Английская Википедия:Dirck Jansz Graeff

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Dirck Jansz Graeff, also Diederik Jansz Graeff, Lord of the manors Valckeveen and Vredenhof (Amsterdam 1532[1] – 27 July 1589), was a patrician, wholesaler, shipowner, politician and large landowner. He became an important figure of the Protestant Reformation, member of the Reformed Church, supporter of the Geuzen and the Protestant-minded community of wholesale merchants, and a confidant of William I of Orange (William the Silent).[2] Graeff was the founder of a regent dynasty of the Dutch Golden Age[3] and the short time of the First Stadtholderless Period that retained power and influence for centuries and produced a number of ministers. He was the first Burgomaster of Amsterdam from the De Graeff family.[4]

Family De Graeff

Файл:Descendants of Knight Andries Boelens (1455-1519).jpg
Overview of the personal family relationships of the Amsterdam oligarchy between the regent-dynasties Boelens Loen, De Graeff, Bicker (van Swieten), Witsen and Johan de Witt in the Dutch Golden Age

Dirck Jansz Graeffs was the first illustrious member of the De Graeff family. His parents were Jan Pietersz Graeff, a cloth wholesaler and advisor of Amsterdam, and Stein Braseman.[5] His older brother was Lenaert Jansz de Graeff, an important figure of the Protestant Reformation in Amsterdam and privateer and leading captain of the Sea Beggars in the Capture of Brielle.

During the Dutch Golden Age, the De Graeff family were very critical of the Orange family's influence in the Netherlands. Together with the Republican-minded family Bicker, the De Graeffs strived for the abolition of stadtholdership. They desired the full sovereignty of the individual regions in which the Republic of the United Seven Netherlands were not ruled by a single person. Instead of a sovereign (or stadtholder) the political and military power was lodged with the States General and with the regents of the cities in Holland.[6]

Coat of arms

The coat of arms of Dirck Jansz Graeff is divided and shows the following symbols:

  • field I (left above) shows the silver shovel on red of their paternal ancestors, the Herren von Graben
  • field II (right above) shows the silver swan on blue (Waterland) of their maternal ancestors, the De Grebber.

After he has bought the estate Valckeveen (Valkenburg) in Gooiland his coat of arms shows in field II a white falcon on silver instead of the swan.

  • helmet covers in red and silver
  • helm adornment shows an upright silver spade with ostrich feathers (Herren von Graben)

Marriage and children

Dirck was first married to Agnies Pietresdr van Neck, daughter of Pieter van Neck.[2] They had the following children:

Afterwards he married to Teuwt Jansdr Cat, daughter of Jan Claesz Cat, burgomaster of Amsterdam. The couple had no progeny.[2]

Life and work

Файл:Armstoel, Willem van Oranje, Diederik Jansz Graeff.jpg
The armchair on which William I of Orange, "the Silent" sat when visiting Dirck Jansz Graeff at his house in 1567/1568 (?) and 1580

Dirck Jansz Graeff was a merchant, he bought and sold steel at his house De Keyser in a street, now called Damrak. Like his brothers Jan, Lenaert and Jacob, Dirck was one of the richest inhabitants of Amsterdam. In 1564 he was a member of a delegation who spoke with the Spanish Regent Margaret of Parma about the political situation in Amsterdam and the province Holland. In 1567 he was against Charles de Brimeus entry in Amsterdam.[11] In March of that year, backed by the brothers De Graeff and a large part of the bourgeoisie Henry, Count of Bréderode became the Generalcaptain of the city.

In 1566, the Protestant-minded community of patrician and wholesale merchants around Graeff, Jan Jacobsz Bal Huydecoper van Wieringen, Jacobsz Reael, Adriaan Pauw and Cornelis Hooft took over the social leadership within the city of Amsterdam in order to hold it in a political sense after the Alteratie of Amsterdam in 1578.[12] Graeff continued to enjoy the friendship of William I of Orange, known as William the Silent,[2] whose political motives and goals regarding detachment from Spain and religious freedom he also enjoyed.[13] When the prince paid him a visit in his Amsterdam town house “De Keyser” in the crisis year of 1567, the two discussed the issues of the city and the country.[2] The armchair which was used by Prince William at another visit at Graeffs house was now part of the collection of the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. This hooded chair is a unique example of an item of formal furniture from the estate of a late 16th-century Amsterdam burgomaster. Attached to the back of this armchair is a copper plate with the words from Pieter de Graeff "Willem the First, Prince of Orange, set in this chair in 1568 when he stayed with my great-grandfather, Burgomaster Dirk Jansz de Graeff, who then lived in a house called De Keijser by the water."[14]

Файл:Vredenhof.jpg
Country estate Vredenhof

In Graeff's house, treaties between the leading Catholics and the Geuzen were also made at this.[15] In 1568 the four burgomasters of Amsterdam and the representatives of the religious groups signed a contract there too.[16] In 1568 Graeff belonged to the leading Reformed people. However, since Graeff also conducted many other political consultations, the danger from the Spanish was increasing for him. But it took a long time before he could decide to leave his hometown.[2] In 1572 he had to led to Emden at the arrival of the Duke of Alba.[17] In 1576 he came to Utrecht, and worked together with Pieter Pietersz Bicker as a delegate of the Dutch States-General in Hamburg and Bremen, where they were able to take out a loan of 600,000 guilders for the Dutch government.[8] He then spent some time in Hoorn, only to return to his hometown in 1578 - after the "Alteratie van Amsterdam".[18] In the same year, Graeff was appointed Amsterdam's first new burgomaster, also at the request of his friend William of Orange.[2] He also was made councillor of the city, a position which he held until his death in 1589.[19] In the same year, Graeff once again hosted Wilhelm von Orange in his house "De Keyser".

Dirck Jansz Graeff was also a wealthy shipowner who was involved in running over 100 merchant ships, using which he traded mainly with Portugal.[8] In the years 1584/1585 he was the richest resident of Amsterdam with a fortune of 140,000 guilders.[20] He invested his fortune in buying a large country estate called Vredenhof near Voorschoten. He also owned an estate in Gooiland which he named Valkeveen (later the Valckenburg estate) in honor of his[21] Together with Jan Jacobsz Bal Huydecoper van Wieringen, Frans Hendricksz Oetgens van Waveren and Hendrick Hudde, Graeff was considered the largest landowner among the Amsterdam patriciate.[22]

Dircks tomb chapel is located in the Oude Kerk at Amsterdam.[23]

Trivia

Dirck Jansz Graeff play a rol in the historic roman Krone der Welt by Sabine Weiß.[24]

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

Literature

  • Graeff, P. De (P. de Graeff Gerritsz en Dirk de Graeff van Polsbroek) Genealogie van de familie De Graeff van Polsbroek (Amsterdam, 1882)
  • Bruijn, J. H. De Genealogie van het geslacht De Graeff van Polsbroek 1529/1827
  • Brugmans, Hajo Geschiedenis van Amsterdam (1973)

External links

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  1. ↑ Nederland's Adelsboek (1993), deel 83, p 429
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 Biography of Dirk Jansz Graeff at Biographisch woordenboek der Nederlanden. Deel 7 (1862)
  3. ↑ Israel, J. (1995) The Dutch Republic, Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477-1806, p. 159./
  4. ↑ Biographie of Dirk Jansz Graeff in the DBNL
  5. ↑ Stamboom Ocken » Dirck Janzn GraeffШаблон:Dead link
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ "De wapens van de magistraten der stad Amsterdam sedert 1306 tot 1672", Band 1, S. 94. Von Pieter Anthony Johan van den Brandeler
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 Biography of Dirk Jansz Graeffs at Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek. Deel 2 (1912)
  9. ↑ https://www.ancestry.com/family-tree/person/tree/182499265/person/252377286465/facts/ Шаблон:User-generated source
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Lenaert Jansz de Graeff's biography on DBNL
  12. ↑ Benjamin Roberts: Through the keyhole: Dutch child-rearing practices in the 17th and 18th century. Uitgeverij Verloren, Hilversum 1998, ISBN 90-6550-586-5, p 51 (Шаблон:Google books).
  13. ↑ Jakob van Lennep: De werken van Vondel. 3. book, Amsterdam 1857, p 467 (Шаблон:Google books).
  14. ↑ "Unknown Cabinetmarker, Netherlandish"
  15. ↑ Kroniek van de Historisch Genootschap. Bände 11–12. Kemink, Utrecht 1855, p 139 (Шаблон:Google books).
  16. ↑ Kroniek van de Historisch Genootschap. Bände 11–12. Kemink, Utrecht 1855, p 135 (Шаблон:Google books).
  17. ↑ S.A.C. Dudok van Heel-Van Amsterdamse burgers tot Europese aristocraten, Band 22008, p 974
  18. ↑ Het Huis te Ilpendam en deszelfs voornaamste Bezitters.
  19. ↑ Nederland's adelsboek 1914 (De Graeff, p 14)
  20. ↑ I.H. Eeghen: De restauratie van Herengracht 77. In: Maandblad Genootschap Amstelodamum (1968) p 235.
  21. ↑ Heraldieke bibliotheek: tijdschrift voor wapen-, geslacht-, zegel ..., books 1-2, p 200
  22. ↑ Clé Lesger: Handel in Amsterdam ten tijde van de Opstand: kooplieden, commerciële … Uitgeverij Verloren, Hilversum 2001, ISBN 90-6550-686-1, S. 171 (Шаблон:Google books).
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ Krone der Welt by Sabine Weiß
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