Английская Википедия:Devi Mahatmya
Шаблон:Italic title Шаблон:Short description
The Devi Mahatmya or Devi Mahatmyam (Шаблон:Lang-sa) is a Hindu philosophical text describing the Goddess, known as Mahadevi or Adishakti, as the supreme power and creator of the universe.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It is part of the Markandeya Purana.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Saktism Devi Mahatmyam is also known as the Durgā Saptashatī (Шаблон:Lang) or Śata Chandī (शत् चण्डी)Шаблон:Sfn and Chandi Path (Шаблон:Lang).[1] The text contains 700 verses arranged into 13 chapters.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It is one of the most important texts in Shaktism, along with Devi-Bhagavata Purana, MahaBhagawat and Devi Upanishad.[2] The text is one of the earliest extant complete manuscripts from the Hindu traditions which describes reverence and worship of the feminine aspect of God.Шаблон:Sfn
The Devi Mahatmyam describes a storied battle between good and evil, where the Devi manifesting as goddess Durga leads the forces of good against the demon Mahishasura—the goddess is very angry and ruthless, and the forces of good win.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The verses of this story also outline a philosophical foundation wherein the ultimate reality (Brahman in Hinduism) can also be female.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
It is recited during Navaratri celebrations, the Durga Puja festival,Шаблон:Sfn[3] and in Durga temples across India.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Etymology
Devi Mahatmyam means 'Glorification of the Goddess'.[4] The text is also called Durga Saptaśati (literally a collection of seven hundred" or something that contains seven hundreds in number), as it contains 700 shlokas (verses).Шаблон:Sfn
It is also known as Candi Patha.[5] [[Caṇḍī|Шаблон:IAST]] or Шаблон:IAST is the name by which the Supreme Goddess is referred to in Devī Māhātmyam. According to Hindu Scriptures, Шаблон:IAST is "the Goddess of Truth and Justice who came to Earth for the establishment of Dharma", from the adjective Шаблон:IAST, "fierce, violent, cruel for evil forces not for good forces". The epithet has no precedent in Vedic literature and is first found in a late insertion to the Mahabharata, where Шаблон:IAST and Шаблон:IAST appear as epithets."[6]
History
Devi Mahatmyam is a text extracted from Markandeya Purana, and constitutes the latter's chapters 81 through 93.Шаблон:Sfn The Purana is dated to the ~3rd century CE,Шаблон:Sfn and the Devi Mahatmyam was added to the Markandeya Purana either in the 5th or 6th century.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
The Dadhimati Mata inscription (608 CE) quotes a portion from the Devi Mahatmyam. Thus, it can be concluded that the text was composed before the 7th century CE.[8] It is generally dated between 400–600 CE.[9] Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty dates the Devi Mahatmya to Шаблон:Circa, and rest of the Markandeya Purana to Шаблон:Circa.[10]
Hymns to goddesses are in the ancient Hindu epic Mahabharata, particularly in the later (100 to 300 CE) added Harivamsa section.[11] The archaeological and textual evidence implies, states Thomas Coburn, that the Goddess had become as much a part of the Hindu tradition, as God, by about the third or fourth century.Шаблон:Sfn
The Devi Mahatmyam, states C. Mackenzie Brown, is both a culmination of centuries of Indian ideas about the divine feminine, as well as a foundation for the literature and spirituality focused on the feminine transcendence in centuries that followed.[11]
Philosophy
The Devi Mahatmya is a devotional text, and its aim, states Thomas Coburn, is not to analyze divine forms or abstract ideas, but to praise.[12] It accomplishes this with a philosophical foundation, wherein the female is the primordial creator; she is also the Tridevi as the secondary creator, the sustainer, and destroyer.[12] She is described in the text as the one who dwells in all creatures, as the soul, as the power to know, will and act.[12] She is further described as the consciousness of all living beings, intelligence, matter, and all that is form or emotion.[12]
The text includes hymns to saguna (manifest, incarnated) form of the Goddess, as well as nirguna (unmanifest, abstract) form of her.[13] The saguna hymns appear in chapters 1, 4 and 11 of the Devi Mahatmya, while chapter 5 praises the nirguna concept of Goddess. The saguna forms of her, asserts the text, are Mahakali (destroyer, desire principle of mother, Tamasic), Mahalakshmi (sustainer, evolution principle of mother, Sattvic) and Mahasaraswati (creator, Action principle of mother, Rajasic),[13] which as a collective are called Tridevi. The nirguna concept (Avyakrita, transcendent) is also referred to as Maha-lakshmi.[13] This structure is not accidental, but embeds the Samkhya philosophy idea of three Gunas that is central in Hindu scriptures such as the Bhagavad Gita.[13]
The Samkhya philosophical premise asserts that all life and matter has all three co-existent innate tendencies or attributes (Guṇa), whose equilibrium or disequilibrium drives the nature of a living being or thing.[14][15] Tamasic is darkness and destructiveness (represented as Kali in Devi Mahatmya), Sattvic is light and creative pursuit (Mahalakshmi), and Rajasic is dynamic energy qua energy without any intent of being creative or destructive (Mahasaraswati).[13] The unmanifest, in this philosophy, has all these three innate attributes and qualities, as potent principle within, as unrealized power, and this unrealized Goddess dwells in every individual, according to Devi Mahatmya.[12] This acknowledgment of Samkhya dualistic foundation is then integrated into a monistic (non-dualistic, Advaita) spirituality in Devi Mahatmya, just like the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, the Bhagavata Purana and other important texts of Hinduism.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Contents
Шаблон:Quote box The Devi Mahatmya consists of chapters 81–93 of the Mārkandeya Purana, one of the early Sanskrit Puranas, where the sage Markandeya is narrating a story about Savarni Manu, or the eighth Manu.[16] The thirteen chapters of Devi Mahatmya are divided into three unequal parts.[17]
The framing narrative of Devi Mahatmya presents a dispossessed king Suratha, who has lost his kingdom and a merchant named Samadhi, who is betrayed by his family. Disturbed by these events, both men decide to renounce the world and escape to the forested ashram of sage Medhas to find peace. Medhas' teachings lead them both beyond existential suffering.Шаблон:Sfn The sage tells them about Mahamaya, an epithet of the goddess, who is the cause of world's delusion and creation and who manifests in different ways.[16] Most famous is the story of Mahishasura Mardini – Devi as "Slayer of the Buffalo Demon" – one of the most ubiquitous images in Hindu art and sculpture, and a tale known almost universally in India. Among the important goddess forms the Devi Mahatmyam introduced into the Sanskritic mainstream are Kali and the Sapta-Matrika ("Seven Mothers").[18]
First episode
The first episode (chapter 1) of the Devi Mahatmyam depicts Devi in her form as Maha-Maya.Шаблон:Sfn Here, Devi is central and key to the creation as Maha-Maya, or, the great illusion/power that induces Vishnu's deep slumber on the waters of the cosmic ocean prior to the manifestation of the Universe which is a continuous cycle of manifestation, destruction and re-manifestation.[19] Two demons, Madhu-Kaitabha, arise from Vishnu's earwax.Шаблон:Sfn The demons endeavour to vanquish Brahma who is preparing to create the next cycle of the Universe. Brahma sings to the Great Goddess, asking her to withdraw from Vishnu so he may awaken and slay the demons.[19] Devi agrees to withdraw and Vishnu awakens, fights the demons for five thousand years and vanquishes them.Шаблон:Sfn Here Devi is praised as the agent who allows both the cosmic order to be upset and restored.[19]
Middle episode
The middle episode (chapters 2–4) presents the goddess in her avatar as Durga. The episode stages a world under attack by the shape-shifting Mahishasura, an evil demon who uses deception to disarm his opponents, ultimately taking the form of a buffalo demon. Mahishasura is able to use his powers to defeat the male gods because he had been granted a boon that he could only be defeated by a woman. Feeling angered and helpless, the gods release energy which combines into a singular mass of light and strength which takes the form of a goddess, Durga.Шаблон:Sfn The gods then bestow her with various weapons. Vishnu gives her his discus, Vayu gives her his bow and arrows and Himalaya provides her with a lion for a vehicle.Шаблон:Sfn Durga rides the lion into battle and captures and slays the buffalo demon by cutting off its head. She then destroys the inner essence of the demon when it emerges from the buffalo's severed neck, thereby establishing order in the world.[20][21][22]
Final episode
In the final episode (chapters 5–13) the demons Shumbha and Nishumbha conquer heaven and the gods go to the Himalayas to pray to Devi. Soon, Parvati arrives and asks them to whom they are praying. She then reveals to them that it is her.[16] Thereafter, Ambika, or Kaushiki, appears from the sheath (kosha) of Parvati’s body.Шаблон:Sfn
Devi engages in a fierce battle with Chanda and Munda, servants of Sumbha and Nisumbha. Chanda and Munda are eventually killed by Kali who emerges from Devi's forehead. The battle continues and the seven mothers, or the saptamatrika, are produced from the seven male gods.[16]
The demon Raktabīja also appears and is killed by Kali. Nisumbha and his army is defeated by the goddess with the help of the seven mothers.[16]
In the final battle against Shumbha, Devi absorbs Kali and the seven mothers and stands alone for the final battle.[20]
After the battle, the gods praise Devi. The hymn is known as Narayani Stuti which affirms her role as the creator, preserver and destroyer of the universe.[16] Devi, pleased with the devas, grants them a boon that she will always destroy the demons and bring peace to earth. She mentions her future incarnations and their respective acts (Chapter 11). Then Devi mentions the benefits, accrual of peace, bliss of worshipping her and disappears (Chapter 12).[23]
The sage finishes the tale. He tells the king and the merchant to take refuge in Devi to rid themselves of their delusion. Both the king and the merchant undertake penance and Devi grants them her vision. The king asks Devi for his lost kingdom and Devi grants it to him. The merchants asks Devi for wisdom and she grants it to him (Chapter 13).[24]
Symbolism of the three episodes
Шаблон:Quote box Devadatta Kali states that the three tales are "allegories of outer and inner experience".Шаблон:Sfn The evil adversaries of the Goddess, states Kali, symbolize the all-too-human impulses, such as pursuit of power, or possessions, or delusions such as arrogance.Шаблон:Sfn The Goddess wages war against this.Шаблон:Sfn Like the philosophical and symbolic battlefield of the Bhagavad Gita, the Devi Mahatmya symbolic killing grounds target human frailties, according to Kali, and the Goddess targets the demons of ego and dispels our mistaken idea of who we are.Шаблон:Sfn
Most hymns, states Thomas Coburn, present the Goddess's martial exploits, but these are "surpassed by verses of another genre, viz., the hymns to the Goddess".Шаблон:Sfn The hymnic portion of the text balances the verses that present the spiritual liberation power of the Goddess.[25] These hymns describe the nature and character of the Goddess in spiritual terms:
- Brahma-stuti (part 1 start),Шаблон:Sfn
- Sakradi-stuti (part 2 end),Шаблон:Sfn
- The "Ya Devi" Hymn (part 3 start),Шаблон:Sfn
- Narayani-stuti (part 3 end).Шаблон:Sfn
Angas (appendages)
As an independent text, Devī Māhātmya has acquired a number of "limbs" or "subsidiary texts" or "appendages" (angas) over the years "fore and aft". According to Coburn "artistic evidence suggests that the angas have been associated with the text since the fourteenth century." The angas are chiefly concerned with the ritual use of Devī Māhātmya and based on the assumption that the text will be recited aloud in the presence of images.[26]
Preceding subsidiary texts
- Durga Saptasloki also known as "Amba Stuti" – They are introduced as one-verse query from Siva who asks about the means of achieving what is desired, and a one verse response from the Goddess who says she will proclaim the relevant discipline (sadhana) by revealing Amba Stuti which consists of the seven verses indicated.[27]
- Devi-kavacham – The Devi Kavacham consisting of 61 Slokas is in Markandeya Purana. This Kavacham (armour) protects the reader in all parts of his body, in all places and in all difficulties.[28]
- Argala-stotram – Here Rishi Markandeya is telling his disciples in 27 inspiring couplets on the greatness of Devi. She has been described in all aspects and names and at the end of each Sloka, prayer is offered to Devi for material prosperity, physical fitness, fame and victory.[28]
- Keelakam – Here also Rishi Markandeya tells his disciples in 16 Slokas, the ways and means of removing obstacles faced by devotees, while reading Devi Mahatmya.[28]
- Ratri Suktam (Vedic) – Ratri Suktam (8 Slokas) has been taken from Rig Veda, 10th Mandala, 10th Anuvaka, 127th Sukta, which shows that Devi was worshipped from time immemorial. Devi is described as the all-pervading Supreme Lord of the Universe appearing in Omkara. Here Ratri is the Goddess who fulfills our prayers.[28]
- Kunjika Stotram is also a beautiful hymn written in the saptashati which is said to be the mixture of the three hymns i.e., Kavacham, Argala stotram, Keelakam and also Rahasya parvam (Murthy Rahasyam and Vaikrutika Rahasyam).It is said that Lord Shiva had recited this shloka to Parvathi at her attainment of BramhaGyaan. This shloka plays an important role in Devi Saptashati. It is at the ending of the book.
- Ratri Suktam (Tantrik) – The hymn in the first chapter is the Tantrik Ratri Sukta.[29]
Succeeding subsidiary texts
- Pradhana Rahasyam – "Deals with the process of creation. It is the secret about mula Prakrti who is the cause of creation."[30]
- Vaikritika Rahasyam – "Describes how the Godhead beyond change subjected itself to change, how the mula prakrti (productive), became vikriti (produced); hence the name Vaikritika Rahasyam."[30]
- Murti Rahasyam – "The incarnations, the Avatar murtis of the Goddess are mentioned."[30]
- Devi Suktam (Rig Vedoktam) – (According to Rig Veda): "The 8 Slokas composed by Vak, the daughter of Maharshi Ambharin, are from the Rig Veda, 10th Mandala, 10th Anuvaka, 125th Sukta. These Slokas express the truth realised by Vak, who identifies herself as Brahma Sakti, and expresses herself as 11 Rudras, 8 Vasus, 12 Adityas and all the Devas,— Indra, Agni and Asvini Kumaras—who are sustained by Her and She is the source, substratum and support of the whole world. She is verily Brahmasvarupini (embodiment of Brahman)."[28]
- Devi Suktam (Tantrik) – The hymn in chapter 5 is Tantrik Devi Suktam.[29]
The number and order of these depend on the Sampradaya (tradition).[31][32]
Significance
The Devi Mahatmya was considered significant among the Puranas by Indologists. This is indicated by the early dates when it was translated into European languages. It was translated into English in 1823, followed by an analysis with excerpts in French in 1824. It was translated into Latin in 1831 and Greek in 1853.[33]
Place in the Hindu canon
Devi Māhātmyam has been called the Testament of Shakta philosophy.[34] It is the base and root of Shakta doctrine.[35] It appears as the centre of the great Shakti tradition of Hinduism.Шаблон:Sfn
It is in Devi Mahatmya, states C Mackenzie Brown, that "the various mythic, cultic and theological elements relating to diverse female divinities were brought together in what has been called the 'crystallization of the Goddess tradition."Шаблон:Sfn
The unique feature of Devi Māhātmyam is the oral tradition. Though it is part of the devotional tradition, it is in the rites of the Hindus that it plays an important role. The entire text is considered as one single Mantra and a collection of 700 Mantras.
The Devi Māhātmyam is treated in the cultic context as if it were a Vedic hymn or verse with sage (Шаблон:IAST), meter, pradhnadevata, and viniyoga (for japa). It has been approached, by Hindus and Western scholars, as scripture in and by itself, where its significance is intrinsic, not derived from its Puranic context.[36]
According to Damara Tantra "Like Aswamedha in Yagnas, Hari in Devas, Sapthsati is in hymns." "Like the Vedas; Saptasati is eternal" says Bhuvaneshwari Samhita.[37]
There are many commentaries on Devi Māhātmya.
- Guptavati by Bhaskararaya
- Nagesi by Nagoji Bhat
- Santhanavi
- Puspanjali
- Ramashrami
- Dhamsoddharam
- Durgapradeepam are some of them.[38]
The significance of Devi Māhātmya has been explained in many Tantric and Puranic texts like Katyayani Tantra, Gataka Tantra, Krodha Tantra, Meru Tantram, Marisa Kalpam, Rudra Yamala, and Chidambara Rahasya.[38]
In worship
The recitation of Devi Mahatmya is done during the Sharad Navaratri (October – November) in India. It is recited during Navaratri celebrations, the Durga Puja festival and in Durga temples of India.Шаблон:Sfn
In the theological practices of the goddess tradition of Hinduism, the middle episode is the most important. If a community or individual cannot recite the entire Devi Mahatmyam composition, the middle episode alone is recited at a puja or festival.[39] Further, when the recital begins, the tradition is to complete the reading of the middle episode completely as a partial reading is considered to create a spiritual chidra or "chink in the armor".[39]
See also
References
Bibliography
- Anna, Sri. Devi Māhātmyam with commentary in Tamil, Sri Ramakrishna Matam, Chennai, India, 1973. (Шаблон:ISBN)
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
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- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Manna, Sibendu, Mother Goddess, Шаблон:IAST, Punthi Pustak, Calcutta, India, 1993. (Шаблон:ISBN)
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Jyotir Maya Nanda. Mysticism of the Devi Mahatmya Worship of the Divine Mother. South Miami, Fla: Yoga Research Foundation, 1994. Шаблон:ISBN
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- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Sankaranarayanan, S., Glory of the Divine Mother (Devī Māhātmyam), Nesma Books, India, 2001. (Шаблон:ISBN)
- Sarma, Sarayu Prasad, Saptashatī Sarvasvam, in Sanskrit, - A cyclopaedic work on Devī Māhātmya. Rashtriya Sanskrita Samsthan, New Delhi, India, 2006.
- Sri Durga Saptashatī, - Original text and ritual manual with Hindi translation, Gita Press, Gorakpur, India.
- Swami Jagadiswarananda, Devi Māhātmyam English translation, Sri Ramkrishna Math, Madras, 1953. (Шаблон:ISBN)
- Swami Satyananda Saraswati, Шаблон:IAST, Devi Mandir Publications, USA and Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Delhi, India, 1995. (Шаблон:ISBN)
- Swami Sivananda, Devi Māhātmya (with a lucid running translation), The Divine Life Society, Shivanandanagar, India, 1994. (Шаблон:ISBN)
External links
- Devi Mahatmya, Devanagari text
- Devi Raksha Kavach
- Devi Mahatmya, English Transliteration and commentary
- Devi Mahatmyam recitation by Pranavanundha Saraswati Avadhootha Swamigal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Coburn, Thomas B., Devī Māhātmya. p 95
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 12,3 12,4 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 13,3 13,4 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ James G. Lochtefeld, Guna, in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, Vol. 1, Rosen Publishing, Шаблон:ISBN, page 265
- ↑ Alban Widgery (1930), The principles of Hindu Ethics, International Journal of Ethics, Vol. 40, No. 2, pages 234-237
- ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 16,3 16,4 16,5 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Coburn, Thomas B., Encountering the Goddess. p 100
- ↑ Kali, Davadatta, p. xvii
- ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 20,0 20,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Swami Sivananda, Devi Māhātmya (with a lucid running translation), The Divine Life Society, p.122-130
- ↑ Swami Sivananda, Devi Māhātmya (with a lucid running translation), The Divine Life Society, p.134-135
- ↑ Coburn, Thomas B., Devī Māhātmya. p 72
- ↑ Coburn, Thomas B., Encountering the Goddess.p 100–101
- ↑ Coburn, Thomas B., Encountering the Goddess.p 223
- ↑ 28,0 28,1 28,2 28,3 28,4 Swami Sivananda, p 3
- ↑ 29,0 29,1 Swami Satyananda Saraswati, Шаблон:IAST
- ↑ 30,0 30,1 30,2 Sankaranarayanan. S., p 271–273
- ↑ Sarma, Sarayu Prasad, Saptashatī Sarvasvam
- ↑ Sri Durga Saptashatī, Gita Press
- ↑ Coburn, Thomas B., Devī Māhātmya. p 52
- ↑ Manna, Sibendu, p 92
- ↑ Swami Sivananda p 5
- ↑ Coburn, Thomas B., Devī Māhātmya. p 51–55
- ↑ Anna, p vii
- ↑ 38,0 38,1 Anna, p v
- ↑ 39,0 39,1 Шаблон:Cite book
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