Английская Википедия:Diameter at breast height
Diameter at breast height, or DBH, is a standard method of expressing the diameter of the trunk or bole of a standing tree. DBH is one of the most common dendrometric measurements.
Tree trunks are measured at the height of an adult's breast, which is defined differently in different countries and situations. In many countries, DBH is measured at approximately Шаблон:Cvt above ground.[1][2]
Global variation and scientific precision
The height can make a substantial difference to the measured diameter.[3]
In the United States, DBH is typically measured at Шаблон:Cvt above ground.[4][5] In some countries, such as Australia, New Zealand, Burma, India, Malaysia, and South Africa, breast height diameter has historically been measured at a height of Шаблон:Cvt, but because of much active research into allometrics that are being applied to trees and forests, the convention of Шаблон:Cvt is more appropriate.Шаблон:Cn Ornamental trees are usually measured at 1.5 metres above ground.Шаблон:Cn
Some authors[6] have argued that the term DBH should be abolished because the heights at which the diameter is measured are excessively variable and imprecise, and imprecise measurements could strongly influence forestry calculations such as biomass. Alternatives proposed Шаблон:By whom have included Dx whereby the x denotes the exact height above the floor (and along the stem) at which the diameter is measured.Шаблон:Cn For instance D130 denotes a diameter measured at 130 cm above the floor and along the stem.
On sloping ground, the "above ground" reference point is usually taken as the highest point on the ground touching the trunk, but some use the average between the highest and lowest points of ground. If the DBH point falls on a swelling in the trunk it is customary to measure the girth below the swelling at the point where the diameter is smallest. Other ambiguous settings for determining the exact place where to measure the diameter is given in Dahdouh-Guebas & Koedam (2006).[7]
Methodology
The two most common instruments used to measure DBH are a girthing (or diameter) tape and calipers.
A girthing tape actually measures the girth (circumference) of the tree; the girthing tape is calibrated in divisions of π centimetres (3.14159 cm). The measure assumes the trunk has a circular cross-section and gives a directly converted reading of the diameter.Шаблон:Cn It is accurate for most plantation trees.Шаблон:According to whom
Calipers consist of two parallel arms one of which is fixed and the other able to slide along a scale. Calipers are held at right-angles to the trunk with the arms on either side of the trunk. Precision can be improved on non-circular stems by averaging two caliper measurements taken at right-angles. Electronic calipers are also available enabling highly accurate measurements to be taken and stored for further analysis.Шаблон:Cn
DBH is used in estimating the amount of timber volume in a single tree or stand of trees utilising the allometric correlation between stem diameter, tree height and timber volume.[8] It can also be used in the estimation of the age of veteran trees, given that diameter increment is the only "constant non-reversible feature of tree growth".[9]
See also
- The world's stoutest tree species
- Tree measurement
- Biltmore stick
- Crown (botany)
- Forest inventory
- Site index
- Site tree
- Tree crown measurement
References
- Brokaw, N. and Thompson, J. (2000). The H for DBH. Forest Ecology and Management 129: 89-91.
- Hamilton, G. J. (1975). Forest Mensuration Handbook. Forestry Commission Booklet 39. HMSO, London.
- ↑ Cris Brack, PhD (UBC) Standard point on tree bole for measurement Шаблон:Webarchive. Forest Measurement and Modelling. Retrieved 2009-04-18.
- ↑ Feldpausch et al 2011, Height-diameter allometry of tropical forest trees. Biogeosciences 8, 1081-1106.
- ↑ Paul, K.I. et al. 2017. Measurements of stem diameter: implications for individual- and stand-level errors. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 189, 416.
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокusfs2019не указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:Cite book.
- ↑ Brokaw, N. & J. Thompson, 2000. The H for DBH. Forest Ecology and Management 129: 89-91.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокmackie2006не указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокwhite1998не указан текст
