Английская Википедия:Dhuwal language
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use Australian English Шаблон:Infobox language
Dhuwal (also Dual, Duala) is one of the Yolŋu languages spoken by Aboriginal Australians in the Northern Territory, Australia. Although all Yolŋu languages are mutually intelligible to some extent, Dhuwal represents a distinct dialect continuum of eight separate varieties. In 2019, Djambarrpuyŋu became the first indigenous language to be spoken in an Australian parliament, when Yolŋu man and member of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly Yingiya Guyula gave a speech in his native tongue.[1]
Dialects
According to linguist Robert M. W. Dixon,
- Dialects of the Yirritja moiety are (a) Gupapuyngu and Gumatj;
- Dialects of the Dhuwa moiety are (b) Djambarrpuyngu, Djapu, Liyagalawumirr, and Guyamirlili (Gwijamil).
- In addition, it would appear that the Dhay'yi (Dayi) dialects, (a) Dhalwangu and (b) Djarrwark, are part of the same language.[2]
Ethnologue divides Dhuwal into four languages, plus Dayi and the contact variety Dhuwaya (numbers are from the 2006 census.Шаблон:Cn):
- Dhuwal proper, Datiwuy, Dhuwaya, Liyagawumirr, Marrangu, and Djapu: 600 speakers
- Djampbarrpuyŋu, 2,760 speakers
- Gumatj, 240 speakers
- Gupapuyngu, 330 speakers
- Dhay'yi (Dayi) and Dhalwangu, 170 speakers
Dhuwaya is a stigmatised contact variantШаблон:What used by the younger generation in informal contexts, and is the form taught in schools, having replaced Gumatj ca. 1990.Шаблон:Cn
Phonology
Consonants
Vowels
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link |
| Low | Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link | |
Vowel length is contrastive in first syllable only.[3][4]
Orthography
Шаблон:Main Probably every Australian language with speakers remaining has had an orthography developed for it, in each case in the Latin script. Sounds not found in English are usually represented by digraphs, or more rarely by diacritics, such as underlines, or extra symbols, sometimes borrowed from the International Phonetic Alphabet. Some examples are shown in the following table.
| Language | Example | Translation | Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pitjantjatjara dialect of the Western Desert language | Шаблон:Lang | 'earth, dirt, ground; land' | diacritic (underline) indicates the retroflex nasal ([ɳ]) |
| Wajarri | Шаблон:Lang | 'this, this one' | digraph indicating the dental nasal ([n̪]) |
| Yolŋu languages | Шаблон:Lang | 'person, man' | 'ŋ' represents the velar nasal (borrowed from the International Phonetic Alphabet) |
References
Шаблон:Pama–Nyungan languages Шаблон:Languages of Australia
