Английская Википедия:Devil's Bridge
Шаблон:About Шаблон:Short description
Devil's Bridge is a term applied to dozens of ancient bridges, found primarily in Europe. Most of these bridges are stone or masonry arch bridges and represent a significant technological achievement in ancient architecture. Due to their unusual design, they were an object of fascination and stories in antiquity and medieval Europe.
Each of the Devil's bridges typically has a corresponding Devil-related myth or folktale regarding its origin. These stories vary widely depending on the region and beliefs. Some have the Devil as the builder of the bridge, relating to the precariousness or impossibility of such a bridge to last or exist in the first place, so much so that only the Devil himself could have built it. Others have the knowledge to build such bridges given to mankind as a gift from the Devil as part of a deal, pact or bargain between the Devil and local populace, usually in exchange for their souls.
Associated legends
The bridges that fall into the Devil's Bridge category are so numerous that the legends about them form a special category in the Aarne-Thompson (AT) classification system for folktales (Number 1191).[1]Шаблон:Unreliable source? Some legends have elements of related folktale-categories, for example Deceiving the Devil (AT #1196), The Devil's Contract (AT #756B), and The Master Builder legends.Шаблон:Citation needed
One version of the tale presents the bridge builder and the Devil as adversaries. This reflects the fact that frequently, such as in the case of the Шаблон:Lang at the St Gotthard Pass, these bridges were built under such challenging conditions that successful completion of the bridge required a heroic effort on the part of the builders and the community, ensuring its legendary status.
Other versions of the legend feature an old lady or a simple herder who makes a pact with the Devil. In this version the devil agrees to build the bridge, in return receiving the first soul to cross it. After building the bridge (often overnight) the devil is outwitted by his adversary (for example, by throwing bread to lure a dog over the bridge first) and is last seen descending into the water, bringing peace to the community.
In the case of the Шаблон:Lang in Regensburg, the legend speaks of the devil helping in a race between the builders of the bridge and of the cathedral (in fact a significantly later construction), and a slight bump in the middle of the bridge is said to result from the devil's leaping with rage upon being tricked out of his prize.
In the legend of Шаблон:Lang in Hamburg, which leads only over a small stream, the carpenter, in a pact with the devil, promised him the first soul to cross the bridge. On the day of inauguration, while the priest and county councillor debated who should step on the bridge first, a rabbit crossed it and the disappointed devil disappeared. A statue refers to the legend there.
The legend of Шаблон:Lang in Borgo a Mozzano, Province of Lucca, tells of a local saint (often Saint Julian, the Hospitaller) who makes the pact with the devil.[2] On the day of delivery, the saint sets fire to a dog or a pig, which crosses the bridge and deceives the devil.
At Sens, a thirteenth-century legend tells of an architect who sold his soul to the devil and then subsequently repented. M. le Curé of Sens drove the devil away with holy water and with an exorcism formula beginning with the words Vade retro satana, which he made the penitent repeat.[3] The formula was, at some time, incorporated into the design of the popular Saint Benedict Medal.
Most of the bridges that have received the "Devil's Bridge" appellation are remarkable in some regard, most often for the technological hurdles surpassed in building the bridge, but on occasion for its aesthetic grace as well, or for its economic or strategic importance to the community it serves.Шаблон:Citation needed
List of bridges
Bulgaria
- Dyavolski most – near Ardino
France
There are 49 Devil's Bridges in France,[4] including:
- Pont du Diable – Aniane, Gorges de l'Hérault, Languedoc-Roussillon
- Pont du Diable – Villemagne-l'Argentière, Hérault, Languedoc-Roussillon
- Pont du Diable – Beaugency
- Pont du Diable – Céret
- Pont du Diable (Ariège) – near Foix
- Pont du Diable – Olargues
- Pont du Diable (Pont Valentré) – Cahors
- Pont du Diable – Crouzet Migette
- Pont du Diable – Sens[3]
- Pont du Diable − La Forclaz
Germany
- Rakotzbrücke, Azalea and Rhododendron Park Kromlau – Saxony, Germany
- Brickegickel – Frankfurt, Germany (similar legend)[5]
- Teufelsbrück – Hamburg, Germany
- Steinerne Brücke – Regensburg, Germany (similar legend)
- Teufelsbrücke – Mannheim, Germany
- Teufelsbrücke -- Inzigkofen, Germany[6]
Italy
- Ponte del Diavolo – ruins of a Roman bridge along Via Traiana near Montecalvo Irpino, Campania
- Ponte del Diavolo – Ascoli Piceno, Marche
- Ponte del Diavolo – Blera, Lazio
- Ponte del Diavolo (officially Ponte Vecchio, also Шаблон:Ill) – Bobbio, Emilia Romagna
- Ponte del Diavolo or Ponte della Maddalena – Borgo a Mozzano, Tuscany
- Ponte del Diavolo – Cavallara (a frazione of Gualdo Cattaneo, Umbria)
- Шаблон:Ill – Cerreto Sannita, Campania
- Шаблон:Ill – Cividale, Friuli
- Ponte del Diavolo – Civita, Calabria
- Ponte del Diavolo (Su ponti de su tiaulu or Su ponti de is aremigus) – Decimomannu, Sardinia
- Ponte del Diavolo (Ponte Vecchio) – Dronero, Province of Cuneo, Piedmont
- Шаблон:Ill – Faicchio, Campania
- Шаблон:Ill – Lanzo Torinese, Piedmont
- Шаблон:Ill – Torcello, Veneto
Portugal
Slovenia
Spain
- Puente del Diablo – Cueto, Spain
- Puente del Diablo – Martorell, Spain
- Aqüeducte de les Ferreres – Tarragona, SpainШаблон:Citation needed
Switzerland
- Pont du Saut de Brot — Шаблон:IllШаблон:Citation needed
- Teufelsbrücke – St Gotthard Pass
- Шаблон:Ill – Hamlet of Egg, municipality of Einsiedeln, canton of Schwyz
United Kingdom
- Devil's Bridge (Pontarfynach), Ceredigion, Wales[7]
- Devil's Bridge – Kirkby Lonsdale, Cumbria[8]
- Devil's Bridge – Horace Farm, Pennington Parish, Cumbria[9]
- Devil's Bridge – Weston-super-Mare, North Somerset (1841 bridge over railway)[10]
- Devil's Bridge – in the grounds of Weston Park, Staffordshire (18th-century listed bridge in form of grotto)[11]
- Devil's Bridge – Pontwalby, Glynneath, WalesШаблон:Citation needed
- Devil's Bridge – Mossley Hill, LiverpoolШаблон:Citation needed
- Devil's Bridge – Worm's Head, Rhossili, Gower, Wales (a natural arch)
United States
- Devil's Bridge – Sedona, Arizona,[12] although this is a naturally formed bridge, not a man-made stone bridge
Other countries
- Шаблон:Ill – bypass route around the Severomuysky Tunnel, Buryatia, Russia
- Devil's Bridge – Antigua, Caribbean
- Шаблон:Ill – Reka, North Macedonia
- Duivelsbrug – Breda, Netherlands
- Dyavolski most (Дяволски мост) – near Ardino, Bulgaria
- Kuradisild – Tartu, Estonia
- Moara Dracului ("The Devil's mill") – Câmpulung Moldovenesc, Romania
- Puente del Diablo (or Punta del Diablo) – Binangonan, Philippines
- Puente La Noria – Buenos Aires, Argentina
See also
- Bridge of Arta
- Moon bridge – a highly rounded arched pedestrian bridge associated with gardens in China and Japan.
Notes
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 "Odd Phrases in Literature", The Irish Quarterly Review, Volume 6, Part 1, 1856, note p. 683
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Die Sachsenhäuser Brücke zu Frankfurt. Mündlich, aus Frankfurt. In: Brothers Grimm: Deutsche Sagen. Band 1. Berlin 1816, S. 267–268 (Wikisource)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
