Английская Википедия:Diphthong

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:More citations needed Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:IPA notice

Файл:En-us-no highway cowboys.ogg
American English pronunciation of "no highway cowboys" /noʊ ˈhaɪweɪ ˈkaʊbɔɪz/, showing five diphthongs: Шаблон:IPAc-en

A diphthong (Шаблон:IPAc-en Шаблон:Respell;[1] Шаблон:Etymology, Шаблон:Etymology), also known as a gliding vowel, is a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable.[2] Technically, a diphthong is a vowel with two different targets: that is, the tongue (and/or other parts of the speech apparatus) moves during the pronunciation of the vowel. In most varieties of English, the phrase "no highway cowboy" (Шаблон:IPAc-en) has five distinct diphthongs, one in every syllable.

Diphthongs contrast with monophthongs, where the tongue or other speech organs do not move and the syllable contains only a single vowel sound. For instance, in English, the word ah is spoken as a monophthong (Шаблон:IPAc-en), while the word ow is spoken as a diphthong in most varieties (Шаблон:IPAc-en). Where two adjacent vowel sounds occur in different syllables (e.g. in the English word re-elect) the result is described as hiatus, not as a diphthong.

Diphthongs often form when separate vowels are run together in rapid speech during a conversation. However, there are also unitary diphthongs, as in the English examples above, which are heard by listeners as single-vowel sounds (phonemes).[3]

Transcription

In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), monophthongs are transcribed with one symbol, as in English sun Шаблон:IPA, in which Шаблон:Angbr IPA represents a monophthong. Diphthongs are transcribed with two symbols, as in English high Шаблон:IPA or cow Шаблон:IPA, in which Шаблон:Angbr IPA and Шаблон:Angbr IPA represent diphthongs.

Diphthongs may be transcribed with two vowel symbols or with a vowel symbol and a semivowel symbol. In the words above, the less prominent member of the diphthong can be represented with the symbols for the palatal approximant Шаблон:IPAblink and the labiovelar approximant Шаблон:IPAblink, with the symbols for the close vowels Шаблон:IPAblink and Шаблон:IPAblink, or the symbols for the near-close vowels Шаблон:IPAblink and Шаблон:IPAblink:

vowel and semivowel Шаблон:Angbr IPA broad transcription
two vowel symbols Шаблон:Angbr IPA
Шаблон:Angbr IPA narrow transcription

Some transcriptions are broader or narrower (less precise or more precise phonetically) than others. Transcribing the English diphthongs in high and cow as Шаблон:Angbr IPA or Шаблон:Angbr IPA is a less precise or broader transcription, since these diphthongs usually end in a vowel sound that is more open than the semivowels Шаблон:IPA or the close vowels Шаблон:IPA. Transcribing the diphthongs as Шаблон:Angbr IPA is a more precise or narrower transcription, since the English diphthongs usually end in the near-close vowels Шаблон:IPA.

The non-syllabic diacritic, the inverted breve below Шаблон:Angbr,[4] is placed under the less prominent part of a diphthong to show that it is part of a diphthong rather than a vowel in a separate syllable: Шаблон:IPA. When there is no contrastive vowel sequence in the language, the diacritic may be omitted. Other common indications that the two sounds are not separate vowels are a superscript, Шаблон:Angbr IPA,[5] or a tie bar, Шаблон:Angbr IPA or Шаблон:Angbr IPA.[6] The tie bar can be useful when it is not clear which symbol represents the syllable nucleus, or when they have equal weight.[7] Superscripts are especially used when an on- or off-glide is particularly fleeting.[8]

The period Шаблон:Angbr IPA is the opposite of the non-syllabic diacritic: it represents a syllable break. If two vowels next to each other belong to two different syllables (hiatus), meaning that they do not form a diphthong, they can be transcribed with two vowel symbols with a period in between. Thus, lower can be transcribed Шаблон:Angbr IPA, with a period separating the first syllable, Шаблон:IPAc-en, from the second syllable, Шаблон:IPAc-en.

The non-syllabic diacritic is used only when necessary. It is typically omitted when there is no ambiguity, as in Шаблон:Angbr IPA. No words in English have the vowel sequences Шаблон:IPA, so the non-syllabic diacritic is unnecessary.

Types

Falling and rising

Falling (or descending) diphthongs start with a vowel quality of higher prominence (higher pitch or volume) and end in a semivowel with less prominence, like Шаблон:IPA in eye, while rising (or ascending) diphthongs begin with a less prominent semivowel and end with a more prominent full vowel, similar to the Шаблон:IPA in yard. (Sometimes, however, the terms "falling" and "rising" are used, instead, to refer to vowel height, i.e. as synonyms of the terms "closing" and "opening".[9] See below.) The less prominent component in the diphthong may also be transcribed as an approximant, thus Шаблон:IPA in eye and Шаблон:IPA in yard. However, when the diphthong is analysed as a single phoneme, both elements are often transcribed with vowel symbols (Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA). Semivowels and approximants are not equivalent in all treatments, and in the English and Italian languages, among others, many phoneticians do not consider rising combinations to be diphthongs, but rather sequences of approximant and vowel. There are many languages (such as Romanian) that contrast one or more rising diphthongs with similar sequences of a glide and a vowel in their phonetic inventory[10] (see semivowel for examples).

Closing, opening, and centering

Файл:Belgian Dutch diphthongs chart.svg
Vowel diagram illustrating closing diphthongs of Belgian Standard Dutch, from Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
Файл:Orsmaal-Gussenhoven Dutch centering diphthongs chart.svg
Vowel diagram illustrating centering diphthongs of the Dutch dialect of Orsmaal-Gussenhoven, from Шаблон:Harvcoltxt

In closing diphthongs, the second element is more close than the first (e.g. Шаблон:IPA); in opening diphthongs, the second element is more open (e.g. Шаблон:IPA). Closing diphthongs tend to be falling (Шаблон:IPA), and opening diphthongs are generally rising (Шаблон:IPA),[11] as open vowels are more sonorous and therefore tend to be more prominent. However, exceptions to this rule are not rare in the world's languages. In Finnish, for instance, the opening diphthongs Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA are true falling diphthongs, since they begin louder and with higher pitch and fall in prominence during the diphthong.

A third, rare type of diphthong that is neither opening nor closing is height-harmonic diphthongs, with both elements at the same vowel height.[12] These may have occurred in Old English:

A centering diphthong is one that begins with a more peripheral vowel and ends with a more central one, such as Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, and Шаблон:IPA in Received Pronunciation or Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA in Irish. Many centering diphthongs are also opening diphthongs (Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA).

Diphthongs may contrast in how far they open or close. For example, Samoan contrasts low-to-mid with low-to-high diphthongs:

Narrow and wide

Narrow diphthongs are the ones that end with a vowel which on a vowel chart is quite close to the one that begins the diphthong, for example Northern Dutch Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA. Wide diphthongs are the opposite – they require a greater tongue movement, and their offsets are farther away from their starting points on the vowel chart. Examples of wide diphthongs are RP/GA English Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA.

Length

Languages differ in the length of diphthongs, measured in terms of morae. In languages with phonemically short and long vowels, diphthongs typically behave like long vowels, and are pronounced with a similar length.Шаблон:Citation needed In languages with only one phonemic length for pure vowels, however, diphthongs may behave like pure vowels.Шаблон:Citation needed For example, in Icelandic, both monophthongs and diphthongs are pronounced long before single consonants and short before most consonant clusters.

Some languages contrast short and long diphthongs. In some languages, such as Old English, these behave like short and long vowels, occupying one and two morae, respectively. Languages that contrast three quantities in diphthongs are extremely rare, but not unheard of; Northern Sami is known to contrast long, short and "finally stressed" diphthongs, the last of which are distinguished by a long second element.Шаблон:Citation needed

Phonology

In some languages, diphthongs are single phonemes, while in others they are analyzed as sequences of two vowels, or of a vowel and a semivowel.

Sound changes

Certain sound changes relate to diphthongs and monophthongs. Vowel breaking or diphthongization is a vowel shift in which a monophthong becomes a diphthong. Monophthongization or smoothing is a vowel shift in which a diphthong becomes a monophthong.

Difference from semivowels and vowel sequences

While there are a number of similarities, diphthongs are not the same phonologically as a combination of a vowel and an approximant or glide. Most importantly, diphthongs are fully contained in the syllable nucleus[13][14] while a semivowel or glide is restricted to the syllable boundaries (either the onset or the coda). This often manifests itself phonetically by a greater degree of constriction,[15] but the phonetic distinction is not always clear.[16] The English word yes, for example, consists of a palatal glide followed by a monophthong rather than a rising diphthong. In addition, the segmental elements must be different in diphthongs Шаблон:IPA and so when it occurs in a language, it does not contrast with Шаблон:IPA. However, it is possible for languages to contrast Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA.[17]

Diphthongs are also distinct from sequences of simple vowels. The Bunaq language of Timor, for example, distinguishes Шаблон:IPA 'exit' from Шаблон:IPA 'be amused', Шаблон:IPA 'dance' from Шаблон:IPA 'stare at', and Шаблон:IPA 'choice' from Шаблон:IPA 'good'.[18]

Examples

Indo-European languages

English

Шаблон:See also

In words coming from Middle English, most cases of the Modern English diphthongs Шаблон:IPA originate from the Middle English long monophthongs Шаблон:IPA through the Great Vowel Shift, although some cases of Шаблон:IPA originate from the Middle English diphthongs Шаблон:IPA.

Standard English diphthongs
English
diaphoneme 		RP (British) Australian S.W. Irish North American
GenAm Canadian
low Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
loud Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA[t2 1] Шаблон:IPA
lout Шаблон:IPA[t2 2]
lied Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA[t2 3]
light Шаблон:IPA[t2 2]
lay Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
loin Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
loon Шаблон:IPA[t2 4] Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
lean Шаблон:IPA[t2 4] Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
leer Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
lair Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
lure Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA

Шаблон:Reflist

Dutch

Diphthongs of Dutch
Netherlandic[19] Belgian[20]
zeis, ijs Шаблон:IPA
ui Шаблон:IPA
zout, lauw Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
leeuw Шаблон:IPA
nieuw Шаблон:IPA
duw Шаблон:IPA
dooi Шаблон:IPA
saai Шаблон:IPA
loei Шаблон:IPA
beet[t1 1] Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
neus[t1 1] Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
boot[t1 1] Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA

Шаблон:Reflist

The dialect of Hamont (in Limburg) has five centring diphthongs and contrasts long and short forms of Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, and Шаблон:IPA.[21]

Afrikaans

The Afrikaans language has its origin in Dutch but differs in many significant ways, including the use of diphthongs in the place of several non-diphthong Dutch double vowels, or double-vowels being pronounced differently. Examples include:

  • ee as in leer
  • eu as in deur
  • ui as in buite
Diphthong phonemesШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
Starting point Ending point
Front Central Back
Closed Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA
Mid Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Open Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA
Example words for diphthongs
Phoneme IPA Orthography Gloss
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang 'son'
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang 'he'
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang 'to know'
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang 'house'
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang 'burlap'
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang 'bread'
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang 'cold'
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang 'many'

The long diphthongs (or 'double vowels') are phonemically sequences of a free vowel and a non-syllabic equivalent of Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA: Шаблон:IPA. Both Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA tend to be pronounced as Шаблон:IPA, but they are spelled differently: the former as Шаблон:Angbr, the latter as Шаблон:Angbr.Шаблон:Sfnp

In diminutives ending in Шаблон:IPA formed to monosyllabic nouns, the vowels Шаблон:IPA are realised as closing diphthongs Шаблон:IPA. In the same environment, the sequences Шаблон:IPA are realized as Шаблон:IPA, i.e. as closing diphthongs followed by palatal nasal.Шаблон:Sfnp

German

Standard German

Phonemic diphthongs in German:

In the varieties of German that vocalize the Шаблон:IPA in the syllable coda, other diphthongal combinations may occur. These are only phonetic diphthongs, not phonemic diphthongs, since the vocalic pronunciation Шаблон:IPA alternates with consonantal pronunciations of Шаблон:IPA if a vowel follows, cf. Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'you hear' – Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'I hear'. These phonetic diphthongs may be as follows:

Файл:German ɐ diphthongs chart - part 1.svg
German diphthongs ending in Шаблон:IPA (part 1), from Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
Файл:German ɐ diphthongs chart - part 2.svg
German diphthongs ending in Шаблон:IPA (part 2), from Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
Diphthong Example
Phonemically Phonetically IPA Orthography Translation
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPAШаблон:Ref Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang we
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPAШаблон:Ref Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang for
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPAШаблон:Ref Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang holiday
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang he/she/it becomes
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang dignity
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang I/he/she/it became
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPAШаблон:Ref Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang more
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPAШаблон:Ref Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang (you) hear!
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPAШаблон:Ref Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang gate/goal (in football)
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPAШаблон:Ref Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang bear
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang Erft
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang he/she/it dries
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang north
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPAШаблон:Ref Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang true
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang hard
Шаблон:NoteШаблон:Harvcoltxt notes that the length contrast is not very stable before non-prevocalic Шаблон:IPA[22] and that "Шаблон:Harvcoltxt, following the pronouncing dictionaries (Шаблон:Harvcoltxt, Шаблон:Harvcoltxt) judge the vowel in Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang to be long, while the vowel in Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang is supposed to be short. The factual basis of this presumed distinction seems very questionable."[22][23] He goes on stating that in his own dialect, there is no length difference in these words, and that judgements on vowel length in front of non-prevocalic Шаблон:IPA which is itself vocalized are problematic, in particular if Шаблон:IPA precedes.[22]
According to the 'lengthless' analysis, the aforementioned 'long' diphthongs are analyzed as Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA. This makes non-prevocalic Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA homophonous as Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA. Non-prevocalic Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA may also merge, but the vowel chart in Шаблон:Harvcoltxt shows that they have somewhat different starting points.
Шаблон:Harvcoltxt also states that "laxing of the vowel is predicted to take place in shortened vowels; it does indeed seem to go hand in hand with the vowel shortening in many cases."[22]
Bernese German

The diphthongs of some German dialects differ from standard German diphthongs. The Bernese German diphthongs, for instance, correspond rather to the Middle High German diphthongs than to standard German diphthongs:

Apart from these phonemic diphthongs, Bernese German has numerous phonetic diphthongs due to L-vocalization in the syllable coda, for instance the following ones:

Yiddish

Yiddish has three diphthongs:[24]

Diphthongs may reach a higher target position (towards Шаблон:IPA) in situations of coarticulatory phenomena or when words with such vowels are being emphasized.

Norwegian

There are five diphthongs in the Oslo dialect of Norwegian, all of them falling:

An additional diphthong, Шаблон:IPA, occurs only in the word hui in the expression i hui og hast "in great haste". The number and form of diphthongs vary between dialects.

Faroese

Diphthongs in Faroese are:

Icelandic

Diphthongs in Icelandic are the following:

Combinations of semivowel Шаблон:IPA and a vowel are the following:


French

In French, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA may be considered true diphthongs (that is, fully contained in the syllable nucleus: Шаблон:IPA). Other sequences are considered part of a glide formation process that turns a high vowel into a semivowel (and part of the syllable onset) when followed by another vowel.[25]

Diphthongs

Semivowels

Quebec French

Шаблон:Main In Quebec French, long vowels are generally diphthongized in informal speech when stressed.

Catalan

Catalan possesses a number of phonetic diphthongs, all of which begin (rising diphthongs) or end (falling diphthongs) in Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA.[26]

Catalan diphthongs
falling
Шаблон:IPA aigua 'water' Шаблон:IPA taula 'table'
Шаблон:IPA mainada 'children' Шаблон:IPA caurem 'we will fall'
Шаблон:IPA remei 'remedy' Шаблон:IPA peu 'foot'
Шаблон:IPA rei 'king' Шаблон:IPA seu 'his/her'
Шаблон:IPA niu 'nest'
Шаблон:IPA noi 'boy' Шаблон:IPA nou 'new'
Шаблон:IPA jou 'yoke'
Шаблон:IPA avui 'today' Шаблон:IPA duu 'he/she is carrying'
rising
Шаблон:IPA iaia 'grandma' Шаблон:IPA quatre 'four'
Шаблон:IPA veiem 'we see' Шаблон:IPA seqüència 'sequence'
Шаблон:IPA seient 'seat' Шаблон:IPA ungüent 'ointment'
Шаблон:IPA feia 'he/she was doing' Шаблон:IPA qüestió 'question'
Шаблон:IPA pingüí 'penguin'
Шаблон:IPA iode 'iodine' Шаблон:IPA quota 'payment'
Шаблон:IPA iogurt 'yoghurt'

In standard Eastern Catalan, rising diphthongs (that is, those starting with Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA) are possible only in the following contexts:[27]

There are also certain instances of compensatory diphthongization in the Majorcan dialect so that Шаблон:IPA ('logs') (in addition to deleting the palatal plosive) develops a compensating palatal glide and surfaces as Шаблон:IPA (and contrasts with the unpluralized Шаблон:IPA). Diphthongization compensates for the loss of the palatal stop (part of Catalan's segment loss compensation). There are other cases where diphthongization compensates for the loss of point of articulation features (property loss compensation) as in Шаблон:IPA ('year') vs Шаблон:IPA ('years').[30] The dialectal distribution of this compensatory diphthongization is almost entirely dependent on the dorsal plosive (whether it is velar or palatal) and the extent of consonant assimilation (whether or not it is extended to palatals).[31]

Portuguese

Шаблон:Main The Portuguese diphthongs are formed by the labio-velar approximant Шаблон:IPA and palatal approximant Шаблон:IPA with a vowel,[32] European Portuguese has 14 phonemic diphthongs (10 oral and 4 nasal),[33] all of which are falling diphthongs formed by a vowel and a nonsyllabic high vowel. Brazilian Portuguese has roughly the same amount, although the European and non-European dialects have slightly different pronunciations (Шаблон:IPA is a distinctive feature of some southern and central Portuguese dialects, especially that of Lisbon). A Шаблон:IPA onglide after Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA and before all vowels as in quando Шаблон:IPA ('when') or guarda Шаблон:IPA ('guard') may also form rising diphthongs and triphthongs. Additionally, in casual speech, adjacent heterosyllabic vowels may combine into diphthongs and triphthongs or even sequences of them.[34]

Falling diphthongs of Portuguese
oral
EP[33] BP EP BP
sai Шаблон:IPA mau Шаблон:IPA
sei Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA meu Шаблон:IPA
anéis Шаблон:IPA véu Шаблон:IPA
viu Шаблон:IPA
mói Шаблон:IPA
moita Шаблон:IPA dou Шаблон:IPA
fui Шаблон:IPA
nasal
mãe Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA mão Шаблон:IPA
cem Шаблон:IPA
anões Шаблон:IPA
muita Шаблон:IPA

In addition, phonetic diphthongs are formed in most Brazilian Portuguese dialects by the vocalization of Шаблон:IPA in the syllable coda with words like sol Шаблон:IPA ('sun') and sul Шаблон:IPA ('south') as well as by yodization of vowels preceding Шаблон:IPAslink or its allophone at syllable coda Шаблон:IPA in terms like arroz Шаблон:IPA ('rice'),[34] and Шаблон:IPAslink (or Шаблон:IPA) in terms such as paz mundial Шаблон:IPA ('world peace') and dez anos Шаблон:IPA ('ten years').

Spanish

Phonetically, Spanish has seven falling diphthongs and eight rising diphthongs. In addition, during fast speech, sequences of vowels in hiatus become diphthongs wherein one becomes non-syllabic (unless they are the same vowel, in which case they fuse together) as in poeta Шаблон:IPA ('poet'), almohada Шаблон:IPA ('pillow'), maestro Шаблон:IPA ('teacher') and línea Шаблон:IPA ('line'). The Spanish diphthongs are:[35][36]

Spanish diphthongs
falling
Шаблон:IPA aire 'air' Шаблон:IPA pausa 'pause'
Шаблон:IPA rey 'king' Шаблон:IPA neutro 'neutral'
Шаблон:IPA hoy 'today' Шаблон:IPA bou 'seine fishing'
Шаблон:IPA muy 'very'
rising
Шаблон:IPA hacia 'towards' Шаблон:IPA cuadro 'picture'
Шаблон:IPA tierra 'earth' Шаблон:IPA fuego 'fire'
Шаблон:IPA fuimos 'we went'
Шаблон:IPA radio 'radio' Шаблон:IPA cuota 'quota'
Шаблон:IPA viuda 'widow'

Italian

The existence of true diphthongs in Italian is debated; however, a list is:[37]

Italian diphthongs
falling
Шаблон:IPA baita 'mountain hut' Шаблон:IPA auto 'car'
Шаблон:IPA potei 'I could' (past tense) Шаблон:IPA pleurite 'pleurisy'
Шаблон:IPA sei 'six' Шаблон:IPA neutro 'neuter'
Шаблон:IPA poi 'later'
Шаблон:IPA voi 'you' (pl.)
Шаблон:IPA lui 'he'
rising
Шаблон:IPA chiave 'key' Шаблон:IPA guado 'ford'
Шаблон:IPA pieno 'full' Шаблон:IPA quercia 'oak'
Шаблон:IPA soffietto 'bellows' Шаблон:IPA quello 'that'
Шаблон:IPA guida 'guide'
Шаблон:IPA chiodo 'nail' Шаблон:IPA quota 'quota'
Шаблон:IPA fiore 'flower' Шаблон:IPA acquoso 'watery'
Шаблон:IPA piuma 'feather'

The second table includes only 'false' diphthongs, composed of a semivowel + a vowel, not two vowels. The situation is more nuanced in the first table: a word such as 'baita' is actually pronounced ['baj.ta] and most speakers would syllabify it that way. A word such as 'voi' would instead be pronounced and syllabified as ['vo.i], yet again without a diphthong.

In general, unstressed Шаблон:IPA in hiatus can turn into glides in more rapid speech (e.g. biennale Шаблон:IPA 'biennial'; coalizione Шаблон:IPA 'coalition') with the process occurring more readily in syllables further from stress.[38]

Romanian

Шаблон:Main Romanian has two true diphthongs: Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA. There are, however, a host of other vowel combinations (more than any other major Romance language) which are classified as vowel glides. As a result of their origin (diphthongization of mid vowels under stress), the two true diphthongs appear only in stressed syllables[39] and make morphological alternations with the mid vowels Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA. To native speakers, they sound very similar to Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA respectively.[40] There are no perfect minimal pairs to contrast Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA,[10] and because Шаблон:IPA does not appear in the final syllable of a prosodic word, there are no monosyllabic words with Шаблон:IPA; exceptions might include voal ('veil') and trotuar ('sidewalk'), though Ioana Chițoran argues[41] that these are best treated as containing glide-vowel sequences rather than diphthongs. In addition to these, the semivowels Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA can be combined (either before, after, or both) with most vowels, while this arguably[42] forms additional diphthongs and triphthongs, only Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA can follow an obstruent-liquid cluster such as in broască ('frog') and dreagă ('to mend'),[43] implying that Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA are restricted to the syllable boundary and therefore, strictly speaking, do not form diphthongs.


Irish

All Irish diphthongs are falling.

Scottish Gaelic

There are 9 diphthongs in Scottish Gaelic. Group 1 occur anywhere (eu is usually [eː] before -m, e.g. Seumas). Group 2 are reflexes that occur before -ll, -m, -nn, -bh, -dh, -gh and -mh.

Spellings Examples
1 Шаблон:IPA ia iarr "ask"
Шаблон:IPA ua fuar "cold"
Шаблон:IPA eu beul "mouth"
2 Шаблон:IPA ai saill "grease", cainnt "speech", aimhreit "riot"
Шаблон:IPA ei seinn "sing"
Шаблон:IPA oi, ei, ai loinn "badge", greim "bite", saighdear "soldier"
Шаблон:IPA ui, aoi druim "back", aoibhneas "joy"
Шаблон:IPA a, ea cam "crooked", ceann "head"
Шаблон:IPA o tom "mound", donn "brown"

For more detailed explanations of Gaelic diphthongs see Scottish Gaelic orthography.

Cornish

The following diphthongs are used in the Standard Written Form of Cornish. Each diphthong is given with its Revived Middle Cornish (RMC) and Revived Late Cornish (RLC) pronunciation.

Graph RMC RLC Example
aw Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA glaw "rain"
ay Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA bay "kiss"
ew Шаблон:IPA blew "hair"
ey Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA bleydh "wolf"
iw Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA liw "colour"
ow Шаблон:IPA lowen "happy"
oy Шаблон:IPA moy "more"
uw Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA duw "god"
yw Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA byw "alive"

Welsh

Welsh is traditionally divided into Northern and Southern dialects. In the north, some diphthongs may be short or long according to regular vowel length rules but in the south they are always short (see Welsh phonology). Southern dialects tend to simplify diphthongs in speech (e.g. gwaith Шаблон:IPA is reduced to Шаблон:IPA).

Grapheme North South Example
ae Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA maen 'stone'
ai Шаблон:IPA gwaith 'work'
au† Шаблон:IPA haul 'sun'
aw Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA mawr 'big'
ei Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA gweithio 'to work'
eu Шаблон:IPA treulio 'spend'
ey teyrn 'tyrant'
ew Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA tew 'fat'
oe Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA moel 'bald'
ou cyffrous 'excited'
oi Шаблон:IPA troi 'turn'
ow Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA brown 'brown'
wy Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA pwyll 'sense'
iw Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA lliw 'colour'
uw Шаблон:IPA duw 'god'
yw llyw 'rudder'
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA tywydd 'weather'
† The plural ending -au is reduced to /a/ in the north and /e/ in the south, e.g. cadau 'battles' is /ˈkada/ (north) or /ˈkade/ (south).


Czech

There are three diphthongs in Czech:

The vowel groups ia, ie, ii, io, and iu in foreign words are not regarded as diphthongs, they are pronounced with Шаблон:IPA between the vowels Шаблон:IPA.

Serbo-Croatian

may be pronounced as a diphthong, but also as Шаблон:IPA in hiatus or separated by a semivowel, Шаблон:IPA. For example, in the first line of the national anthem of Croatia, Lijepa naša domovina, ije is pronounced as a diphthong, but in the first line of the national anthem of Montenegro, Oj, svijetla majska zoro, ije is pronounced as two syllables.

Some Serbo-Croatian dialects also have uo, as in Шаблон:Lang[45] whereas, in Standard Croatian and Serbian, these words are konj, rod, on.

Uralic languages

Estonian

Шаблон:Main

All nine vowels can appear as the first component of an Estonian diphthong, but only Шаблон:IPA occur as the second component.

Common Estonian diphthongs
Шаблон:IPA aed
"fence, garden"		 Шаблон:IPA lai
"wide"		 Шаблон:IPA kaotama
"to lose"		 Шаблон:IPA laud
"table"
Шаблон:IPA teadma
"to know"		 Шаблон:IPA leib
"bread"		 Шаблон:IPA teostus
"accomplishment"		 Шаблон:IPA kiuste
"in spite of"
Шаблон:IPA toa
"room"
(s. possessive)		 Шаблон:IPA koer
"dog"		 Шаблон:IPA toit
"food"
Шаблон:IPA kui
"when, if"
Шаблон:IPA lõa
"tether"
(s. possessive)		 Шаблон:IPA nõel
"needle"		 Шаблон:IPA õige
"right, correct"		 Шаблон:IPA tõotus
"promise"		 Шаблон:IPA lõug
"chin"
Шаблон:IPA päev
"day"		 Шаблон:IPA täis
"full"		 Шаблон:IPA näo
"face" (s. possessive)		 Шаблон:IPA näuguma
"to meow"
Шаблон:IPA söed
"coals"		 Шаблон:IPA köis
"rope"

There are additional diphthongs less commonly used, such as Шаблон:IPA in Euroopa (Europe), Шаблон:IPA in söandama (to dare), and Шаблон:IPA in näuguma (to mew).

Finnish

Шаблон:Main All Finnish diphthongs are falling. Notably, Finnish has true opening diphthongs (e.g. Шаблон:IPA), which are not very common crosslinguistically compared to centering diphthongs (e.g. Шаблон:IPA in English). Vowel combinations across syllables may in practice be pronounced as diphthongs, when an intervening consonant has elided, as in näön Шаблон:IPA instead of Шаблон:IPA for the genitive of näkö ('sight').

closing
close
opening

Northern Sami

The diphthong system in Northern Sami varies considerably from one dialect to another. The Western Finnmark dialects distinguish four different qualities of opening diphthongs:

In terms of quantity, Northern Sami shows a three-way contrast between long, short and finally stressed diphthongs. The last are distinguished from long and short diphthongs by a markedly long and stressed second component. Diphthong quantity is not indicated in spelling.

Semitic languages

Maltese

Maltese has seven falling diphthongs, though they may be considered VC sequences phonemically.[46]

Sino-Tibetan languages

Mandarin Chinese

Rising sequences in Mandarin are usually regarded as a combination of a medial semivowel (Шаблон:IPA) plus a vowel, while falling sequences are regarded as one diphthong.

Cantonese

Cantonese has eleven diphthongs.

Tai–Kadai languages

Thai

In addition to vowel nuclei following or preceding Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, Thai has three diphthongs:[47]

Mon-Khmer languages

Vietnamese

In addition to vowel nuclei following or preceding /j/ and /w/, Vietnamese has three diphthongs:

Khmer

Khmer language has rich vocalics with an extra distinction of long and short register to the vowels and diphthongs.

Bantu languages

Zulu

Zulu has only monophthongs. Y and w are semi-vowels:

Austronesian languages

Indonesian

Indonesian has four diphthongs which may be located at the beginning, middle or end of a word.[48] They are:

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite dictionary
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite Merriam-Webster
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Used e.g. by Шаблон:Citation The author states that the Afrikaans diphthongs Шаблон:IPA can be transcribed Шаблон:IPA.
  6. ↑ Used e.g. by Шаблон:Citation. The author transcribes the diphthongs Шаблон:Angbr as Шаблон:IPA. However, on page 36, he admits that phonetically, Шаблон:IPA are more precise symbols.
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite conference The authors contrast Шаблон:Angbr IPA from Шаблон:Angbr IPA from Шаблон:Angbr IPA.
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 22,2 22,3 Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  23. ↑ Also supported by Шаблон:Harvcoltxt.
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  28. ↑ e.g. Шаблон:Harvcoltxt, Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  33. ↑ 33,0 33,1 Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  34. ↑ 34,0 34,1 Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  42. ↑ See Шаблон:Harvcoltxt for a brief overview of the views regarding Romanian semivowels
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  45. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  46. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  47. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  48. ↑ Minister of Education and Culture Decree No: 50/2015, Jakarta, 2015.


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