Английская Википедия:Dnieper

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:About Шаблон:Pp-semi-indef Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox river Шаблон:Routemap

The Dnieper (Шаблон:IPAc-en), also called Dnipro (Шаблон:IPAc-en) or Dniapro,Шаблон:Efn is one of the major transboundary rivers of Europe, rising in the Valdai Hills near Smolensk, Russia, before flowing through Belarus and Ukraine to the Black Sea. Approximately Шаблон:Convert long,[1] with a drainage basin of Шаблон:Convert, it is the longest river of Ukraine and Belarus and the fourth-longest river in Europe, after the Volga, Danube, and Ural rivers.[2]

In antiquity, the river was part of the Amber Road trade routes. During the Ruin in the later 17th century, the area was contested between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia, dividing what is now Ukraine into areas described by its right and left banks. During the Soviet period, the river became noted for its major hydroelectric dams and large reservoirs. The 1986 Chernobyl disaster occurred on the Pripyat River, a tributary of the Dnieper, just upstream from its confluence with the Dnieper. The Dnieper is an important navigable waterway for the economy of Ukraine and is connected by the Dnieper–Bug Canal to other waterways in Europe. During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, certain segments of the river are part of the defensive lines between territory controlled by Russians and Ukrainians.[3][4][5]

Names

Dnieper

Файл:Pontic Olbia Borysthenes.jpg
Human representation of the Dnieper river (known as Borysthenes) on an Ancient Greek coin of Pontic Olbia, 4th–3rd century BC
Файл:Mahiloŭ, Dniaproŭski most-Traječča. Магілёў, Дняпроўскі мост-Траечча (1901-17).jpg
Pre-1918 photo with the old spelling of Dnieper (Шаблон:Lang)

In English, the name Dnieper is attested by the early 17th century, along with obsolete forms Deneper, Neper.[6] The river is also sometimes called by the Russian name Dnepr.[7][8] The initial D in Dnieper is generally silent when pronounced in English, although it may be sounded: Шаблон:IPAc-en[9] or Шаблон:IPAc-en.[10] It derives from Шаблон:Lang-ru[11]Шаблон:BSN (pre-revolutionary spelling Шаблон:Lang-ru).

Dnipro derives from Шаблон:Lang-uk.[11] The English pronunciation is Шаблон:IPAc-en.[12] The Ukrainian name has a rare form Шаблон:Lang-uk and rare dialectal Шаблон:Lang-uk.[13] The Middle Ukrainian form attested in the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries was Шаблон:Lang-uk.[13] The city of Dnipro is named for the river.

The name varies slightly in the local Slavic languages of the three countries through which it flows:

These names are all cognate, deriving from Old East Slavic Шаблон:Lang (Dŭněprŭ). The origin of this name is disputed but generally derived from either Sarmatian *Шаблон:Lang ("Farther River") in parallel with the Dniester ("Nearer River") or from Scythian *Шаблон:Lang ("Deep River") in reference to its lack of fords,[17][18] from which was also derived the Late Antique name of the river, Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang).[19]

Borysthenes

The earlier Graeco-Roman name of the river was [[Borysthenes|Шаблон:Transliteration]] (Шаблон:Lang-grc; Шаблон:Lang-la, Шаблон:Lang-uk[13]), which was derived from a Scythian name whose form was:

Ovid used Шаблон:Lang, an adjective derived from Шаблон:Lang, as the river's poetic Latin name.[20]

Var

The Huns' name for the river, Шаблон:Transliteration, was derived from Scythian Шаблон:Transliteration, meaning "Broad." This name was connected to the Graeco-Roman name of the Volga river, Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang-grc; Шаблон:Lang-la), which was also derived from Scythian Шаблон:Transliteration.Шаблон:Sfn

Other names

In Ukrainian it is also known poetically as Шаблон:Lang-uk or Шаблон:Lang-uk,[13] from an old name used in Kievan Rus'. This is due to the influence of the Old East Slavic epic The Tale of Igor's Campaign and its modern adaptations on Ukrainian literature. This usage also lent its name to the city of Slavutych, founded in the wake of the Chernobyl disaster in 1986 to house displaced workers,[21]Шаблон:Page needed and to the Slavutych station of the Kyiv Metro.

In Crimean Tatar, the river is known as Шаблон:Lang-crh. In Romanian, it is Шаблон:Lang. In Turkish it is Шаблон:Lang-tr, Шаблон:Lang-tr, or Шаблон:Lang-tr.[22]

Шаблон:Cn span. During the period of Old Great Bulgaria, it was known as Buri-ChaiШаблон:Citation needed

Geography

Шаблон:See also The total length of the river is variously given as Шаблон:Convert[1] or Шаблон:Convert,[23][24][25][26] of which Шаблон:Convert are within Russia, Шаблон:Convert are within Belarus,[1] and Шаблон:Convert are within Ukraine. Its basin covers Шаблон:Convert, of which Шаблон:Convert are within Ukraine,[27] Шаблон:Convert are within Belarus.[1]

The source of the Dnieper is the sedge bogs (Akseninsky Mokh) of the Valdai Hills in central Russia, at an elevation of Шаблон:Convert.[27] For Шаблон:Convert of its length, it serves as the border between Belarus and Ukraine. Its estuary, or liman, used to be defended by the strong fortress of Ochakiv.Шаблон:Citation needed[28]

The southernmost point in Belarus is on the Dnieper to the south of Kamaryn in Brahin Raion.[29]

Tributaries

Шаблон:Main

Файл:Bo-map.png
Waterbodies in Belarus, including a section of the Dnieper river

The Dnieper has many tributaries (up to 32,000) with 89 being rivers of 100+ km.[30] The main ones are, from its source to its mouth, with left (L) or right (R) bank indicated:

Файл:Muromian-map.png
Context of the Dnieper basin showing peoples in the ninth century

Шаблон:Div col

Шаблон:Div col end

Many small direct tributaries also exist, such as, in the Kyiv area, the Syrets (right bank) in the north of the city, the historically significant Lybid (right bank) passing west of the centre, and the Borshahivka (right bank) to the south.

The water resources of the Dnieper basin compose around 80% of the total for all Ukraine.[30]

Rapids

Файл:Дніпрові пороги 1915.jpg
Rapids at Dnieper in 1915
Файл:Tractus Borysthenis vulgo Dniepr et Niepr Dicti, à Kiovia ufque ad Bouzin, Willem Blaeu (Amsterdam, 1662).jpg
Tractus Borysthenis or Dnieper (from Bovzin city to Chortyca island) in 1662

The Dnieper Rapids were part of the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, first mentioned in the Kyiv Chronicle.Шаблон:Clarify The route was probably established in the late eighth and early ninth centuries and gained significant importance from the tenth until the first third of the eleventh century. On the Dnieper the Varangians had to portage their ships round seven rapids, where they had to be on guard for Pecheneg nomads.

Along this middle flow of the Dnieper, there were 9 major rapids (although some sources cite a smaller number), obstructing almost the whole width of the river, about 30 to 40 smaller rapids, obstructing only part of the river, and about 60 islands and islets.

After the Dnieper hydroelectric station was built in 1932, they were inundated by Dnieper Reservoir.

Canals

There are a number of canals connected to the Dnieper:

  • The Dnieper–Donbas Canal;
  • The Dnieper–Kryvyi Rih Canal;
  • The Kakhovka Canal (southeast of the Kherson region);
  • The Krasnoznamianka Irrigation System in the southwest of the Kherson region;
  • The North Crimean Canal—will largely solve the water problem of the peninsula, especially in the arid northern and eastern Crimea;
  • The Inhulets Irrigation System.

Fauna

The river is part of the quagga mussel's native range.[31] The mussel has been accidentally introduced around the world, where it has become an invasive species.[31]

Delta

Файл:Dnipro estuary.jpg
Thematic map (upper) and false-colour IR from satellite images of the Dnieper delta, captured 8 August 2015

The city of Kherson lies on the northern bank, upstream of the Dnieper delta, before the Dnieper meets the Southern Bug river in the Dniprovska Gulf.

Ecology

Nowadays the Dnieper River suffers from anthropogenic influence resulting in numerous emissions of pollutants.[32] The Dnieper is close to the Prydniprovsky Chemical Plant radioactive dumps (near Kamianske) and susceptible to leakage of its radioactive waste. The river is also close to the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station (Chernobyl Exclusion Zone) which is located next to the mouth of the Pripyat River.

Navigation

Almost Шаблон:Convert of the river is navigable (to the city of Dorogobuzh).[30] The Dnieper is important for transportation in the economy of Ukraine.Шаблон:Citation needed Its reservoirs have large ship locks, allowing vessels of up to Шаблон:Convert access as far as the port of Kyiv, and thus are an important transportation corridor.Шаблон:Citation needed The river is used by passenger vessels as well. Inland cruises on the rivers Danube and Dnieper have had a growing market in recent decades.Шаблон:Citation needed

Upstream from Kyiv, the Dnieper receives the water of the Pripyat River. This navigable river connects to the Dnieper-Bug canal, the link with the Bug River. Historically, a connection with the Western European waterways was possible, but a weir without any ship lock near the town of Brest, Belarus, has interrupted this international waterway. Poor political relations between Western Europe and Belarus mean there is little likelihood of reopening this waterway in the near future.[33] River navigation is interrupted each year by freezing and severe winter storms.

Reservoirs and hydroelectric power

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:Location map+ From the mouth of the Pripyat River to the Kakhovka Hydroelectric Station, there are six sets of dams and hydroelectric stations, which produce 10% of Ukraine's electricity.[30] The Kakhovka dam was destroyed on 6 June 2023 during the Russian invasion of Ukraine,[34] with the subsequent drying up of the Kakhovka Reservoir revealing the original course of the river in the area and disconnecting four canal networks.[35]

The first constructed was the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station (or DniproHES) near Zaporizhzhia, built between 1927 and 1932 with an output of 558 MW.[36] It was destroyed during World War II, but was rebuilt in 1948 with an output of 750 MW.Шаблон:Citation needed

Location Dam Reservoir area Hydroelectric station Date of construction
Kyiv Kyiv Reservoir Шаблон:Convert Kyiv Hydroelectric Station 1960–1964
Kaniv Kaniv Reservoir Шаблон:Convert Kaniv Hydroelectric Station 1963–1975
Kremenchuk Kremenchuk Reservoir Шаблон:Convert Kremenchuk Hydroelectric Station 1954–1960
Kamianske Kamianske Reservoir Шаблон:Convert Middle Dnieper Hydroelectric Power Plant 1956–1964
Zaporizhzhia Dnieper Reservoir Шаблон:Convert Dnieper Hydroelectric Station 1927–1932; 1948
Kakhovka Kakhovka Reservoir Шаблон:Convert Kakhovka Hydroelectric Station† 1950–1956

Шаблон:Citation needed

Regions and cities

Файл:Dnieper Nasa 2004-05-06.jpg
Satellite image of the Dnieper and its tributaries

Regions

Cities

Major cities, over 100,000 in population, are in bold script. Cities and towns located on the Dnieper are listed in order from the river's source (in Russia) to its mouth (in Ukraine):

Arheimar, a capital of the Goths, was located on the Dnieper, according to the Hervarar saga.[37]

In the arts

Literature

The River Dnieper has been a subject of chapter X of a story by Nikolai Gogol A Terrible Vengeance (1831, published in 1832 as a part of the Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka short stories collection). It is considered as a classical example of description of the nature in Russian literature. The river was also described in the works of Taras Shevchenko.

In the adventure novel The Long Ships (also translated Red Orm), set during the Viking Age, a Scanian chieftain travels to the Dnieper Rapids to retrieve a treasure hidden there by his brother, encountering many difficulties. The novel was very popular in Sweden and is one of few to depict a Viking voyage to eastern Europe.

Visual arts

The River Dnieper has been a subject for artists, great and minor, over the centuries. Major artists with works based on the Dnieper are Arkhip Kuindzhi and Ivan Aivazovsky.

Films

The River Dnieper makes an appearance in the 1964 Hungarian drama film The Sons of the Stone-Hearted Man (based on the novel of the same name by Mór Jókai), where it appears when two characters are leaving Saint Petersburg but get attacked by wolves.

In 1983, the concert program "Song of the Dnieper" from the "Victory Salute" series was released, dedicated to the 40th anniversary of the liberation of the city of Kiev from the German fascist invaders. The program includes songs by Soviet composers, Ukrainian folk songs, and dances performed by the Song and Dance Ensemble of the Kiev Military District led by A. Pustovalov, P. Virsky Ukrainian National Folk Dance Ensemble, Kyiv Bandurist Capella, the Military Band of the Headquarters of the Kiev Military District led by A. Kuzmenko, singers Anatoliy Mokrenko, Lyudmila Zykina, Anatoliy Solovianenko, Dmytro Hnatyuk, Mykola Hnatyuk. Filming on the battlefield, streets and squares of Kiev. Scriptwriter – Victor Meerovsky. Directed by Victor Cherkasov. Operator – Alexander Platonov.[38]

The 2018 film Volcano was filmed at the river in Beryslav, Kherson Oblast.

Music

In 1941, Mark Fradkin wrote "Song of the Dnieper" to the words of Yevgeniy Dolmatovsky.[39]

Image gallery

Popular culture

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References and footnotes

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Sister project links Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Шаблон:Dnieper River Шаблон:Rivers of Ukraine

Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite Merriam-Webster
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite dictionary
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  12. ↑ Dnipro www.dictionary.com
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 13,3 Шаблон:Cite book
  14. ↑ Блакітная кніга Беларусі: Энцыклапедыя. — Мінск: Беларуская Энцыклапедыя, 1994. — С. 144. — 415 с. — 10 000 экз.
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  18. ↑ Абаев В. И. Осетинский язык и фольклор (tr "Ossetian language and folklore"). Moscow: Publishing house of Soviet Academy of Sciences, 1949. p. 236
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  22. ↑ Шаблон:TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  26. ↑ Mishyna, Liliana. Hydrographic research of Dnieper river Шаблон:Webarchive. Derzhhidrohrafiya.
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  28. ↑ Sigismund von Herberstein places 'Oczakow' (today's "Ochakiv") on the coast of the Black Sea (Ponti Evxini) in his 1549 map.www.baarnhielm.net Шаблон:Webarchive
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 30,2 30,3 Splendid Dnieper. There is no straighter river. Ukrinform. 4 July 2015
  31. ↑ 31,0 31,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite Q
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  38. ↑ Шаблон:YouTube
  39. ↑ Шаблон:YouTube
  40. ↑ Work on the subject Ukrainian national symbols. Library of Ukrainian literature.
  41. ↑ "...the Zaporohjans whose name meant 'those who live beyond the cataracts'...", Henryk Sienkiewicz, With Fire and Sword, chap. 7.
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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