Английская Википедия:Dictyonema

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Dictyonema is a genus of mainly tropical basidiolichens in the family Hygrophoraceae.[1]

The Dictyonema symbiosis

Most lichens are a symbiosis between an ascomycete fungus and a photosynthetic green alga. However, a small percentage of lichens (approximately 10%) are cyanolichens and contain a photosynthetic cyanobacterium instead of green algae,[2] and an even smaller number (less than 1%) are basidiolichens and contain a basidiomycete fungus instead of an ascomycete.[3] This makes Dictyonema more closely related to mushrooms than it is to most other lichens.

Taxonomy and naming

The genus Dictyonema was first named in 1822 by Carl Agardh and Carl Kunth after examining a novel fungus that was sent to them from Brazil.[4] The genus was redefined in 1978 when Erast Parmasto assessed 40 different species of basidiolichens that were previously divided into 3 families and 8 genera (including Cora, Dichonema, Laudatea, Rhipidonema, and Thelephora), and reduced them to 5 species in the single genus Dictyonema.[5] This resulted in a rather diverse group of lichens that has since grown in size to more than 20 species.[3] There is, however, some recent debate over whether or not all of these species should be included in the same genus.[6]

Species

A recent (2020) estimate placed 28 species in Dictyonema.[7]

Morphology and ecology

Dictyonema is a diverse group of lichens. There are species of a variety of different shapes, including foliose, crustose, and filamentous.[3] Most species grow on soil, rock,[15] moss,[16] or rotting logs,[17] but one species grows on the leaves of trees.[3] Although species of Dictyonema are mainly tropical, they range from the tropical lowlands to an elevation of Шаблон:Convert in the Andes.[15]

Evolutionary relationships and lichenization

The Dictyonema fungus is a basidiomycete, so it developed lichenization independently from the ascomycete lichens.[18] Within the basidiomycetes, Dictyonema is closely related to three other genera of basidiolichens that are also in the family Hygrophoraceae: Lichenomphalia, Acantholichen, and Cyphellostereum.[3] The molecular data indicates that lichenization has evolved independently at least twice, and perhaps three times, within these four genera, which suggests that for some reason the fungi in Hygrophoraceae are predisposed to evolve into lichens.[3] The majority of the other, non-lichenized fungi in this family are saprotrophic (consuming decaying organic matter) or ectomycorrhizal (symbiotic with plant roots), although numerous species, such as Arrhenia, grow on mosses and derive nutrition from them.[3][19] It is not yet understood why these fungi are more inclined to become lichens.[3]

Traditional use

An unidentified species of Dictyonema, possibly Dictyonema sericeum, is called nenendape by the Huaorani people of Amazon jungle of Ecuador. An infusion is made with this lichen that causes intense hallucinations due to high contents in both dimethyltryptamine and psilocybin, and it is used by the shaman to call upon malevolent spirits to curse people. It is also used to cause sterility.[20]

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Taxonbar

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  1. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Ertz et al. 2008 не указан текст
  2. ↑ Hawksworth, DL, PM Kirk, BC Sutton, and DN Pegler. 1995. Dictionary of the fungi. CAB, Wallingford
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6 3,7 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Lawrey et al. 2009 не указан текст
  4. ↑ Kunth, CS, and CA Agardh. 1822. Synopsis Plantarum, Quas in Itinere ad Plagam Aequinoctialem Orbis Novi, Collegerunt Al. de Humboldt et Am. Bonpland (Paris). Volume 1, pg. 1.
  5. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Parmasto 1978 не указан текст
  6. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Luis et al. 2004 не указан текст
  7. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Wijayawardene et al. 2020 не указан текст
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Lücking & Timdal 2016 не указан текст
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Lücking et al. 2013 не указан текст
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Dal-Forno et al. 2017 не указан текст
  11. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Lücking et al. 2014 не указан текст
  12. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Schmull 2014 не указан текст
  13. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Forno et al. 2019 не указан текст
  14. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Yánez et al. 2011 не указан текст
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Larcher & Vareschi 1988 не указан текст
  16. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Coppins & James 1979 не указан текст
  17. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Plitt 1921 не указан текст
  18. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Gargas et al. 1995 не указан текст
  19. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Döbbeler 1997 не указан текст
  20. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Davis & Yost 1983 не указан текст
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