British: African – – – – 235 438 3,156 6,110 2.3%
Black or Black British: Caribbean – – – – 3,176 3,108 3,405 3,056 1.2%
Black or Black British: Other Black – – – – 1,242 349 759 1,316 0.5%
Mixed or British Mixed: Total – – – – – – 3,968 1.8% 7,232 2.9% 9,562 3.7%
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean – – – – – – 2,293 3,916 4,178 1.6%
Mixed: White and Black African – – – – – – 200 533 924 0.4%
Mixed: White and Asian – – – – – – 980 1,772 2,412 0.9%
Mixed: Other Mixed – – – – – – 495 1,011 2,048 0.8%
Other: Total – – – – 1,206 0.5% 574 0.3% 3,354 1.3% 7,548 2.9%
Other: Arab – – – – – – – – 861 0.3% 1,032 0.4%
Other: Any other ethnic group – – – – 1206 0.5% 574 0.3% 2,493 1% 6,516 2.5%
Ethnic minority: Total 10,296 4.8% 17,947 8.5% 21,144 9.7% 27,827 12.6% 49,001 19.7% 68,493 26.2%
Total 213,711 100% 211,910 100% 218,802 100% 221,708 100% 248,752 100% 261,364 100%

Religion

Religion 2001[53] 2011[54] 2021[55]
Number % Number % Number %
Holds religious beliefs 169,073 76.2 163,141 65.6 149,208 57.1
Файл:Gold Christian Cross no Red.svg Christian 149,471 67.4 131,129 52.7 104,949 40.2
Файл:Dharma Wheel.svg Buddhist 448 0.2 822 0.3 828 0.3
Файл:Om.svg Hindu 1,354 0.6 2,198 0.9 3,065 1.2
Файл:Star of David.svg Jewish 141 0.1 110 <0.1 150 0.1
Файл:Star and Crescent.svg Muslim 9,958 4.5 19,006 7.6 29,137 11.1
Файл:Khanda.svg Sikh 7,151 3.2 8,891 3.6 9,762 3.7
Other religion 550 0.2 985 0.4 1,297 0.5
No religion 35,207 15.9 68,668 27.6 95,639 36.6
Religion not stated 17,428 7.9 16,943 6.8 16,517 6.3
Total population 221,708 100% 248,752 100% 261,364 100%

Industry

Файл:Grúa de vapor, ferroviaria, en exterior de la estación de Villalba del Guadarrama, provincia de Madrid, España.jpg
Old steam crane, manufactured by "Henry J. Coles", in Derby. Villalba station, Spain.

Derby's two biggest employers,[56] Rolls-Royce Holdings and Toyota, are engaged in engineering manufacturing. Other companies of note include railway systems engineering firm Alstom, who manufacture railway rolling stock at Derby Litchurch Lane Works; First Source, who deal with much of Sky's telephone support; and Triton Equity, who took over Alstom's manufacturing plant for large power plant boilers and heat exchangers in 2014.[57]

Derby power station on Silkmill Lane supplied electricity to the town and the surrounding area from 1893 until its closure in 1969.[58]

From 1922 Sinfin Lane was the home of the Шаблон:Cvt site of International Combustion, originally manufacturers of machinery for the automatic delivery of pulverised fuel to furnaces and boilers, and later producing steam-generating boilers for use in electrical generating plant such as used in power stations. In the 1990s the firm was bought by Rolls-Royce plc and then sold on again to ABB Group.[59]

Derby was the home of Core Design (originally based on Ashbourne Road), who developed the successful video game Tomb Raider. When Derby's inner ring road was completed in 2010, a section of it was named 'Lara Croft Way' after the game's heroine Lara Croft.

One of Derby's longest-established businesses is Royal Crown Derby, which has been producing porcelain since the 1750s.

The Midlands Co-operative Society, a predecessor of Central England Co-operative, traced its origins to Derby Co-operative Provident Society which, in 1854, was one of the first co-operatives in the region.

Infinity Park Derby is a planned business park for aerospace, rail and automotive technology adjacent to the Rolls-Royce site in Sinfin. In December 2014, the government announced that the park would gain enterprise zone status by being added to Nottingham Enterprise Zone.[60]

Railway engineering

Файл:IMechE dinner 1898 Derby.jpg
Annual dinner of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers held in the carriage works of the Midland Railway at Derby in 1898. Samuel Johnson, the railway's Chief Mechanical Engineer was the institution president.

As a consequence of the Midland Railway having their headquarters in Derby, along with their Locomotive and Carriage & Wagon Works, the railways had been a major influence on the development of the town during the Victorian period.Шаблон:Citation needed

During the 20th century, railway manufacturing developed elsewhere, while in Derby the emphasis shifted to other industries. Even though it had pioneered the introduction of diesel locomotives, new production finished in 1966.Шаблон:Citation needed Repair work gradually diminished until the locomotive works closed, the land being redeveloped as Pride Park. The only buildings remaining are those visible from Platform 6 of the station.

The Carriage and Wagon Works has been owned by Alstom since 2021 and continues to build trains.[61] The Railway Technical Centre continues to house railway businesses; this formerly included the headquarters of DeltaRail Group (previously known as the British Rail Research Division).

Derby railway station retains an important position in the railway network. East Midlands Railway operate Derby Etches Park depot while Network Rail and Rail Operations Group also maintain trains in Derby. On 21 March 2023, it was announced that the city was to be the headquarters of Great British Railways.[62]

Derby is also the headquarters of the Derby Railway Engineering Society,[63] founded in 1908 to promote railway engineering expertise both in the city and nationally.

Landmarks

Derby Cathedral tower is Шаблон:Cvt tall to the tip of the pinnacles. This has been home to a pair of breeding peregrine falcons since 2006,[64] monitored by four webcams.[65]

Derby Gaol is a visitor attraction based in the dungeons of the Derbyshire County Gaol, which dates back to 1756.

Derby Museum of Making is housed in Derby Silk Mill and shows the industrial heritage and technological achievement of Derby, including Rolls-Royce aero engines, railways, mining, quarrying and foundries. On 10 May 2022, the Museum of Making was short-listed for the 2022 Art Fund Museum of the Year award.[66] The Silk Mill stands at the southern end of the Шаблон:Cvt stretch of the River Derwent designated a World Heritage Site in 2001.

Файл:Pickford expo.jpg
Pickford's House Museum

Pickford's House Museum was built by architect Joseph Pickford in 1770. It was his home and business headquarters. Derby Museum and Art Gallery shows paintings by Joseph Wright, as well as fine Royal Crown Derby porcelain, natural history, local regiments and archaeology. Pickford also designed St Helen's House in King Street.

The skyline of the inner city changed in 1968 when the inner ring road with its two new crossings of the River Derwent was built. The route of the ring road went through the St Alkmund's Church and its Georgian churchyard, the only Georgian square in Derby. Both were demolished to make way for the road, a move still criticised today. Thus the editor (Elizabeth Williamson) of the 2nd edition of Pevsner for Derbyshire wrote: "...the character and cohesion of the centre has been completely altered by the replacement of a large number of C18 houses in the centre by a multi-lane road. As a traffic scheme this road is said to be a triumph; as townscape it is a disaster."

Places of interest

Файл:Derby Guildhall.JPG
Derby Guildhall, the former seat of local government, today serves primarily as a 240-seat theatre. It was rebuilt after the previous hall was destroyed by fire in 1841.

Transport

Railways

Файл:DerbyStationOct2009.jpg
Derby railway station

The city is one of the country's main railway centres. Derby railway station is served by two train operating companies:

There are also local stations at Peartree (on the Newark to Crewe route) and Spondon (on the Nottingham to Matlock route), although their stopping services are very limited.

Buses and coaches

Derby bus station is the hub for local bus services in and around the city. Routes are operated by a number of companies, but principally Trent Barton and Arriva Midlands. Destinations include Belper, Burton-upon-Trent, Ilkeston, Mansfield, Ripley and Nottingham.[69]

The city is on several National Express routes; destinations include Birmingham, Gatwick Airport, Leicester, Leeds and London.[69]

Roads

Файл:Mercian Way's Junction with Abbey Street.JPG
Mercian Way, looking across Abbey Street towards Uttoxeter New Road

The M1 motorway passes about Шаблон:Convert east of the city, linking Derby southwards to London and northwards to Sheffield and Leeds. Other major roads passing through or near Derby include the A6 (historically the main route from London to Carlisle, also linking to Leicester and Manchester); A38 (Bodmin to Mansfield, via Bristol and Birmingham); A50 (Warrington to Leicester, via Stoke-on-Trent); A52 (Newcastle-under-Lyme to Mablethorpe, including Brian Clough Way linking Derby to Nottingham); and A61 (Derby to Thirsk, via Sheffield and Leeds).

On 16 March 2011, Mercian Way, the final section of the city's inner ring road, was opened to traffic.[70] This new section connects Burton Road with Uttoxeter New Road; it crosses Abbey Street, which is the only road between the two ends from which Mercian Way can be accessed.

Air

East Midlands Airport is located about Шаблон:Convert from Derby city centre. There was controversy concerning the airport's decision to prefix its name with Nottingham in 2004; this was due to its proximity to Derby, the fact that the airport is in Leicestershire and the traditional rivalry between its three nearby cities (Derby, Leicester and Nottingham).[71] In 2006, Nottingham East Midlands Airport reverted to its previous name.[72]

The airport is served by budget airlines, including Ryanair and Jet2, with services to domestic and European destinations.

Derby Airfield, approximately Шаблон:Convert south-west of the city centre, has grass runways targeted at general aviation.

Community and culture

On 8 October 2021 it was announced that Derby had been included in the longlist of bids to host UK City of Culture 2025, but in March 2022 it failed to make it onto the shortlist.[73]

Music

The indie pop band White Town, fronted by Jyoti Mishra, is from Derby, and his video "Your Woman", features scenes from the city centre. "Your Woman" reached No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart in January 1997.[74]

Founding member and songwriter of Mercury Prize nominated alternative rock band Maxïmo Park and solo artist Duncan Lloyd is from Derby. His band hit the number 2 spot in the U.K. album charts in 2020, with the album Nature Always Wins.[75]

Pop singer Kelli Young (born 7 April 1982) is from Derby. She is best known as a member of the pop group Liberty X.

Lucy Ward is an English singer-songwriter from Derby, England. She performs traditional English folk songs as well as her own material. Three of her albums, Adelphi Has to Fly, Single Flame and I Dreamt I Was a Bird, have been critically acclaimed and have each received four-starred reviews in the British national press.

In rock music, the blues singer-songwriter Kevin Coyne came from Derby, as does the three-piece rock band LostAlone, and indie/glam rock band The Struts. The ska punk band Lightyear also hail from the city, naming their second album Chris Gentlemens Hairdresser and Railway Book Shop after a shop in Macklin Street.Шаблон:Citation needed

The band Anti-Pasti, whose debut 1981 album The Last Call reached the top 40 in the UK album charts, came from Derby. The band reformed in 2012 and again with an altered line up in 2014.

Derby band The Beekeepers were signed to Beggars Banquet Records between 1993 and 1998. Singer Jamie East later went on to create entertainment website Holy Moly and present Big Brother's Bit on the Side.


Sinfonia Viva is a chamber orchestra based in Derby, presenting concerts and educational events in the city, across the East Midlands, and occasionally further afield.[76]

A full-scale programme of orchestral and other concerts was presented by Derby LIVE at the Assembly Rooms, though this is currently closed following fire damage in March 2014. The amateur classical music scene includes two choral societies, Derby Bach Choir and Derby Choral Union; smaller choirs including the Derwent Singers and Sitwell Singers; and Derby Concert Orchestra. Derby Chamber Music presents an annual series of chamber music concerts at Derby University's Multifaith Centre. A series of organ recitals is presented every summer at Derby Cathedral.[77]

The folk-music scene includes the annual Derby Folk Festival.[78][79] Derby Jazz promotes a year-round series of performances and workshops.[80] Kaleidoscope Community Music includes Kaleidoscope Community Choir and Calidoscopio Carnival Drummers.[81]

Other music venues in the city include The Venue on Abbey Street, The Hairy Dog on Becket Street, Ryan's Bar in the St Peter's Quarter, The Flowerpot on King Street, and The Victoria Inn.

Theatre and arts

Derby has had a number of theatres, including the Grand Theatre which was opened from 1886[82] until 1950. This replaced the earlier Theatre Royal.Шаблон:Citation needed

After a lengthy period of financial uncertainty, Derby Playhouse closed in February 2008. It was resurrected in September of that year after a new financing package was put together but forced to close again just two months later because of further financial problems. The lease was later bought by Derby University and the building was renamed Derby Theatre. Along with the Assembly Rooms and Guildhall Theatre, it was operated by Derby LIVE, the cultural arm of Derby City Council. In 2012 Derby University took over as sole operator of Derby Theatre; Sarah Brigham was appointed artistic director, and has been in post since January 2013.

QUAD is a centre for art and film that opened in 2008. The building has two cinema screens showing independent and mainstream cinema, two gallery spaces housing contemporary visual arts, a digital studio, participation spaces, digital editing suites, artists studio and the BFI Mediatheque. QUAD organises the annual Derby Film Festival, and the FORMAT international photography festival, held every two years at various venues throughout the city.

The Robert Ludlam Theatre, on the campus of Saint Benedict Catholic School and Performing Arts College, is a 270-seat venue with a programme of entertainment including dance, drama, art, music, theatre in the round, comedy, films, family entertainment, rock and pop events and workshops. The theatre company Oddsocks is based in Derby and stages productions in the city and the surrounding area, as well as travelling the country.[83]

Déda, established in 1991, is the only dedicated dance house in the East Midlands region, acting as a local, regional and national resource for dance and aerial artists and contemporary circus. Déda houses a 124-capacity studio theatre, three dance studios, meeting room facilities and the CUBE café bar. It offers a weekly class programme and a year-round professional performance programme for children, young people and adults, and a community development programme. Déda now hosts a BA degree in Dance in partnership with the University of Derby.[84]

Derby Book Festival, first held in 2015, takes place in late spring/early summer, with events throughout the city.[85] An additional "Autumn edition" was first held in October 2019.

Derby Festé[86] is a weekend street arts festival held at the end of September every year. The first Six Streets Arts trail was in June 2012,[87] took place again in 2013 and will now be a biennial event. It includes strong input from the local History Network[88] which was awarded a Heritage Lottery grant to pursue its work on marking the 100th anniversary of World War 1.

The actor and Bafta award winner Jack O'Connell is from Derby. John Dexter the theatre director and the actor Alan Bates were from Derby. John Osborne wrote his play Look Back in Anger in 1956 while living in Derby and working at Derby Playhouse.[89]

Recreation

Файл:Grovelodge1.jpg
The restored Grove Street Lodge and "Grand Entrance" at the northern end of the Arboretum

Derby Arboretum, donated to the town by local philanthropist Joseph Strutt in 1840, was the first planned urban public park in the country. Although it suffered from neglect in the 1990s, it has been renovated. It has been claimed to have been one of the inspirations for Central Park in New York.[90]

Markeaton Park is Derby's most used leisure facility.[91] Other major parks in the city include Allestree Park, Darley Park, Chaddesden Park, Alvaston Park, Normanton Park and Osmaston Park. Derby is believed to be one of the country's highest, if not the highest, ranking cities for parkland per capita. Darley and Derwent Parks lie immediately north of the city centre. Derby Rowing Club and Derwent Rowing Club are located on the banks of the river, where there is also a riverside walk and cycle path.

On 10 November 2021, Derby City Council approved plans for the UK's first large-scale urban rewilding project, in Allestree Park.[92]

Sport

Файл:Pride Park.jpg
Pride Park Stadium

Derby gained a high profile in sport following the appointment of Brian Clough as manager of Derby County F.C. in 1967. Promotion to the Football League First Division was achieved in 1969, and County were champions of the English league three years later. Following Clough's resignation in 1973, his successor Dave Mackay guided Derby County to another league title in 1975, but this remains to date the club's last major trophy; relegation followed in 1980 and top flight status was not regained until 1987, since when Derby have spent a total of 11 seasons (1987–1991, 1996–2002, 2007–2008) in the top flight.[93] Other former managers of the club include Arthur Cox, Jim Smith, John Gregory and George Burley. Former players include Colin Todd, Roy McFarland (who both later had brief and unsuccessful stints as manager at the club), Dave Mackay, Peter Shilton, Dean Saunders, Craig Short, Marco Gabbiadini, Horacio Carbonari, Fabrizio Ravanelli, Steve Bloomer and Tom Huddlestone. The club moved from its century-old Baseball Ground in 1997 to the new Pride Park Stadium.[93] The club's most recent spell as a top-division (FA Premier League) club ended in May 2008 after just one season, during which the club won just one out of 38 league games and finished with just 11 points, the lowest in the history of the Premier League.[94]

There are three senior non-league football clubs based in the city. Mickleover Sports play at Station Road, Mickleover, and are members of the EvoStik Northern Premier League (the seventh level of the English football league system). Graham Street Prims and Borrowash Victoria are both members of the East Midlands Counties League (level ten) and play on adjacent grounds at the Asterdale complex in Spondon.

Файл:The Gateway Centre at the County Ground - geograph.org.uk - 3434409.jpg
The County Ground

Derbyshire County Cricket Club are based at the County Ground in Derby and play almost all home matches there, although matches at Chesterfield were re-introduced in 2006. One of the designated first class county sides, they have won the County Championship once, in 1936.

Derby has clubs in both codes of rugby. In rugby union, Derby RFC play in Midlands Division One East (the sixth level of English rugby union) at their Haslams Lane ground. Rugby league team Derby City RLFC were formed in 1990 and compete in the Midlands Premier Division of the National Rugby League Conference. From 2008 they are ground-sharing with Derby RFC at Haslams Lane.

The city is represented in the English Basketball League Division One by Derby Trailblazers, who play at the Moorways Sports Centre. They were formed in 2002 following the demise of British Basketball League side Derby Storm.

Файл:2010 Women's British Open – Melissa Reid (4).jpg
Derby-born Melissa Reid

Team Derby, based at Derby Arena, won the inaugural National Badminton League title in 2014–15. The Arena, opened in 2015, also contains a velodrome that has hosted the Revolution cycling series.

Local industrialist Francis Ley introduced baseball to the town in the late 19th century, and built a stadium near the town centre. The attempt to establish baseball in Derby was unsuccessful, but the stadium survived for some 100 years afterwards as the home of Derby County Football Club. It was demolished in 2003, six years after County's move to Pride Park.

Professional golfer Melissa Reid was born in Derby in 1987. She plays on the Ladies European Tour,[95] and was a member of the victorious European Team in the 2011 Solheim Cup.

Arthur Keily the marathon runner and Olympian was born in Derbyshire in 1921 and has lived his whole life in Derby. In Rome in 1960 he broke the English Olympic record, recording a time of 2 hours 27 mins.[96][97]

Shopping and nightlife

Файл:Ye Olde Dolphin Inne, Queen Street, Derby - geograph.org.uk - 1097980.jpg
Ye Olde Dolphin Inne

Shopping in central Derby is divided into three main areas. These are the Cathedral Quarter, the St Peters Quarter and the Derbion shopping centre. The Cathedral Quarter was Derby's first BID (Business Improvement District), and includes a large range of shops, boutiques, coffee shops and restaurants. It is focused around the cathedral and the area around Irongate and Sadler Gate. It includes the Market place, the Guildhall and Assembly Rooms along with the City Museum and the Silk Mill industrial museum.

The St Peters Quarter is Derby's second Business Improvement District, brought into effect in the summer of 2011. Its boundary with the Cathedral Quarter follows Victoria Street, beneath which flows the underground course of the Markeaton Brook. The quarter boasts a diverse range of retail shops, many of them, in Green Lane, Babington Lane, Osmaston Road and elsewhere, independent traders. St Peters Street, London Road and East Street also include a large choice of national retailers and pubs, restaurants, banks and offices. The quarter includes the historic St Peters Church and, on St Peter's Churchyard, the medieval Derby School building. Nearby also is the Old Courthouse (former County Court).[98]

Derbion is the city's main indoor shopping centre. It opened in 2007 as Westfield Derby after extension work costing £340 million, subsequently being sold to Intu in March 2014.[99] It contains a food court and a 12-screen cinema (Showcase – Cinema De Lux) which was opened in May 2008. The development was controversial and local opponents accuse it of drawing trade away from the older parts of the city centre where independent shops are located. Some of these experienced a downturn in trade and some have ceased trading since the development opened leading to the "Lanes" project which eventually became the second BID and the formation of St Peters Quarter. In the centre itself, a combination of high rents and rising rates have made things difficult for smaller traders.[100]

The Friar Gate area contains clubs and bars, making it the centre of Derby's nightlife. Derby is also well provided with pubs and is renowned for its large number of real ale outlets. The oldest pub is the Grade II listed Ye Olde Dolphin Inne, dating from the late 16th century.[101]

Out-of-town shopping areas include the Kingsway Retail Park, off the A38; the Wyvern Retail Park, near Pride Park; and the Meteor Centre, on Mansfield Road.

Education

Шаблон:See also Like most of the UK, Derby operates a non-selective primary and secondary education system with no middle schools. Pupils attend infant and junior school (often in a combined primary school) before moving onto a secondary school. Many of the secondary schools have sixth forms, allowing pupils to optionally take A Levels after the end of compulsory education. For those who want to stay in education but leave school, the large Derby College provides post-16 courses for school leavers, apprentices and employer-related training. It has two main campuses: the Joseph Wright Centre in the centre of Derby, where its A Level courses are based, and the historical Derby Roundhouse, the college's vocational training hub, providing a centre for apprenticeships such as engineering, catering and hair and beauty. The college also works in partnership with schools across the county to provide vocational training opportunities for students aged 14 upwards. Training for companies is undertaken through its Corporate College.

Inside the state sector, there are 15 secondary schools. These are: Allestree Woodlands School, Alvaston Moor Academy, Bemrose School, Chellaston Academy, City of Derby Academy, Da Vinci Academy, Derby Manufacturing UTC, Derby Moor Academy, Derby Pride Academy, Landau Forte College, Lees Brook Community School, Littleover Community School, Merrill Academy, Murray Park School, Noel-Baker Academy, Saint Benedict Catholic Voluntary Academy and West Park School.

Outside the state sector, there are three fee-paying independent schools. Derby Grammar School was founded in 1994 and was for boys only until 2007, when they accepted girls into the sixth form for the first time. They aim to continue the work and traditions of the former Derby School, which closed in 1989, one of the oldest schools in England.Шаблон:Citation needed Derby High School was girls-only for senior and sixth form and for girls and boys at primary level until 2019 where boys were accepted into Year 7 and Year 12.[102] As of 2023, the school is now fully co-educational, accepting both boys and girls in all years of school.

Derby has special needs establishments including Ivy House School at the Derby Moor Community Sports College (which takes pupils from nursery to sixth form) and the Light House which is a respite facility for children and parents. Allestree Woodlands School have a Hearing Impaired department, and Saint Benedict have an Enhanced Resource Base for pupils to access specialised support within mainstream schooling. There also a number of alternative provision schools, including Derby Pride Academy.

The University of Derby has its main campus on Kedleston Road. There is another campus in north Derbyshire at Buxton.

In 2003 the University of Nottingham opened a graduate entry medical school based at Royal Derby Hospital. The university also has its School of Nursing and Midwifery there, having moved from its former home at the London Road Community Hospital in mid-2012.

Media

The Derby Telegraph (formerly the Derby Evening Telegraph) is the city's daily newspaper. Crime writer Richard Cox set his first book around his own experience as a Derby Telegraph reporter in the 1970s.[103] The Derby Trader was a free weekly newspaper that is no longer in print. BBC Radio Derby, the BBC's local station for Derbyshire and East Staffordshire, is based on St Helen's Street in the city and offers local, national and international news, features, music and sports commentaries. It is available on 104.5 FM and 1116 AM, on 95.3 FM in north and mid-Derbyshire and on 96.0 FM in the Buxton area, as well as being streamed on the internet. The BBC in Derby have their own local website for the area providing news, travel and weather information, as well as other features.

Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC East Midlands and ITV Central. The city's television signals are received from the Waltham TV transmitter.

Capital Midlands (previously Capital East Midlands and Ram FM) is the biggest commercial radio station in the city, broadcasting to Derby on 102.8 FM from the transmitter at Drum Hill, just outside the city. It broadcasts a Contemporary Hit Radio (CHR) format, with Top 40 chart hits aimed at the city's under-35s.

Notable people

Arts, literature and music

Films, theatre, TV and radio

Academics, science, business and engineering

Politics, religion and law

Sports

International relations

Шаблон:More citations needed section

Osnabrück partnership treaty

Derby is twinned with Osnabrück in Germany. The partnership treaty between the two cities was signed on 17 February 1976.[209]

The twinning agreement with Derby was in the historical Hall of Peace in Osnabrück's Rathaus (town hall). Every year, Derby and Osnabrück each appoint an envoy who spends twelve months in the twin city. The envoy promotes the exchange of ideas between the two cities and acts as an educational and information officer to increase awareness of the twinning scheme. The envoy gives talks to local societies and schools, finds pen friends and short-term host families during work placements, works to assist groups who want to get involved in twinning by identifying and approaching possible counterparts and plans the annual May Week trip.

There is an annual exchange between the wind bands of John Port Spencer Academy, Etwall, and its twin school Gymnasium Melle in Melle, Germany, District of Osnabrücker Land. An exchange was established in 2009 between Allestree Woodlands School and the Gymnasium Angelaschule in Osnabrück. This exchange was originally based on a drama project by both schools in June 2009, which included performances in both cities with over 1600 visitors. It is now a language and culture exchange between the two schools, run by the German department at Allestree Woodlands School.

The exchange of envoys between two cities is very unusual. The envoy in Osnabrück changes every year and Osnabrück also sends envoys to Derby, Angers and Çanakkale. No other city in Germany participates in this exchange of envoys, and in Britain, only one other town, Wigan, receives and sends an envoy.

List of twin towns

Freedom of the City

The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Derby.

Шаблон:Incomplete list

Individuals

Military units

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:See also

External links

Шаблон:Portal
Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:Wikivoyage

Шаблон:Derby Шаблон:Derbyshire Шаблон:East Midlands Шаблон:UK cities Шаблон:Unitary authorities of England

Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок popstats не указан текст
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Walker, Ian W (2000). Mercia and the Making of England Sutton Шаблон:ISBN.
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ The Rivers of Time Ron McKeown, Шаблон:ISBN
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
  12. ↑ Derby Mercury, 25 February 1846
  13. ↑ Derbyshire Advertiser, 4 March 1870
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ Шаблон:London Gazette
  28. ↑ The Times. 29 July 1977
  29. ↑ Kirk, Felix & Bartnik, 2002
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  31. ↑ Шаблон:National Heritage List for England
  32. ↑ Шаблон:National Heritage List for England
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite legislation UK
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  45. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  46. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  47. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  48. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  49. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web Data is taken from 1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England, Scotland and Wales (Table 6).
  50. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  51. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  52. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  53. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  54. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  55. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  56. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  57. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  58. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  59. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  60. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  61. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  62. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  63. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  64. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  65. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  66. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  67. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  68. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  69. ↑ 69,0 69,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  70. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  71. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  72. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  73. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  74. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  75. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  76. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  77. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  78. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  79. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  80. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  81. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  82. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  83. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  84. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  85. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  86. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  87. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  88. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  89. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  90. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  91. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  92. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  93. ↑ 93,0 93,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  94. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  95. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  96. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  97. ↑ Шаблон:Cite webШаблон:Dead link
  98. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  99. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  100. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  101. ↑ Шаблон:NHLE
  102. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  103. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  104. ↑ Шаблон:Cite EB1911
  105. ↑ Шаблон:Cite DNB
  106. ↑ Derbyshire Heritage Artists, artsderbyshire.org.uk Шаблон:Webarchive retrieved 28 February 2018
  107. ↑ Шаблон:Cite EB1911
  108. ↑ Шаблон:Cite DNB
  109. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  110. ↑ Шаблон:Cite DNB
  111. ↑ Шаблон:Cite DNB
  112. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  113. ↑ Шаблон:Cite DNB
  114. ↑ Шаблон:Cite Australasia
  115. ↑ Шаблон:Cite Americana
  116. ↑ Arts Derbyshire, Derbyshire Heritage, visual artists Шаблон:Webarchive retrieved 3 March 2018
  117. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  118. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  119. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  120. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  121. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  122. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  123. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  124. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  125. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  126. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  127. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  128. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  129. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  130. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  131. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  132. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  133. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  134. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  135. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  136. ↑ BBC Music, Hear me, featuring Eyez, Manga, Dubzy, Kobi Onyame, Rukus & Kobi Onyame Шаблон:Webarchive retrieved 27 February 2018
  137. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  138. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  139. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  140. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  141. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  142. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  143. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  144. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  145. ↑ Шаблон:Cite EB1911
  146. ↑ Шаблон:Cite DNB
  147. ↑ Шаблон:Cite DNB
  148. ↑ Шаблон:Cite EB1911
  149. ↑ Шаблон:Cite EB1911
  150. ↑ Шаблон:Cite DNB
  151. ↑ Шаблон:Cite EB1911
  152. ↑ Шаблон:Cite DNB
  153. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  154. ↑ Шаблон:Cite DNB
  155. ↑ Шаблон:Cite DNB
  156. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  157. ↑ Шаблон:Cite DNB
  158. ↑ Шаблон:Cite EB1911
  159. ↑ Шаблон:Cite DNB12
  160. ↑ Шаблон:Cite DNB
  161. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  162. ↑ Flight article, 5 October 1956, Sir Henry Royce, Bart Шаблон:Webarchive retrieved 28 February 2018
  163. ↑ International Federation for Systems Research, July 1, 1994, Gordon Pask Шаблон:Webarchive retrieved 28 February 2018
  164. ↑ Loughborough University profile, Sir Nigel Rudd Шаблон:Webarchive retrieved 28 February 2018
  165. ↑ Шаблон:Cite press release
  166. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  167. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  168. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  169. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  170. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  171. ↑ Шаблон:Cite EB1911
  172. ↑ Шаблон:Cite DNB
  173. ↑ Шаблон:Cite DNB
  174. ↑ Шаблон:Cite DNB
  175. ↑ Шаблон:Cite DNB
  176. ↑ Шаблон:Cite DNB
  177. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  178. ↑ Шаблон:Cite DNBSupp
  179. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  180. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  181. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  182. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  183. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  184. ↑ Oxford Today, 31 May 2017, From Oxford to Lahore.... Шаблон:Webarchive retrieved 27 February 2018
  185. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  186. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  187. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  188. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  189. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  190. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  191. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  192. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  193. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  194. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  195. ↑ Sir Dave Brailsford, Team Sky Шаблон:Webarchive retrieved 26 February 2018
  196. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  197. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  198. ↑ Player profile, Colin Osborne, Dartsdatabase Шаблон:Webarchive retrieved 26 February 2018
  199. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  200. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  201. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  202. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  203. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  204. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  205. ↑ Melissa Reid, Ladies European Tour, official site Шаблон:Webarchive retrieved 26 February 2018
  206. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  207. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  208. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  209. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  210. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  211. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  212. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  213. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  214. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  215. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  216. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  217. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  218. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Derby&oldid=14273480