Английская Википедия:Divided government in the United States
Шаблон:Short description In the United States, divided government describes a situation in which one party controls the White House (executive branch), while another party controls one or both houses of the United States Congress (legislative branch). Divided government is seen by different groups as a benefit or as an undesirable product of the model of governance used in the U.S. political system. Under said model, known as the separation of powers, the state is divided into different branches. Each branch has separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with the powers associated with the others. The degree to which the president of the United States has control of Congress often determines their political strength, such as the ability to pass sponsored legislation, ratify treaties, and have Cabinet members and judges approved. Early in the 19th century, divided government was rare but since the 1970s it has become increasingly common.
The model can be contrasted with the fusion of powers in a parliamentary system where the executive and legislature (and sometimes parts of the judiciary) are unified. Those in favor of divided government believe that such separations encourage more policing of those in power by the opposition, as well as limiting spending and the expansion of undesirable laws.[1] Opponents, however, argue that divided governments become lethargic, leading to many gridlocks. In the late 1980s, Terry M. Moe, a professor of political science at Stanford University, examined the issue.[2] He concluded that divided governments lead to compromise which can be seen as beneficial, but he also noticed that divided governments subvert performance and politicize the decisions of executive agencies. Additionally, further research has shown that during divided governments, legislatures will pass laws with sunset provisions in order to achieve a political consensus.[3]
Party control of legislative and executive branches
Шаблон:More citations needed section
List
Key
- D denotes the Democratic Party, R denotes the Republican Party.
- Bold indicates a divided government.
Presidential impact
Many presidents' elections produced what is known as a coattail effect, in which the success of a presidential candidate also leads to electoral success for other members of their party. In fact, all newly elected presidents except Zachary Taylor, Richard Nixon, and George H. W. Bush were accompanied by control of at least one house of Congress.
Presidents by congressional control and terms
Most columns are in numbers of years.
| No. | President | President's party | Elections won | Years served | Senate with | Senate opposed | House with | House opposed | Congress with | Congress divided | Congress opposed | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | George Washington | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/None colspan="2"| None | 2 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | |||
| 2 | John Adams | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Federalist colspan="2"| Federalist | 1 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 3 | Thomas Jefferson | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican colspan="2"| Democratic-Republican | 2 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 4 | James Madison | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican colspan="2"| Democratic-Republican | 2 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 5 | James Monroe | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican colspan="2"| Democratic-Republican | 2 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 6 | John Quincy Adams | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic-Republican | Democratic-Republican | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/National Republican | National-Republican | 1 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | ||
| 7 | Andrew Jackson | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic colspan="2"| Democratic | 2 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 8 | 0 | 6 | 2 | 0 | |||
| 8 | Martin Van Buren | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic colspan="2"| Democratic | 1 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 9 | William Harrison | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Whig colspan="2"| Whig | 1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 10 | John Tyler | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Whig | Whig | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Independent | Independent | 0 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 0 | 1.9 | 2 | 1.9 | 2 | 0 | ||
| 11 | James Polk | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic colspan="2"| Democratic | 1 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | |||
| 12 | Zachary Taylor | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Whig colspan="2"| Whig | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |||
| 13 | Millard Fillmore | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Whig colspan="2"| Whig | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | |||
| 14 | Franklin Pierce | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic colspan="2"| Democratic | 1 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | |||
| 15 | James Buchanan | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic colspan="2"| Democratic | 1 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | |||
| 16 | Abraham Lincoln | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Republican | Republican | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/National Union | National Union | 2 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 0 | 4.1 | 0 | 4.1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| 17 | Andrew Johnson | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/National Union | National Union | 0 | 3.9 | 0 | 3.9 | 0 | 3.9 | 0 | 0 | 3.9 | ||
| 18 | Ulysses Grant | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Republican colspan="2"| Republican | 2 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 0 | |||
| 19 | Rutherford Hayes | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Republican colspan="2"| Republican | 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 2 | |||
| 20 | James Garfield | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Republican colspan="2"| Republican | 1 | 0.5 | 0Шаблон:Efn | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 0 | |||
| 21 | Chester Arthur | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Republican colspan="2"| Republican | 0 | 3.5 | 3.5Шаблон:Efn | 0 | 1.5 | 2 | 1.5 | 2 | 0 | |||
| 22 | Grover Cleveland | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic colspan="2"| Democratic | 1 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | |||
| 23 | Benjamin Harrison | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Republican colspan="2"| Republican | 1 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | |||
| 24 | Grover Cleveland | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic colspan="2"| Democratic | 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | |||
| 25 | William McKinley | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Republican colspan="2"| Republican | 2 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 0 | 4.5 | 0 | 4.5 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 26 | Theodore Roosevelt | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Republican colspan="2"| Republican | 1 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 0 | 7.5 | 0 | 7.5 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 27 | William Taft | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Republican colspan="2"| Republican | 1 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | |||
| 28 | Woodrow Wilson | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic colspan="2"| Democratic | 2 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 6Шаблон:Efn | 2 | 6 | 0 | 2 | |||
| 29 | Warren Harding | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Republican colspan="2"| Republican | 1 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 0 | 2.4 | 0 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 30 | Calvin Coolidge | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Republican colspan="2"| Republican | 1 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 0 | 5.6 | 0 | 5.6 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 31 | Herbert Hoover | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Republican colspan="2"| Republican | 1 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | |||
| 32 | Franklin Roosevelt | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic colspan="2"| Democratic | 4 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 0 | 12.2 | 0 | 12.2 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 33 | Harry Truman | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic colspan="2"| Democratic | 1 | 7.8 | 5.8 | 2 | 5.8 | 2 | 5.8 | 0 | 2 | |||
| 34 | Dwight Eisenhower | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Republican colspan="2"| Republican | 2 | 8 | 2Шаблон:Efn | 6 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 6 | |||
| 35 | John Kennedy | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic colspan="2"| Democratic | 1 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 0 | 2.8 | 0 | 2.8 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 36 | Lyndon Johnson | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic colspan="2"| Democratic | 1 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 0 | 5.2 | 0 | 5.2 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 37 | Richard Nixon | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Republican colspan="2"| Republican | 2 | 5.6 | 0 | 5.6 | 0 | 5.6 | 0 | 0 | 5.6 | |||
| 38 | Gerald Ford | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Republican colspan="2"| Republican | 0 | 2.4 | 0 | 2.4 | 0 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 | 2.4 | |||
| 39 | Jimmy Carter | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic colspan="2"| Democratic | 1 | 4 | 4Шаблон:Efn | 0Шаблон:Efn | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 40 | Ronald Reagan | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Republican colspan="2"| Republican | 2 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 6 | 2 | |||
| 41 | George H. W. Bush | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Republican colspan="2"| Republican | 1 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | |||
| 42 | Bill Clinton | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic colspan="2"| Democratic | 2 | 8 | 2Шаблон:Efn | 6 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 6 | |||
| 43 | George W. Bush | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Republican colspan="2"| Republican | 2 | 8 | 4.5Шаблон:Efn | 3.5Шаблон:Efn | 6 | 2 | 4.5 | 1.5 | 2 | |||
| 44 | Barack Obama | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic colspan="2"| Democratic | 2 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 2 | |||
| 45 | Donald Trump | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Republican colspan="2"| Republican | 1 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | |||
| 46 | Joe Biden | nowrap Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic colspan="2" | Democratic | 1 | 3 | 3Шаблон:Efn | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | |||
| No. | President | President's party | Elections won | Years served | Senate with | Senate opposed | House with | House opposed | Congress with | Congress divided | Congress opposed | |||
See also
- Divided government
- Government trifectas in the United States
- Party divisions of United States Congresses
- Political party strength in U.S. states
Notes
References
Further reading
- Ansolabehere, S., Palmer, M., & Schneer, B. (2018). Divided Government and Significant Legislation: A History of Congress from 1789 to 2010. Social Science History, 42(1), 81-108.
- Morris Fiorina, Divided Government, 1996.
- David R. Mayhew, Divided We Govern, 1991.
Шаблон:Lists of US Presidents and Vice Presidents Шаблон:United States Congress
