Английская Википедия:Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Italic title Шаблон:Buddhist termThe Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta (Pali; Sanskrit: Dharmacakrapravartana Sūtra; English: The Setting in Motion of the Wheel of the Dhamma Sutta or Promulgation of the Law Sutta) is a Buddhist scripture that is considered by Buddhists to be a record of the first sermon given by Gautama Buddha, the Sermon in the Deer Park at Sarnath. The main topic of this sutta is the Four Noble Truths, which refer to and express the basic orientation of Buddhism in a formulaic expression.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This sutta also refers to the Buddhist concepts of the Middle Way, impermanence, and dependent origination.

Файл:Sermon in the Deer Park depicted at Wat Chedi Liem-KayEss-1.jpeg
Modern Thai depiction of the Sermon in the Deer Park at Sarnath

According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha delivered this discourse on the day of Asalha Puja, in the month of Ashadha, in a deer sanctuary in Isipatana. This was seven weeks after he attained Enlightenment. His audience consisted of five ascetics who had been his former companions: Kondañña, Assaji, Bhaddiya, Vappa, and Mahānāma.

Definitions

Dhamma (Pāli) or dharma (Sanskrit) can mean a variety of things depending on its context;Шаблон:Refn in this context, it refers to the Buddha's teachings or his "truth" that leads to one's liberation from suffering. Cakka (Pāli) or cakra (Sanskrit) can be translated as "wheel." The dhammacakka, which can be translated as "Dhamma-Wheel," is a Buddhist symbol referring to Buddha's teaching of the path to enlightenment. Pavattana (Pāli) can be translated as "turning" or "rolling" or "setting in motion."Шаблон:Refn

Texts

There are numerous parallel versions of the sutra in various collections, including:[1]

Key topics

The Theravāda sutra contains the following topics:[web 1]

Not all versions contain all these elements.

Traditional background

Файл:Buddha in Sarnath Museum (Dhammajak Mutra).jpg
Buddha Preaching his First Sermon, at Sarnath, c. 475 CE

According to the Buddhist tradition, the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta is the first teaching given by the Buddha after he attained enlightenment. According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha attained enlightenment and liberation while meditating under the Bodhi Tree by the Nerañjarā river in Bodh Gaya. Afterwards, he remained silent for forty-nine days. According to MN 26 and MĀ 204, after deciding to teach, the Buddha initially intended to visit his former teachers, Āḷāra Kālāma and Uddaka Rāmaputta, to teach them his insights, but they had already died and born in a place where it is not apt to preach or they were deaf, so he decided to visit his five former companions. On his way, he encountered a spiritual seeker named Upaka. The Buddha proclaimed that he had achieved full awakening, but Upaka was not convinced and "took a different path".The Buddha then journeyed from Bodhgaya to Sarnath, a small town near the sacred city of Varanasi in central India. There he met his five former companions, the ascetics with whom he had shared six years of hardship. His former companions were at first suspicious of the Buddha, thinking he had given up his search for the truth when he renounced their ascetic ways. But upon seeing the radiance of the Buddha, they requested him to teach what he had learned. Thereupon the Buddha gave the teaching that was later recorded as the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta, which introduces fundamental concepts of Buddhist thought, such as the Middle Way and the Four Noble Truths.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Development of the sutta

Файл:QC Harrington4 tango7174.jpg
A depiction of the first teaching of the Buddha from a Vietnamese Buddhist monastery in Quebec, Canada.

Retaining the oldest teachings

Modern scholars agree that the teachings of the Buddha were passed down in an oral tradition for approximately a few hundred years after the passing of the Buddha; the first written recordings of these teachings were made hundreds of years after the Buddha's passing. According to academic scholars, inconsistencies in the oldest texts may reveal developments in the oldest teachings.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn While the Theravada tradition holds that it is likely that the sutras date back to the Buddha himself, in an unbroken chain of oral transmission,[web 2][web 3]Шаблон:Refn academic scholars have identified many of such inconsistencies, and tried to explain them. Information of the oldest teachings of Buddhism, such as on the Four Noble Truths, which are an important topic in the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta, has been obtained by analysis of the oldest texts and these inconsistencies, and are a matter of ongoing discussion and research.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn

Development of the sutta

According to Bronkhorst this "first sermon" is recorded in several sutras, with important variations.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn In the Vinaya texts, and in the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta which was influenced by the Vinaya texts, the four truths are included, and Kondañña is enlightenedШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn when the "vision of Dhamma"Шаблон:Sfn arises in him: "whatever is subject to origination is all subject to cessation."Шаблон:Refn Yet, in the Ariyapariyesanā Sutta ("The Noble Search", Majjhima Nikaya 26) the four truths are not included,Шаблон:Refn and the Buddha gives the five ascetics personal instructions in turn, two or three of them, while the others go out begging for food. The versions of the "first sermon" which include the four truths, such as the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta, omit this instruction, showing that Шаблон:Quote

According to Bronkhorst, this indicates that the four truths were later added to earlier descriptions of liberation by practicing the four dhyanas, which originally was thought to be sufficient for the destruction of the arsavas.Шаблон:Sfn Anderson, following Norman, also thinks that the four truths originally were not part of this sutta, and were later added in some versions.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn According to Bronkhorst, the "twelve insights" are probably also a later addition, born out of unease with the substitution of the general term "prajna" for the more specific "four truths".Шаблон:Sfn

The "essence" of Buddhism

Шаблон:Buddhism According to Cousins, many scholars are of the view that "this discourse was identified as the first sermon of the Buddha only at a later date."Шаблон:Sfn According to Richard Gombrich, Шаблон:Quote

Yet, the understanding of what exactly constituted this "very essence" also developed over time. What exactly was regarded as the central insight "varied along with what was considered most central to the teaching of the Buddha."Шаблон:Sfn "Liberating insight" came to be defined as "insight into the four truths," which is presented as the "liberating insight" which constituted the awakening, or "enlightenment" of the Buddha. When he understood these truths he was "enlightened" and liberated,Шаблон:Refn as reflected in Majjhima Nikaya 26:42: "his taints are destroyed by his seeing with wisdom."Шаблон:Sfn The four truths were superseded by pratityasamutpada, and still later by the doctrine of the non-existence of a substantial self or person.Шаблон:Sfn

According to Anderson, a long recognized feature of the Theravada canon is that it lacks an "overarching and comprehensive structure of the path to nibbana."Шаблон:Sfn The sutras form a network or matrix, which have to be taken together.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn Within this network, "the four noble truths are one doctrine among others and are not particularly central,"Шаблон:Sfn but are a part of "the entire dhamma matrix."Шаблон:Sfn The four noble truths are set and learnt in that network, learning "how the various teachings intersect with each other,"Шаблон:Sfn and refer to the various Buddhist techniques, which are all explicitly and implicitly part of the passages which refer to the four truths.Шаблон:Sfn According to Anderson, Шаблон:Quote

Translations into English

From the Pali version

In the Pāli Canon, this sutta is found in the Samyutta Nikaya, chapter 56 ("Saccasamyutta" or "Connected Discourses on the Truths"), sutta number 11 (and, thus, can be referenced as "SN 56.11"). There are multiple English translations of the Pali version of this sutta, including:

From Tibetan, Chinese and Sanskrit versions

The 26th chapter of the Lalitavistara Sutra contains a Mahayana version of the first turning that closely parallels the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta. The following English translations of this text are available:

  • The Play in Full: Lalitavistara (2013), translated by the Dharmachakra Translation Committee. Translated from Tibetan into English and checked against the Sanskrit version.[web 4]
  • Voice of the Buddha: The Beauty of Compassion (1983), translated by Gwendolyn Bays, Dharma Publishing (two-volume set). This translation has been made from French into English and then checked with the original in Tibetan and Sanskrit.

See also

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Notes

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Subnotes

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References

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Sources

Printed sources

Pali Canon Шаблон:Refbegin

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Buddhist teachers Шаблон:Refbegin

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Secondary Шаблон:Refbegin

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Web-sources

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Further reading

Scholarly
Commentaries in English

External links

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Шаблон:Buddhism topics Шаблон:Gautama Buddha

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  1. ↑ See: Analayo (2012) and Analayo (2013)
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web


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