Английская Википедия:Dniester

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The Dniester (Шаблон:IPAc-en Шаблон:Respell)Шаблон:Efn is a transboundary river in Eastern Europe. It runs first through Ukraine and then through Moldova (from which it more or less separates the breakaway territory of Transnistria), finally discharging into the Black Sea on Ukrainian territory again.

Names

The name Dniester derives from Sarmatian dānu nazdya "the close river." (The Dnieper, also of Sarmatian origin, derives from the opposite meaning, "the river on the far side".) Alternatively, according to Vasily Abaev Dniester would be a blend of Scythian dānu "river" and Thracian Ister, the previous name of the river, literally Dān-Ister (River Ister). The Ancient Greek name of Dniester, Tyras (Τύρας), is from Scythian tūra, meaning "rapid."Шаблон:Citation needed

The names of the Don and Danube are also from the same Indo-Iranian word *dānu "river". Classical authors have also referred to it as Danaster. These early forms, without -i- but with -a-, contradict Abaev's hypothesis.Шаблон:Citation needed Edward Gibbon refers to the river both as the Niester and Dniester in his History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.

In Ukrainian, it is known as Шаблон:Lang (translit. Dnister), and in Romanian as Шаблон:Lang. In Russian, it is known as Шаблон:Lang (translit. Dnestr), in Yiddish: Nester נעסטער; in Turkish, Turla; and in Lithuanian as Dniestras.

Geography

The Dniester rises in Ukraine, near the city of Drohobych, close to the border with Poland, and flows toward the Black Sea. Its course marks part of the border of Ukraine and Moldova, after which it flows through Moldova for Шаблон:Convert, separating the main territory of Moldova from its breakaway region Transnistria. It later forms an additional part of the Moldova-Ukraine border, then flows through Ukraine to the Black Sea, where its estuary forms the Dniester Liman.

Файл:Transnistrienfortress.jpg

The Dniester at the Moldavian fortress of Tighina.

Along the lower half of the Dniester, the western bank is high and hilly while the eastern one is low and flat. The river represents the de facto end of the Eurasian Steppe. Its most important tributaries are Răut and Bîc.

History

During the Neolithic, the Dniester River was the centre of one of the most advanced civilizations on earth at the time. The Cucuteni–Trypillian culture flourished in this area from roughly 5300 to 2600 BC, leaving behind thousands of archeological sites. Their settlements had up to 15,000 inhabitants, making them among the first large farming communities in the world.

In antiquity, the river was considered one of the principal rivers of European Sarmatia, and it was mentioned by many Classical geographers and historians. According to Herodotus (iv.51) it rose in a large lake, whilst Ptolemy (iii.5.17, 8.1 &c.) places its sources in Mount Carpates (the modern Carpathian Mountains), and Strabo (ii) says that they are unknown. It ran in an easterly direction parallel with the Ister (lower Danube), and formed part of the boundary between Dacia and Sarmatia. It fell into the Pontus Euxinus to the northeast of the mouth of the Ister, the distance between them being 900 stadia – approximately Шаблон:Convert – according to Strabo (vii.), while Шаблон:Convert (from the Pseudostoma) according to Pliny (iv. 12. s. 26). Scymnus (Fr. 51) describes it as of easy navigation, and abounding in fish. Ovid (ex Pont. iv.10.50) speaks of its rapid course.

Greek authors referred to the river as Tyras (Шаблон:Lang-el). At a later period it obtained the name of Danastris or Danastus, whence its modern name of Dniester (Niester), though the Turks still called it Turla during the 19th century. The form Шаблон:Lang is sometimes found.

According to Constantine VII, the Varangians used boats on their trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, along Dniester and Dnieper and along the Black Sea shore. The navigation near the western shore of Black Sea contained stops at Aspron (at the mouth of Dniester), then Conopa, Constantia (localities today in Romania) and Messembria (today in Bulgaria).

From the 14th century to 1812, part of the Dniester formed the eastern boundary of the Principality of Moldavia.

Between the World Wars, the Dniester formed part of the boundary between Romania and the Soviet Union. In 1919, on Easter Sunday, the bridge was blown up by the French Army to protect Bender from the Bolsheviks. During World War II, German and Romanian forces battled Soviet troops on the western bank of the river.

After the Republic of Moldova declared its independence in 1991, the small area to the east of the Dniester that had been part of the Moldavian SSR refused to participate and declared itself the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, or Transnistria, with its capital at Tiraspol on the river.

Файл:Ua river seret mouth.jpg

At the confluence of the Seret and the Dniester.

Tributaries

From source to mouth, right tributaries, i.e. on the southwest side, are the Stryi (Шаблон:Cvt), Шаблон:Illm (Шаблон:Cvt), Шаблон:Illm (Шаблон:Cvt), Bystrytsia (101 km), Răut (Шаблон:Cvt), Шаблон:Illm (Шаблон:Cvt), Bîc (Шаблон:Cvt), and Botna (Шаблон:Cvt).

Left tributaries, on the northeast side, are the Strwiąż (Шаблон:Cvt), Zubra, Hnyla Lypa (Шаблон:Cvt), Zolota Lypa (Шаблон:Cvt), Шаблон:Illm (Шаблон:Cvt), Strypa (Шаблон:Cvt), Seret (Шаблон:Cvt), Zbruch (Шаблон:Cvt), Smotrych (Шаблон:Cvt), Шаблон:Illm (Шаблон:Cvt), Шаблон:Illm (Шаблон:Cvt), Шаблон:Illm (Шаблон:Cvt), Murafa (Шаблон:Cvt), Шаблон:Illm (Шаблон:Cvt), Шаблон:Illm (Шаблон:Cvt), and Kuchurhan (Шаблон:Cvt).

See also

• Dniester Canyon
• Dniester Pumped Storage Power Station
• Euroregion Dniester

References

General

• Шаблон:SmithDGRG

External links

• Шаблон:Cite EB1911
• Volodymyr Kubijovyč, Ivan Teslia, Dnister River in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 1 (1984).
• Dniester.org: a trans-boundary Dniester river project
• eco-tiras.org