Английская Википедия:Direct-administered municipality
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:More citations needed Шаблон:Infobox subdivision type Шаблон:Administrative levels and divisions of China sidebar
A direct-administered municipality (Шаблон:Zh; commonly known as municipality)[1] is a city in China directly governed by the Central People's Government (State Council) and not part of a province. There are four municipalities in China: Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing.
Although being as a city by name, a municipality is more than city in a traditional sense. It is usually composed of a central urban area and a number of much larger surrounding suburban and rural areas.
History
During the Republic of China, the first municipalities were the 11 cities of Nanjing, Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin, Qingdao, Chongqing, Xi'an, Guangzhou, Hankou (now part of Wuhan), Shenyang, and Harbin under the Republic of China. They were established in 1927 soon after they were designated as "cities" during the 1920s. Nominally, Dalian was a municipality as well, although it was under Japanese control. These cities were first called special municipalities/cities (Шаблон:Zh), but were later renamed Yuan-controlled municipalities (Шаблон:Zh), then direct-controlled municipalities (Шаблон:Zh) by the Central Government of the People's Republic of China.
After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Anshan, Benxi, and Fushun were also made municipalities, while Qingdao, Dalian, and Harbin were reduced to provincial municipalities.[2] Hankou was merged into Wuhan, which became a municipality of its own. Hence, there remained 12 municipalities. In November 1952, Nanjing was reduced to a provincial municipality in Jiangsu.[3] In March 1953, Lüda, which had resulted from the merger of Dalian and Lüshun in December 1950, was made a municipality. In July 1953, Harbin was restored to municipality status, whereas Changchun acquired that status for the first time.[4] Except Beijing and Tianjin, which were under central control, all other municipalities were governed by the greater administrative areas.
In June 1954, 11 of the 14 municipalities were reduced to sub-provincial cities; many of them became capitals of the provinces they were in. Only Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin remained municipalities, until Chongqing was restored as a municipality in 1997 with a much enlarged area. Tianjin was also temporarily reverted to sub-provincial city status between 1958 and 1967.Шаблон:Cn
Position in hierarchy
Municipalities are the highest-ranked cities in the PRC. Some cities of lower levels may also refer to themselves as municipalities in the English language.
Three levels of cities in the People's Republic of China:
- Municipalities (Шаблон:Zh);
- Prefecture-level cities (Шаблон:Zh), including sub-provincial cities; and,
- County-level cities (Шаблон:Zh), including sub-prefectural cities.
Administration
In municipalities, the highest ranking government official is the mayor. The mayor is also a delegate in the National People's Congress (the legislature)[5] and deputy secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Municipal Committee. However, the highest administrative authority in the municipality belongs to the Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary.
Current municipalities
Government
| Name | Executive | Legislature | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Government | CCP Party Chief | Mayor | City Council | No. of seats | |
| Beijing | Beijing Municipal People's Government | Yin Li | Yin Yong | Beijing Municipal People's Congress | 755 |
| Tianjin | Tianjin Municipal People's Government | Chen Min'er | Zhang Gong | Tianjin Municipal People's Congress | 706 |
| Shanghai | Shanghai Municipal People's Government | Chen Jining | Gong Zheng | Shanghai Municipal People's Congress | 855 |
| Chongqing | Chongqing Municipal People's Government | Yuan Jiajun | Hu Henghua | Chongqing Municipal People's Congress | 860 |
Former ROC and PRC municipalities
See also
- Independent city
- Federal city
- Federal cities of Russia — similar systems
- Imperial immediacy
References
External links
Шаблон:- Шаблон:Province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China Шаблон:Administrative divisions of Taiwan navbar Шаблон:Articles on first-level administrative divisions of Asian countries
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite webШаблон:Dead link
- ↑ ISO 3166-2:CN (ISO 3166-2 codes for the provinces of China)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
