Английская Википедия:Diyu

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Diyu (Шаблон:Zh) is the realm of the dead or "hell" in Chinese mythology. It is loosely based on a combination of the Buddhist concept of Naraka, traditional Chinese beliefs about the afterlife, and a variety of popular expansions and reinterpretations of these two traditions. The concept parallels purgatory in certain Christian denomininations.

Diyu is typically depicted as a subterranean maze with various levels and chambers, to which souls are taken after death to atone for the sins they committed when they were alive. The exact number of levels in Diyu and their associated deities differ between Buddhist and Taoist interpretations. Some speak of three to four "courts"; others mention "Ten Courts of Hell", each of which is ruled by a judge (collectively known as the Ten Yama Kings); other Chinese legends speak of the "Eighteen Levels of Hell". Each court deals with a different aspect of atonement and different punishments; most legends claim that sinners are subjected to gruesome tortures until their "deaths", after which they are restored to their original state for the torture to be repeated.

Conceptions

Файл:Ghostly Realm from the Water-Land Ritual.jpg

Dead of the underworld depicted in a Qing dynasty Water and Land Ritual painting.

Файл:Ten Courts of Hell Display at Bao Gong Temple, Singapore..jpg

Depiction of the punishments of Diyu at the Hell Museum, Bao Gong Temple, Singapore.

According to ideas from Taoism,Шаблон:Citation needed Buddhism and traditional Chinese folk religion, Diyu is a purgatory that serves to punish and renew spirits in preparation for reincarnation. Many deities, whose names and purposes are the subject of conflicting accounts, are associated with Diyu.

Some early Chinese societies speak of people going to Mount Tai, Jiuyuan, Jiuquan or Fengdu after death. At present, Fengdu and the temples on Mount Tai have been rebuilt into tourist attractions, incorporating artistic depictions of hell and the afterlife.Шаблон:Citation needed Some Chinese folk religion planchette writings, such as the Taiwanese novel Journeys to the Under-World, say that new hells with new punishments are created as the world changes and that there is a City of Innocent Deaths (Шаблон:Zh) designed to house those who died with grievances that have yet to be redressed.

Other terminology related to Diyu includes:

• Naihe Bridge (Шаблон:Zh), "Bridge of Helplessness", a bridge every soul has to cross before being reincarnated, they are said to drink the Mengpo soup (孟婆汤) at Naihe Qiao so they will forget everything in their current lives and prepare for reincarnation.
• Wang Xiang Tai (Шаблон:Zh), "Home-Viewing Pavilion", a pavilion every soul passes by on his/her journey to the Underworld. From there, they can see their families and loved ones in the world of the living.
• Youdu (Шаблон:Zh), the capital city of Diyu, generally conceived as being similar to a typical Chinese capital city, such as Chang'an, but surrounded by and pervaded with darkness.
• Youguo (Шаблон:Zh), "Oil Cauldron", one of the tortures in hell.
• Santu (Шаблон:Zh), the "Three Tortures": Fire Torture (Шаблон:Zh), Blade Torture (Шаблон:Zh), Blood Torture (Шаблон:Zh).

Ten Courts of Yanluo

The concept of the "Ten Courts of Yanluo" (Шаблон:Zh) began after Chinese folk religion was influenced by Buddhism. In this variation of Chinese mythology, there are 12,800 hells located under the earth – eight dark hells, eight cold hells and 84,000 miscellaneous hells located at the edge of the universe. All will go to Diyu after death but the period of time one spends in Diyu is not forever – it depends on the severity of the sins one committed. After receiving due punishment, one will eventually be sent for reincarnation. Diyu is divided into ten courts, each overseen by a Yanwang. Souls pass from stage to stage at the decision of a different judge. The "Ten Courts of Yanluo" is also known as the Ten Courts of Yanwang (Шаблон:Zh), Ten Lords of Minggong (Шаблон:Zh), Ten Courts of Yan-jun (Шаблон:Zh), Ten-Lords of Difu (Шаблон:Zh), and Ten-Lords of Mingfu (Шаблон:Zh).

Ten Yanluo Lords

#	Title	Family name	Chinese calendar Birthday	In charge of (see the Cold and Hot Narakas for details)	Notes
1	King Qin'guang Шаблон:Lang	Jiang Шаблон:Lang	1st day, 2nd month	Life and death and fortunes of all humans	Believed to be Jiang Ziwen
2	King Chujiang Шаблон:Lang	Li Шаблон:Lang	1st day, 3rd month	Sañjīva, Arbuda
3	King Songdi Шаблон:Lang	Yu Шаблон:Lang	8th day, 2nd month	Kālasūtra, Nirarbuda
4	King Wuguan Шаблон:Lang	Lü Шаблон:Lang	18th, 2nd month	Saṃghāta, Aṭaṭa
5	King Yanluo Шаблон:Lang	Bao Шаблон:Lang	8th, 1st month	Raurava, Hahava	Believed to be Bao Zheng
6	King Biancheng Шаблон:Lang	Bi Шаблон:Lang	8th day, 3rd month	Mahāraurava, Huhuva, and City of Innocent Deaths
7	King Taishan Шаблон:Lang	Dong Шаблон:Lang	27th day, 3rd month	Tapana, Utpala
8	King Dushi Шаблон:Lang	Huang Шаблон:Lang	1st day, 4th month	Pratāpana, Padma
9	King Pingdeng Шаблон:Lang	Lu Шаблон:Lang	8th day, 4th month	Avīci, Mahāpadma
10	King Zhuanlun Шаблон:Lang	Xue Шаблон:Lang	17th day, 4th month	Sending souls for reincarnation

Eighteen levels of Hell

Файл:The ghost of Yue Fei.jpg

The headless ghost of Yue Fei confronting the recently deceased spirit of Qin Hui in the Sixth Court. The plaque held by the attendant on the left reads: "Qin Hui's ten wicked crimes." From a 19th-century Chinese Hell Scroll.

The concept of the eighteen hells started in the Tang dynasty. The Buddhist text Sutra on Questions about Hell (Шаблон:Zh) mentioned 134 worlds of hell, but was simplified to the Eighteen Levels of Hell in the Sutra on the Eighteen Hells (Шаблон:Zh) for convenience. Some literature refers to eighteen types of hells or to eighteen hells for each type of punishment.

Some religious or literature books say that wrongdoers who were not punished when they were alive are punished in the hells after death. Sinners feel pain and agony just like living humans when they are subjected to the tortures listed below. They cannot "die" from the torture because when the ordeal is over, their bodies will be restored to their original states for the torture to be repeated.

The eighteen hells vary from narrative to narrative but some commonly mentioned tortures include: being steamed; being fried in oil cauldrons; being sawed into half; being run over by vehicles; being pounded in a mortar and pestle; being ground in a mill; being crushed by boulders; being made to shed blood by climbing trees or mountains of knives; having sharp objects driven into their bodies; having hooks pierced into their bodies and being hung upside down; drowning in a pool of filthy blood; being left naked in the freezing cold; being set aflame or cast into infernos; being tied naked to a bronze cylinder with a fire lit at its base; being forced to consume boiling liquids; tongue ripping; eye gouging; teeth extraction; heart digging; disembowelment; skinning; being trampled, gored, mauled, eaten, stung, bitten, pecked, etc., by animals.

Eighteen Hells

#	Version 1	Version 2	As mentioned in Journey to the West
1	Hell of Tongue Ripping Шаблон:Lang	Naraka Hell Шаблон:Lang	Hell of Hanging Bars Шаблон:Lang
2	Hell of Scissors Шаблон:Lang	Hell of the Mountain of Knives Шаблон:Lang	Hell of the Wrongful Dead Шаблон:Lang
3	Hell of Trees of Knives Шаблон:Lang	Hell of Boiling Sand Шаблон:Lang	Hell of the Pit of Fire Шаблон:Lang
4	Hell of Mirrors of Retribution Шаблон:Lang	Hell of Boiling Faeces Шаблон:Lang	Fengdu Hell Шаблон:Lang
5	Hell of Steaming Шаблон:Lang	Hell of Darkened Bodies Шаблон:Lang	Hell of Tongue Ripping Шаблон:Lang
6	Hell of Copper Pillars Шаблон:Lang	Hell of Fiery Chariots Шаблон:Lang	Hell of Skinning Шаблон:Lang
7	Hell of the Mountain of Knives Шаблон:Lang	Hell of Cauldrons Шаблон:Lang	Hell of Grinding Шаблон:Lang
8	Hell of the Mountain of Ice Шаблон:Lang	Hell of Iron Beds Шаблон:Lang	Hell of Pounding Шаблон:Lang
9	Hell of Oil Cauldrons Шаблон:Lang	Hell of Cover Mountains Шаблон:Lang	Hell of Dismemberment by Vehicles Шаблон:Lang
10	Hell of the Pit of Cattle Шаблон:Lang	Hell of Ice Шаблон:Lang	Hell of Ice Шаблон:Lang
11	Hell of Boulder Crushing Шаблон:Lang	Hell of Skinning Шаблон:Lang	Hell of Moulting Шаблон:Lang
12	Hell of Mortars and Pestles Шаблон:Lang	Hell of Beasts Шаблон:Lang	Hell of Disembowelment Шаблон:Lang
13	Hell of the Pool of Blood Шаблон:Lang	Hell of Weapons Шаблон:Lang	Hell of Oil Cauldrons Шаблон:Lang
14	Hell of the Wrongful Dead Шаблон:Lang	Hell of Iron Mills Шаблон:Lang	Hell of Darkness Шаблон:Lang
15	Hell of Dismemberment Шаблон:Lang	Hell of Dismemberment Шаблон:Lang	Hell of the Mountain of Knives Шаблон:Lang
16	Hell of the Mountain of Fire Шаблон:Lang	Hell of Iron Books Шаблон:Lang	Hell of the Pool of Blood Шаблон:Lang
17	Hell of Mills Шаблон:Lang	Hell of Maggots Шаблон:Lang	Avīci Hell Шаблон:Lang
18	Hell of Sawing Шаблон:Lang	Hell of Molten Copper Шаблон:Lang	Hell of Weighing Scales Шаблон:Lang

See also

• Chinese mythological geography
• Naraka (Buddhism), the Buddhist concept of Hell which is related to the Chinese concept of Diyu
• Yama (East Asia), the wrathful deity who rules Hell in Buddhist mythology
• Ksitigarbha, a bodhisattva who vowed never to achieve buddhahood until the hells are emptied
• Maudgalyayana, one of the Buddha's disciples and the protagonist of the Chinese tale Mulian Rescues His Mother
• Meng Po, a deity who serves souls a potion that makes them forget their past lives before they go for reincarnation.She awaits the dead souls at the entrance of the 9th round Fengdu.
• Ox-Head and Horse-Face, hell guards in Chinese mythology
• Heibai Wuchang, hell guards in Chinese mythology
• Ghost Festival, a traditional Buddhist and Taoist festival celebrated in some Asian countries
• Hell money, joss paper designed to resemble banknotes and meant to be burnt as offerings to the dead
• Hell Scroll (Nara National Museum), a Japanese scroll depicting hells, kept at the Nara National Museum
• Journeys to the Under-World, a Taiwanese novel narrating a journey through Diyu

External links

• Шаблон:Cite web
• Шаблон:Cite web