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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use Philippine English Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Infobox college

The Divine Word College of San Jose is a private, Catholic, coeducational basic and higher education institution run by the Philippine Central Province of the Society of the Divine Word or SVD in San Jose, Occidental Mindoro, Philippines. It holds the distinction of being the first and oldest educational institution in Mindoro island, even predating the island-province's separation in 1950 into two provinces[1] by five years.[2]Шаблон:Sfn

Established as Southern Mindoro Academy[3]Шаблон:Sfn in the middle of 1945 by Gabriel Fabrero Fabella,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Snf a lawyer and prominent historian, it offered secondary education which became exclusive to boys upon its incorporation into the Society of Divine Word (SVD) in 1960. It was renamed to Divine Word Academy a year after its acquisition by the SVD, then rechristened to Divine Word College in 1966,[3] and has since offered complete academic courses from basic to tertiary education and postgraduate and vocational programs. Its patron saints are St. Arnold Janssen, the founder of the Society of the Divine Word, and St. Joseph Freinademetz, a missionary priest in China.

History

Шаблон:Multiple image In 1945, when World War II just ended, a visionary man from Romblon, Atty. Gabriel F. Fabella, a history professor at the University of the Philippines, came to San Jose. Together with his newfound friends, he envisioned the opening of a school to provide a private secondary education in San Jose.Шаблон:Sfn

On August 8, 1945, Southern Mindoro Academy was born as a non-sectarian high school and had its opening of classes on the same day in Central with 30 freshmen and 8 sophomores. The original incorporators of SMA were Gabriel Fabella, Raul Leuterio, Isabelo Abeleda, Sr., Cipriano Liboro and Cosme Tria.Шаблон:Sfn

The following year, in 1946, the Americans constructed an airstrip in San Jose Pandurucan and the people started to transfer to San Jose. Likewise, the owners of SMA decided to transfer the said school to San Jose and bought a portion of the land owned by the Soldevillas where the present school is now located.

SMA operated for 15 years. In 1960, due to financial constraints, the owners of SMA decided to sell it. Mr. Mena R. Quinto was instrumental in the SVD's acquisition of SMA. Rev. Fr. Carlos Brendel, the SVD representative and the parish priest of San Jose Pandurucan, bought SMA. Thus, in May in this same year the SVDs became the new owners of SMA. Still using the name SMA, the secondary department became an exclusive school for boys where St. Joseph became an exclusive school for girls.

Since then, additional undergraduate courses were offered by the school and eventually it got the government recognition for the following courses: Diploma in Junior Secretarial (1978), Bachelor of Science in Accountancy (1993), two-year Computer Secretarial Courses (1997), two-year Association in Computer Science (1997), Bachelor of Science in Computer Science (2001).

In the graduate level, DWCSJ started to offer Master of Arts in Education Major in Administration and Supervision as an extension of the Divine Word College of Calapan. Later, the school offered Master of Business Administration also as an extension of DWCC.

On June 29, 1993, government recognition to operate MBA independent of DWCC was obtained. Likewise, on March 15, 1995, government recognition to offer MA in Education independent of DWCC was granted.

In the same year, 1995, the school started to offer three levels of pre-elementary courses: Nursery, Kindergarten, and Preparatory.

Further, starting school year 2000-2001 several academic programs were simultaneously offered by DWCSJ; the AB in Communication, Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management (BSHRM) and Bachelor of Science in Tourism (BST). In the school year 2005-2006, the Bachelor of Science in Nursing was also offered. And Bachelor of Science in Accounting Technology (BSAct) and Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (BSIT) were offered in the school year 2009-2010.

The school shifted to online distance learning at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 to mitigate the rising number of infected patients in the region.Шаблон:Sfn[4]

Academic profile

Continuing Professional Development

Divine Word College of San Jose is an accredited "Continuing Professional Development (CPD) Provider for Professional Teachers" granted by the Professional Regulation Commission in 2017 as one of its regulated programs.[5] A CPD provider refers to a natural or juridical person accredited by the CPD Council to conduct Continuing Professional Development Programs as defined by Republic Act (R.A.) 10912, "An Act mandating and strengthening the Continuing Professional Development Program for all regulated professions, creating the Continuing Professional Development Council, and appropriating funds therefor, and for other related purposes".[6]

Divine Word College of San Jose is duly accredited by Commission on Higher Education (CHED No. 04022)[7] and the Department of Education (DepEd No. 403421).[8] The school is also a member of Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities (PAASCU), with accreditations from the body to operate basic education and business administration programs.[9] It is also an institutional member of the Catholic Educational Association of the Philippines (CEAP)[10] and the Divine Word Educational Apostolate (DWEA).[11]

Rankings and reputation

The table below shows the school's performance in the past four licensure exams for each listed professional licensing board, encompassing both first timers and repeaters:[12]Шаблон:Efn

Examination Passing Rates Rank in the
Philippines
Шаблон:Abbr
2023 Licensure Exam for Secondary Teacher Шаблон:Center  Шаблон:Font color Шаблон:Center Шаблон:Small [13]Шаблон:Efn
2023 Licensure Exam for Elementary Teacher Шаблон:Center  Шаблон:Font color Шаблон:Center Шаблон:Small [13]Шаблон:Efn
2016 CPA Licensure Exam Шаблон:Center  Шаблон:Font color Шаблон:Center Шаблон:Small [14]
2012 Nursing Licensure Exam Шаблон:Center  Шаблон:Font color Шаблон:Center Шаблон:Small [15]

Scholarship programs

In response to tuition hikes and concessions made by the board, the student body and other stakeholders, the school implements a socialized tuition program categorized into basic components such as Subsidized Education, Scholarship Grants, and Student Assistantships with the help of various sectors and partner agencies such as the Department of Education (DepEd) through the PEAC Fund,[16] Commission on Higher Education (CHED), local government units (LGUs), charitable institutions, and stipend allowances for part-time working students and other financial assistance and student loan programs.[17][18][19] These assistance programs are listed as follows:

Organization

Presidents of the
Divine Word College of San Jose
Name Tenure of office

Fr. Federico Limon Шаблон:Post-nominals 1960–1967
Fr. Albert Cook Шаблон:Post-nominals 1967–1970
Fr. John Patrick McSherry Шаблон:Post-nominals 1970–1975
Fr. Ernesto Lagura Шаблон:Post-nominals 1975–1979
Fr. Joel Maribao Шаблон:Post-nominals 1979–1982
1988-1990
Fr. Bonifacio Guanlao Шаблон:Post-nominals 1982–1985
Fr. Gregorio Buenavista Шаблон:Post-nominals 1985–1988
Fr. Virgilio Bartolome Шаблон:Post-nominals 1988
Fr. Eleuterio Lacaron Шаблон:Post-nominals 1990–2005
Fr. Ernesto Vitor Шаблон:Post-nominals 2005–2011
Fr. Glenn Paul Gomez Шаблон:Post-nominals 2011–2017
Fr. Renato A. Tampol Шаблон:Post-nominals 2017–2023
Fr. Felino B. Javines Jr Шаблон:Post-nominals Incumbent
Assistant Director
Name Tenure of office

Fr. Erasio Flores Шаблон:Post-nominals 1960-1967
References [3][25][26][27]

Presidents of the Divine Word College of San Jose

The President of the Divine Word College of San Jose is elected by the Board of Trustees for a three-year term and may be re-elected. The longest serving president was Rev. Fr. Eleuterio Lacaron Шаблон:Post-nominals who held the office for five consecutive terms for a total of fifteen (15) years from 1990 to 2005, while Rev. Fr. Virgilio Bartolome Шаблон:Post-nominals served the shortest term of a single interim year in 1988.

Шаблон:As of. Rev. Fr. Erasio Flores Шаблон:Post-nominals served as Assistant Director to Rev. Fr. Limon during his single term from 1960 to 1967. Rev. Fr. Joel Maribao Шаблон:Post-nominals served two non-consecutive terms, first was in 1979 to 1982 and again in 1988 to 1990.

The current and 14th president of DWCSJ is Rev. Fr. Felino B. Javines Jr Шаблон:Post-nominals, a graduate professor and former VP for Academics at the University of San Carlos in Cebu City.[27]Шаблон:Sfn His installation as president took place at an investiture ceremony held on August 11, 2023 and has assumed office since then.[28]

Student government

The College Student Council (CSC) is the highest student governing body, encompassing all presidents and student leaders from different college departments and organizations. The council conducts various activities and forums such as symposiums on anti-bullying, anti-harassment and anti-drug, and leadership trainings to help raise awareness to students.

Guided by Ms. Ana Mae Tividad, Directress of Office of Student Affairs, the student council is a delegate to the 2014 National Congress of College Councils (NCCC) held at UP Diliman on March 7, 2014, through its president acting as Regional Ambassador for MIMAROPA region, and as such, a member of the National Alliance of Youth Leaders (NAYL).[29][30] The council is also a delegate to the 10th PAPSAS (Philippine Association of Practitioners of Student Affairs and Services, Inc.) Interactive Youth Forum and Workshop for student leaders held on September 20, 2018, at Dauis, Bohol.[31] The student council yearly conducts its election through a computerized system that started in July 2014.[32]

Academic programs

Divine Word College of San Jose offers 11 undergraduate and 4 postgraduate degree programs since its inception as a Higher Education Institution (HEI).[19] The school offers tertiary programs in the fields of Business, Tourism, Information Technology, and Arts and Sciences. Starting school year 2018-2019, Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering was added to its roster of degree course offerings.[33][34] Accreditation to operate basic education level from preparatory to senior high school were likewise granted by the government.

Postgraduate

The school was granted full autonomy to operate Master of Business Administration and Master of Arts in Education by the government in 1993 and 1995 respectively, independent of Divine Word College of Calapan. The school also offers a doctorate degree in Philosophy as an extension of Divine Word College of Calapan (DWCC) Graduate School.

Graduate Course Шаблон:Abbr Шаблон:Abbr Founded Dean Шаблон:Abbr Notes
Master in Business Administration
Шаблон:Small
M.B.A. 1993 Rev. Fr. Joel Sagdullas Шаблон:Post-nominals
Prof. Maybelle Paulino
Шаблон:Small
[2][35] Шаблон:Notetag
Master of Arts in Education M.A.Ed. 1995 Шаблон:Notetag
M.A. Major in Administration and Supervision
M.S.Ed. Major in Science Education
Doctor of Philosophy Ph.D. Major in Educational Management 1997 Dr. Corazon S. Morilla Шаблон:Post-nominals [36][37][38] Шаблон:Notetag
Шаблон:Notetag

Undergraduate

The Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering is offered through an extension program by Divine Word College of Calapan Department of Engineering.[39][33][34] The school also offers a non-diploma program for foreign language studies through its International Language Center, including several European (Spanish, French, Italian) and Asian (Mandarin Chinese) language courses that started in 2016.[40]

Faculty Degree Course Шаблон:Abbr Шаблон:Abbr Founded Dean Notes
(floating status) Bachelor of Arts in English AB English English 1965 Шаблон:Notetag
Bachelor of Arts in Communication AB Comm Communication 2003 Шаблон:Notetag
College of Accountancy Bachelor of Science in Accountancy BSA 1993 Clavelita C. Araneta Шаблон:Post-nominals Шаблон:Notetag
Bachelor of Science in Accounting Technology BSAcT
Bachelor of Science in Accounting Information System BSAIS
College of Business and Hospitality Management Bachelor of Science in Business Administration BSBA Major in Financial Management 1967 Rev. Fr. Renato A. Tampol Шаблон:Post-nominals Шаблон:Notetag
Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management BSHRM Hospitality Management 2003 Шаблон:Notetag
Bachelor of Science in Tourism BST Tourism Management Шаблон:Notetag
College of Education and Information Technology Bachelor of Science in Computer Science BSCS 2001 Dr. Jason S. Valera Шаблон:Post-nominals Шаблон:Notetag
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology BSIT Specialization in Multimedia System 1997 Шаблон:Notetag
Specialization in Animation and Game Development
Bachelor of Secondary Education BSEd English 1965 Шаблон:Notetag
Mathematics
Filipino
General Science
Bachelor of Elementary Education BEEd 1967 Шаблон:Notetag
Department of Engineering and Computer Studies Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering BSCE 1991 Engr. Roilynn R. Balbin [36][39]
Шаблон:Notetag
Шаблон:Notetag

Basic education

In addition to undergraduate and graduate programs, the school also has a senior high school program with Technical-Vocational-Livelihood (TVL) and Academic strands or tracks as part of the implementation of the K to 12 program of the Department of Education (DepEd). A robotics course was offered to Junior High School starting October 2019 in partnership with Quezon City-based educational company TechFactors Inc.'s RoboTek program under JHS-Robotict Club.[41][42]

Senior High School

The Divine Word College of San Jose is accredited by the Department of Education to operate Senior High School through program offerings in five (5) learning strands.[43] This course serves as a preparatory and assessment level to help students choose the right course in college base on their capabilities.[2]

Track Strand Specialization Grade Principal
Academic Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM) 11 - 12 Dr. Chona T. Jarabata Шаблон:Post-nominals
General Academic Strand (GAS)
Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS)
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)
Technical-Vocational-Livelihood (TVL) Home Economics (HE) Bread and Pastry Production
and Food and Beverage Services
Tour Guiding Services
Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Computer Programming

Junior High School, Grade School, and Child Development Center

The secondary education level started as early as 1945 with the establishment of Southern Mindoro Academy as the school's predecessor, with a few freshmen and sophomore students. With the implementation of the K to 12 program in 2016, the secondary education was split into upper secondary level comprising the Senior High School, and the lower secondary level comprising the Junior High School level. The elementary level was introduced in 1985;[2] likewise, the pre-school level was introduced through the Child Development Center in 1995.

Level Grade Principal Founded Note
Junior High School
Шаблон:Small
7 - 10 Ms. Glorietta O. Mendoza 2016 Шаблон:Notetag
Grade School
Шаблон:Small
1 - 6 Mr. Jason S. Valera Шаблон:Post-nominals 1985 Шаблон:Notetag
Pre-school
Шаблон:Small
Preparatory Mrs. Margie Ann M. Dela Torre
Mrs. Teodora C. Mangilaya
1995
Kindergarten
Nursery

Mangyan Education Program

The Mangyan Education Program is the Community Extension Project of the Divine Word College of San Jose which aims to educate and give livelihood to the indigenous peoples of the province, namely the various Mangyan tribes living on the rural and mountainous areas. The school collaborated with the Local Government Unit (LGU) and the Far Eastern University and has sent 47 students to study at the main campus through the Community Extension Services Office. These students are housed at the Mangyan Education Center in Arnoldus Village and are being trained for livelihood and culture preservation. Some out-of-school Mangyans of different ages living in far-flung regions of Sitio Bamban and Paclolo are taught at the basic education level using modular approach through the Indigenous Learning System, a type of Alternative Learning System (ALS).[44] The program is headed by its director, Bro. Vincent Iopam Шаблон:Post-nominals hailing from Vanuatu.[11]Шаблон:Sfn

College symbols and traditions

Official Seal

Шаблон:Infobox coat of arms The Seal of the Divine Word College of San Jose is the official instrument used by the school as its official symbol and identity, and to certify its legal public documents and publications. The seal used when the school was originally established as Southern Mindoro Academy in 1945 features a map of Mindoro island over a white backdrop, enclosed by a circular white band with inner and outer black rings in which the then school abbreviation (SMA), its founding year (1945), and the name of the town of San Jose were inscribed.

When the academy was handed over to the Society of the Divine Word in 1960, the school adopted religious iconography, such as the cross over a mountain which symbolizes the Catholic faith in Occidental Mindoro, and an eagle which symbolically represents St. John the Evangelist from whom the school was named.[45] In the middle was a bend sinister dividing the shield in halves and bearing the school's acronym, DWC, which stands for Divine Word College. Over time, the seal was restyled to include a banderole emblazoned with the institution's original motto, "In the Light of the Word",Шаблон:Ref label derived from a passage in the Gospel of John.

Its latest iteration features a wedge-top escutcheon divided into four quadrants. In addition to the religious symbols, the seal now incorporates a Tamaraw on the first quarter (a bovine endemic to Mindoro island) and the logo of the Society of the Divine Word below it on the third quadrant. This version retained the founding years 1945 and 1960 rendered in the original golden tincture to signify the transfer of ownership and change in leadership. Superimposed in the middle of the shield is the college nickname, DWCSJ, which includes "SJ" as the initials for San Jose to distinguish it from other SVD schools in the country. The motto was also changed to its present form, "Witness to the Word".

School colors

Файл:DWCSJ colors.svg
Orange and green are the official school colors

The college's official main colors are Шаблон:Colour box and Шаблон:Colour box, primarily used to represent the school's brand identity in publications and athletic events and were seen directly on the official seal. The colors are rendered in the following color schemes:

Scheme Orange Green YellowШаблон:Efn
RGB 238-134-12 0-146-74 226-167-11
CMYK C0-M41-Y89-K7 C57-M0-Y28-K43 C0-M26-Y95-K11
HEX #EE860C #00924A #E2A70B

DWCSJ Hymn

Шаблон:External media Шаблон:Quote box

Divine Word College of San Jose Hymn is the college's official alma mater song. The lyrics were written by Demetrio Maglalang, an alumnus of the college who emigrated to Indianapolis, Indiana, United States in the 70s.[46][47] The melody for the song was composed by Rev. Fr. Erasio Flores Шаблон:Post-nominals, former assistant director of the school and Major Superior for SVD Philippine Central (PHC) region in Mindoro during the late 70s.[48]

Divine Got Talent and other activities

The Divine Word College of San Jose hosts a variety of school activities and events, mainly to commemorate the college's founding anniversary as a pioneering educational institution in the province and to celebrate its Christian teachings deeply influenced by its Filipino SVD culture. Some of the activities are annual events, such as religious celebrations like the Feast of the Immaculate Conception and the Holy Eucharist every first Wednesday of the month to mark the start and end of the academic year, orientation and acquaintance programs for freshmen and new students, annual talents exhibitions, and intercollegiate sporting competitions.

Файл:DWCSJ Gym (upper deck).jpg
Inside the retroffited school gym where most indoor athletic sports and stage events are held

The school hosts the yearly Divine Got Talent (DGT) talent exhibition to showcase the students' talents in different fields such as singing, dancing, acting, and beauty pageantry. Started in 2017, it is a spin-off of the popular Got Talent global talent show franchise. Every students from basic education to tertiary level are encouraged to join the competition. The event is usually held during the first week of February to mark the college's founding anniversary.Шаблон:Efn Winners in different competition categories are given prizes and trophies.[49]

The Gabi ng Parangal is an annual service awards given to outstanding employees, students and alumni for their exemplary leadership, dedication and service to the school. The event coincides with the founding anniversary held during the first week of February.Шаблон:Efn The event confers awards and special citations to candidates of various sectors and categories, such as the Ten Outstanding Students, Service Awardees for Years of Service, Special Award for Punctuality, and Loyalty Awards.[50]

The college also joins the annual Alay Lakad together with other schools, government institutions, non-governmental organizations and other delegations from various sectors. Initiated by the Local Government Unit (LGU), it is a nationwide "walk for a cause" campaign that aims to raise funds for the out-of-school youth and provide scholarship grants to deserving but marginalized students. The fundraising campaign was started in 1972 by Alay Lakad Foundation, Inc. and has since been observed by various sectors around the country. The walkathon culminates with the awarding of Mr. and Ms. Alay Lakad and other special awards.[51][52][53]

Divine Word College of San Jose also participates in several intercollegiate athletics tournaments such as the Private Schools Athletic Association (PRISAA)[54][55] and the Inter-Catholic Schools Sports and Academic Meet (ICSSAM).[56] The school hosted the 2018 Regional PRISAA Meet in March of that year.[57] Aside from these, the school also holds its own college intramural sports every September led by the Sports Club Committee to celebrate team spirit and sportsmanship.[58]

Campus life

Enrollment in DWCSJ (First & second terms)
Academic year Total
Enrollment
College
Population
2016–2017 2,674 1,190
2017–2018 2,441 857
2018–2019 688
Шаблон:Abbr Шаблон:DecreaseNegative   −0.013% Шаблон:DecreaseNegative   −14.06%
Note: Per annum growth rate or PGR (Population Growth Rate) was computed using the formula PG = Шаблон:Sfrac × 100, where tШаблон:Sub indicates initial population, tШаблон:Sub means latest population, and PG refer to Population Growth. PG was then divided to 3 (number of years) to get the PGR

Student enrollment

The school experienced a decline in overall student enrollees between the Academic Years 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 from 2,674 on the first half of 2016 down to 2,441 on the latter half of 2017, per report from the Education Apostolate of SVD Philippine Central Province chapter.[11] That same period saw a significant drop in the population of college students from 1,190 in 2016[59] down to 857 by the end of 2018,[60] with a faculty-to-student ratio of one instructor for every 33 students[59] down to 1 per 27 the following year.[60] The downturn in college population continued as the tertiary level department reported a 7.53% drop in enrollment when compared to previous years, dwindling to just 688 college enrollees for AY 2018–2019 based on data from the Office of the School Registrar.Шаблон:Sfn

The school also implements an online enrollment system through a proprietary learning and academic management software by the company Digital Software Corporation, called the SIAS Online System,[61] which can also be utilized to access class schedules, grading rubrics, attendance and statements of account.[62] Registration for incoming fresh enrollees require documents such as the previous report card, PSA-issued birth certificate and transcript of records.[63] Admission is open to any nationality and non-Catholics though everyone is required to attend religion classes and Mass celebrations.[64]

School publication

The Pioneer
Editorial Staff (2018–2019)Шаблон:Sfn

Editor-in-Chief Leonila D. Laab
Associate Editor Rica Mae S. Diosay
Managing Editors Maricoe Venn C. Paclibar
Khryss T. Gayo
Circulation Manager Audrey Ross G. Gonzales
John Beltran E. Lachica III
Literary Editor Reynold N. Quarez
Graphic/Layout Editor Alyssa Marie D. Magan
Writers Шаблон:Collapsible list
Graphics Artist Шаблон:Collapsible list
Photojournalists Arienne Victor B. Camongol
Johnren Balmes
Junior Layout Editor Glecy Joy Gabao
Adviser Elvie D. Aragones

The Pioneer is DWCSJ's official school paper with a news and editorial board comprising 22 contributors and writers in current affairs, literary, sports and opinion pieces, holding its office inside Fr. McSherry gymnasium. It publishes yearly between June to November in tabloid format. Ms. Leonila D. Laab is the publication's editor-in-chief from 2018–2019 with Rica Mae S. Diosay as the associate editor, while Mrs. Elvie D. Aragones served as the staff adviser on the same publication year. Its adopted tagline is Standing in a Unified Voice as Witnesses to the Word.Шаблон:Sfn Its contributors also participate in division and regional campus journalism contests, winning second place in column writing qualifying for the national level and fourth place in newswriting at the 2018 Regional Schools Press Conference held in Tagaytay City in November of that year.[65]

Campus

Шаблон:Overlay The school occupies a central location within the poblacion area of San Jose, in the jurisdiction of Barangay 8. It sits on an approximately Шаблон:ConvertШаблон:Efn block of rectangular plot of land southeast of the Pandurucan River in close proximity to downtown activity centers such as the San Jose Tennis Court, St. Joseph the Worker Cathedral and the municipal plaza, and is bounded by Hidalgo Street to the north, General Lukban Street to the east, Roxas Street to the west and Mabini Street to the south.

Файл:DWCSJ entrance gate.png
Main automated turnstile entrance gates accessible via smart ID card, installed in 2019

Its original site in 1945 when it was formed as a secular high school was at a large quonset building bought by the founders of SMA in the old town of Barangay Central.Шаблон:Sfn It then transferred to its present urban location formerly owned by the prominent family of Soldevillas a year after the construction of McGuire Field in 1946.[66] Several new additions to the facilities were added over the years of its growth, such as the recently renovated fully-airconditioned gymnasium, a state-of-the-art auditorium with a 250-seating capacity,[67] student lounge, mock hotel and cafe, and automated entrance turnstiles accessible through the contactless student ID. Students and faculty can purchase items from the school canteen through cashless POS payments using their reloadable ID card which can be topped up at loading stations near the school bookstore.[68]

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Notelist Шаблон:Notefoot

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Works cited

Journals, books and articles Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Commons

Шаблон:SVD Schools

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