Английская Википедия:Diniktum
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox ancient site
Diniktum, inscribed Di-ni-ik-tumKI, was a still unlocated middle bronze-age town often thought to be located somewhere in the Diyala Governorate of Iraq.[1]
History
It enjoyed independence briefly during the 18th century under the reigns of the Amorite chieftains (ra-bí-an MAR.DÚ) Itur-šarrum,[2] attested on a single seal from Ešnunna, and Sîn-gāmil, son of Sîn-šēmi and a contemporary of Zimri-Lim (ca. 1710–1698 BC short) of Mari and Ḫammu-rapī (ca. 1728–1686 BC short) of Babylon.[1] In an old Babylonian letter from Yarim-Lim I, the king of Yamḫad to the Yašub-Yahad, the king of Dēr,[3][4][5] he says:
Yarim-Lim I would defeat the king of Diniktum in battle.[6]
One king of Diniktum named Itur-šarrum ruled Diniktum for around a century before his successor Sîn-gāmil became the new ruler of the kingdom.[7]
Ikūn-pî-Sîn (“The word of Sin is truthful”), the ruler of Nērebtum (Tell Ishchali) and possibly Tutub, cities in the sphere of Ešnunna, has a year name: “Year when Ikū(n)-pî-Sîn captured Diniktum."[8][9] It was absorbed into the kingdom of Ešnunna and consequently embroiled in its conflicts with Elam during the reigns of Ibāl-pî-El II (ca. 1715–1701 BC short) and Ṣillī-Sîn (ca. 1700–1698 BC short).[10] During an Elamite invasion of Mesopotamia the Elamites sacked Eshnunna. This caused many soldiers in the Elamite army that were from Eshnunna to defect. Because of the mass desertion, the Elamite king retreated back to Diniktum. While in Diniktum, the Elamites would sue for peace with Hammurabi. The Elamites were than driven from the city.[11]
The town was still settled in the later bronze-age, as a year name of 15th century BC Kassite ruler Kadashman-harbe I reads "the year [in which] Kadašman-Ḫarbe, the king, dug the canal of Diniktum".[12][13]
Location
An early proposal was on the Tigris river downstream from Upi and close to the northern border of Elam. It has also been suggested as being at or in the vicinity of Tell Muḥammad, which lies in south-eastern part of modern Baghdad.[14][2] Diniktum is mentioned in the Harmal geographical list, Tablet IM 51143.[15]
In a survey of archaeological sites in the Diyala region of Iraq a site, Tell #851, was identified as a possible location for Diniktum. It showed surface remains from the Ubaid to Kassite periods. A local resident there turned in six UrIII/Larsa cylinder seals (one mentioned the god Ninib) and an inscribed brick. The brick read "Sîn-gāmil the great leader of Martu of the city Diniktum son of Sin-šemi".[16][17]
Tell Muhammad
Also Tell Mohammed and Tall Muhammad, is an ancient Near East archaeological site currently in the outskirts of Baghdad. The site, at that time about 6 miles southwest of Baghdad, was excavated by J. F. Jones in 1850. He found several bronze mace heads with an inscription of Hammurabi.[18] The site was examined by A. H. Layard in 1853 who also found mace heads inscribed "(property of) the palace of Hammurabi".[19] In the early 1900s it was sketched by E. Hertzfeld showing dimensions of 550 meters north to south and 350 meters east to west.[20] To the northeast there was a large square enclosure (now built over) measuring 900 meters northeast by 900 meters southwest. It was worked for 8 seasons beginning in 1978 by the Iraqi State Antiquities Organization in 1978, under the direction of Sd. Mu'tasim Rashid Abdur-Ra. The excavations have revealed remains dating to the Isin-Larsa, Old Babylonian, and Kassite periods.[21][22][23][24][25][26][27]
See also
References
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Harris, Rivkah, "The Archive of the Sin Temple in Khafajah (Tutub)", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 31–58, 1955
- ↑ Harris, Rivkah, "The Archive of the Sin Temple in Khafajah (Tutub) (Conclusion)", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 91–120, 1955
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Tablet Ni. 3199.
- ↑ [1]Brinkman, J., "A catalogue of cuneiform sources pertaining to specific monarchs of the Kassite Dynasty", Materials and Studies for Kassite History 1, Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 1977 Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ Paolo Gentili, Where is Diniktum? : Remarks on the Situation and a Supposition, Rivista degli studi orientali, Nuova Serie, Vol. 79, Fasc. 1/4, pp. 231-238, 2006
- ↑ [2]Levy, Selim J., "Harmal Geographical List", Sumer, vol. 3, iss. 2, pp. 50-83, 1947
- ↑ [3]Adams, Robert M., "Land Behind Baghdad: A History of Settlement on the Diyala Plains", Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1965
- ↑ Saporetti, Claudio, "McC Adams 851 = Diniktum?", Egitto e Vicino Oriente, vol. 24, pp. 97–102, 2001
- ↑ J. F. Jones, "Memoir on the Province of Baghdad Accompanied by a Ground-Plan of the Enceinte", Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, XLIII, 1857
- ↑ [4]A. H. Layard, "Discoveries among the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon", New York: Harper & Brothers, 1853
- ↑ 9 F. Sarre and E. Hertzfeld, "Archiiologische Reise im Euphrat- und Tigris-Gebiet, vol. 2, Berlin, 1920
- ↑ Gentili, Paolo. "Wandering Through Time: The Chronology of Tell Mohammed", Studi Classici e Orientali, vol. 57, pp. 39–55, 2011
- ↑ Gentili, Paolo, "The 'Strange(r)' Month Names of Tell Muhammad and the Diyāla Calendars", Egitto e Vicino Oriente, vol. 25, pp. 203–30, 2002
- ↑ van Koppen, Frans, "The Old to Middle Babylonian transition: history and chronology of the Mesopotamian Dark Age", Ägypten Und Levante / Egypt and the Levant, vol. 20, pp. 453–63, 2010
- ↑ Hamze, H.A., "Tall Muhammad. The eighth season of excavations." In Between the Cultures, The Central Tigris Region from the 3rd to the 1st Millennium BC. Papers read at the symposium at Heidelberg January 22nd-24th, 2009. Heidelberger Studien zum Alten Orient 14, 2011
- ↑ "Excavations in Iraq, 1979-80." Iraq, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 167–98, 1981
- ↑ "Excavations in Iraq, 1977-78." Iraq, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 141–81, 1979
- ↑ "Excavations in Iraq, 1981-82." Iraq, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 199–224, 1983
