Английская Википедия:Diogo Cão
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:For Шаблон:Infobox person Diogo Cão (Шаблон:Circa – 1486), also known as Diogo Cam, was a Portuguese mariner and one of the most notable explorers of the fifteenth century. He made two voyages along the west coast of Africa in the 1480s, exploring the Congo River and the coasts of present-day Angola and Namibia.Шаблон:Sfn
Early life and family
Little is known about the early life of Diogo Cão. According to tradition, he was born in Vila Real, Portugal, around 1452. His grandfather, Gonçalo Cão, had fought for Portuguese independence at the Battle of Aljubarrota.
By 1480, Cão was sailing off the coast of Africa in the service of João II. There is a record that he returned to Portugal with captured Spanish ships.[1][2]
Exploration
When the Treaty of Alcáçovas (1480) confirmed Portugal's monopoly on trade and exploration along Africa's west coast, João II moved quickly to secure and expand his hold on the region. In 1481, a fleet of ten ships was dispatched to the Gold Coast to construct a fortress known as Sao Jorge da Mina. The fort would serve as a commercial center for trade (including in slaves) and an important point of resupply for Portuguese voyages. João II also re-instituted a program of exploration southward along the African coast, an initiative that had been held in abeyance during the war with Spain. Diogo Cão was selected to lead João's first voyage of exploration in 1482.[3]
First voyage
When João II restarted the work of Henry the Navigator, he sent out Cão, probably around midsummer 1482, to explore the African coast south of the equator. Diogo Cão filled his ship with stone pillars (padrões) surmounted by the cross of the Order of Christ and engraved with the Portuguese royal arms, planning to erect them at significant landmarks along his voyage of discovery.Шаблон:Sfn On the way, the expedition stopped at Sao Jorge da Mina to resupply.Шаблон:Sfn
In August 1482, Cão discovered the mouth of the Congo River and marked it with a padrão erected on Shark Point, commemorating the Portuguese discovery. This padrão stood until 1642 when it was destroyed by the Dutch during their occupation of the Congo.Шаблон:Sfn
Cão sailed up the great river for a short distance and commenced modest commerce with the natives of the Bakongo kingdom. He was told that their king lived farther upriver, so he sent four Christian native messengers to search for the ruler and then proceeded south along the coast of present-day Angola where he erected a second padrão, probably marking the termination of this voyage, at Cabo de Santa Maria. When he returned to the Congo, Cão was annoyed to find that his messengers had not returned, so he abducted four local natives who were visiting his ship and returned with them to Portugal.Шаблон:Sfn
He reached Lisbon by 8 April 1484, where John II ennobled him, promoting him from esquire to a cavalier of his household,Шаблон:Sfn and granted him an annuity of ten thousand reals and a coat of arms on which two padrões are depicted.Шаблон:Sfn
The King also asked him to sail back to Kongo to repatriate the 4 men he left behind.
Second voyage
That Cão, on his second voyage of 1484–1486, was accompanied by Martin Behaim (as alleged on the latter's Nuremberg globe of 1492) is very doubtful. But it is known that the explorer revisited the Congo and erected two more padrões on land beyond his previous voyage. The first was at Cabo Negro, Angola, the second at Cape Cross. The Cape Cross pillar probably marked the end of his progress southward, some 1,400 kilometers.[4] Diogo Cão also embarked the four indigenous ambassadors, that he had promised not to keep for more than fifteen moons.[5]
Cão sailed 170 kilometers up the Congo River to the falls of Ielala. On the cliffs above this site an inscription was engraved which records the passage of Cão and his men: "Here arrived the ships of the illustrious monarch, Dom João the Second of Portugal – Diogo Cão, Pedro Anes, Pedro da Costa, Alvaro Pires, Pero Escolar".Шаблон:Sfn
Death
Information regarding Cão's death is scanty and contradictory. A legend on the globe created by Martin Behaim reads "hic moritur" (here he dies), seeming to indicate that the explorer lost his life on the coast of Africa in 1486 during his second voyage. However, sixteenth-century historian João de Barros never mentions Cão's death but wrote instead of his return to the Congo, and subsequent taking of a native envoy back to Portugal.Шаблон:Sfn
A report by a board of astronomers and pilots presented at a 1525 conference in Badajo clearly stated that his death happened near Serra Parda. A coast map by Henricus Martellus Germanus published in 1489 indicated the location of a padrão erected by Diogo Cão in Ponta dos Farilhões nearby Serra Parda, with the legend "et hic moritur" ("and here he died").Шаблон:Sfn
Padrões
The four pillars set up by Cão on his two voyages have all been discovered still on their original site, and the inscriptions on two of them from Cape Santa Maria and Cape Cross, dated 1482 and 1485 respectively, are still to be read and have been printed. The Cape Cross padrão was long in Berlin (replaced on the spot by a granite facsimile) but was recently returned to Namibia; those from the Kongo estuary and the more southerly Cape Santa Maria and Cabo Negro are in the Museum of the Lisbon Geographical Society.[4]
Tributes post-mortem
In 1951, botanists named a genus of plants from western central tropical Africa in his honour, Diogoa.[6][7]
In Vila Real, the plaza Diogo Cão was named after him. In the center of the plaza, stands a bronze statue of him supported on a square granite pedestal base.[8]
In 1999, André Roubertou from the French Hydrographic Office (SHOM) named an undersea hole located off the southern coast of Portugal (Gulf of Cádiz) the Diogo Cão Hole.[9]
In 2018, a hopper dredger called the Diogo Cao and immatriculated in Luxembourg was launched afloat.[10]
In literature
Diogo Cão is the subject of Padrão, one of the best-known poems in Fernando Pessoa's book Mensagem, the only one published during the author's lifetime. He also figures strongly in the 1996 novel Lord of the Kongo by Peter Forbath.Шаблон:Citation needed
See also
References
Sources
English
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
Portuguese
- Barros, João de. Décadas da Ásia, Década I. bk. III., esp. ch. 3;
- Ruy de Pina, Chronica d'el Rei D. João II.;
- Garcia de Resende, Chronica;
- Luciano Cordeiro, Diogo Cão in Boletim da Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa, 1892;
External links
Шаблон:Portuguese explorers Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Winius 2003
- ↑ Ravenstein 1900
- ↑ Diffie 1977 pp. 152–156
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:EB1911
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Monument to Diogo Cão, Minube.net (accessed on 20 May 2019)
- ↑ Marine Gazetteer Placedetails, Marineregions.org (accessed on 20 May 2019)
- ↑ DIOGO CAO – HOPPER DREDGER, Vesselfinder.com (accessed on 20 May 2019)
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