Английская Википедия:Dnyaneshwar

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Sant Dnyaneshwar (Marathi pronunciation: [d̪ɲaːn̪eʃʋəɾ]), also referred to as Dnyaneshwar, Dnyanadeva, Dnyandev or Mauli or Dnyaneshwar Vitthal Kulkarni (1275–1296),Шаблон:Sfn[1] was a 13th-century Indian Marathi saint, poet, philosopher and yogi of the Nath and Varkari tradition. In his short life of 21 years, he authored Dnyaneshwari (a commentary on the Bhagavad Gita) and Amrutanubhav.Шаблон:Sfn These are the oldest surviving literary works in the Marathi language, and considered to be milestones in Marathi literature.[2] Sant Dnyaneshwar's ideas reflect the non-dualistic Advaita Vedanta philosophy and an emphasis on Yoga and bhakti towards Vithoba, an incarnation of Lord Vishnu.Шаблон:Sfn His legacy inspired saint-poets such as Eknath and Tukaram, and he is one of the founders of the Varkari (Vithoba-Krishna) Bhakti movement tradition of Hinduism in Maharashtra.[3][4] Dnyaneshwar undertook samadhi at Alandi in 1296 by entombing himself in an underground chamber.

Biography

Dnyaneshwar was born in 1275 (on the auspicious day of Krishna Janmashtami) in a Marathi-speaking Deshastha Brahmin family in Apegaon village on the banks of Godavari river near Paithan in Maharashtra during the reign of the Yadava king Ramadevarava.[5][6]Шаблон:Sfn The kingdom with its capital Devagiri enjoyed relative peace and stability, and the king was a patron of literature and arts.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Biographical details of Sant Dnyaneshwar's life are preserved in the writings of his disciples, Satyamalanath and Sachchidanand.Шаблон:Sfn The various traditions give conflicting accounts of details of Dnyaneshwar's life. The date of composition of his work Dnyaneshwari (1290 CE), however is undisputed.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to the more accepted tradition on Dnyaneshwar's life, he was born in 1275 CE and he attained samadhi in 1296 CE.Шаблон:Sfn Other sources state he was born in 1271 CE.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Life

The biographical details of Dnyaneshwar's short life of about 21 years are contested and its authenticity is in doubt. The available accounts are filled with hagiographic legends and miracles he performed, such as his ability to make a buffalo sing the Vedas and humble a yogi by riding a moving wall.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

According to the accounts that have survived, Dnyaneshwar's father Vitthalapant was the kulkarni (hereditary accountant, usually Brahmin, who maintained land and tax records in villages)Шаблон:Sfn of a village called Apegaon on the banks of the Godavari River in Maharashtra, a profession he had inherited from his ancestors.Шаблон:Sfn He married Rakhumabai, the daughter of the Kulkarni of Alandi. Even as a householder, Vitthalapant longed for spiritual learning.Шаблон:Sfn His disillusionment with life grew as a result of the death of his father and because he had no children from his marriage. Eventually, with his wife's consent, he renounced worldly life and left for Kashi to become a sannyasin (renunciate).Шаблон:Sfn According to another version of these events Dnyaneshwar's father Vitthalapant came from a long line of teachers of the Nath yogi sect and being deeply religious, he went on a pilgrimage to Varanasi. There he met a guru (spiritual teacher), decided to renounce without his wife's consent.Шаблон:Sfn

Vitthalapant was initiated by his spiritual teacher, Ramanandacharya, who is also called Ramananda[7] in Kashi. When Ramananda Swami visited Alan-di and met Rukminibai by chance, he blessed her saying, “May you lead a happy married life.” With tears in her eyes, Rukmini said that it was not possible since her husband had gone away to Kashi and become a sanyasin. On finding out that her husband was none other than his disciple Vitthalapant, Ramananda Swami, on returning to Kashi, reprimanded Vitthalapant and sent him back to Alandi. At Alandi, he rejoined his wife and again became a householder.[8][9][10] After Vitthalapant returned to his wife and settled down in Alandi, Rakhumabai gave birth to four children—Nivruttinath (1273 CE), Dnyaneshwar (1275 CE), Sopan (1277 CE) and Muktabai (1279 CE).Шаблон:Sfn

Orthodox Brahmins of the day saw a renunciate returning to his life as a householder as heresy.Шаблон:Sfn Dnyaneshwar and his brothers were denied the right to have the sacred thread ceremony for the full admission to the Brahmin caste.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to Pawar, this meant excommunication from the Brahmin caste.Шаблон:Sfn

Vitthalapant eventually left the town for Nashik with his family. One day while performing his daily rituals, Vitthalapant came face to face with a tiger. Vitthalapant and three of his four children escaped, but Nivruttinath became separated from the family and hid in a cave. While hiding in the cave he met Gahaninath, who initiated Nivruttinath into the wisdom of the Nath yogis.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Later, Vitthalapant returned to Alandi and asked the Brahmins to suggest a means of atonement for his sins; they suggested giving up his life as penance. Vitthalapant and his wife gave up their lives, within a year of each other by jumping into the Indrayani river in the hope their children might be able to lead lives free of persecution.Шаблон:Sfn Other sources and local folk tradition claim that the parents committed suicide by jumping in the Indrayani River.Шаблон:Sfn Another version of the legend states that Vitthalapant, the father threw himself into Ganges River to expiate his sin.Шаблон:Sfn

Dnyaneshwar and his siblings were accepted by and initiated into the Nath Hindu live tradition to which their parents already belonged, where the three brothers and the sister Muktabai all became celebrated yogis and Bhakti poets.Шаблон:Sfn

Travel and demise

After Dnyaneshwar had written Amrutanubhav, the siblings visited Pandharpur where they met Namdev, who became a close friend of Dnyaneshwar. Dnyaneshwar and Namadev embarked on a pilgrimage to various holy centers across India where they initiated many people into the Varkari sect;Шаблон:Sfn Dnyaneshwar's devotional compositions called Abhangas are believed to have been formulated during this period.Шаблон:Sfn On their return to Pandharpur, Dnyaneshwar and Namadev were honored with a feast in which, according to Bahirat, many contemporary saints such as "Goroba the potter, Sanvata the gardener, Chokhoba the untouchable and Parisa Bhagwat the Brahmin" participated.Шаблон:Sfn Some scholars accept the traditional view that Namdev and Dnyaneshwar were contemporaries; however, others such as W. B. Patwardhan, R. G. Bhandarkar and R. Bharadvaj disagree with this view and date Namdev to the late 14th century instead.Шаблон:Sfn

After the feast, Dnyaneshwar desired to go into sanjeevan samadhi,Шаблон:Sfn a practice to voluntarily leave one's mortal body after entering into a deep meditative state, as practiced in Ashtanga Yoga of ancient India.Шаблон:Sfn Preparations for the Sanjeevan Samadhi were made by Namdev's sons.Шаблон:Sfn Regarding Sanjeevan Samadhi, Dnyaneshwar himself had emphatically talked about the relationship between higher awareness and light or pure energy.[11] On the 13th day of the dark half of the Kartik month of the Hindu Calendar, in Alandi, Dnyaneshwar, who was then twenty-one years old, entered into Sanjeevan samadhi.Шаблон:Sfn His samadhi lies in the Siddhesvara Temple complex in Alandi.Шаблон:Sfn Namdev and other bystanders grieved his passing. According to tradition, Dnyaneshwar was brought back to life to meet Namdev when the latter prayed to Vithoba for his return. Dallmayr writes that this testifies to "the immortality of genuine friendship and companionship of noble and loving hearts".Шаблон:Sfn Many Varkari devotees believe that Dnyaneshwar is still alive.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Miracles

Файл:Dnyaneshwar humbles Changdev.jpg
The siblings Muktabai, Sopan, Dnyaneshwar and Nivruttinath seated on the flying wall greet Changdev seated on a tiger. In the centre, Changdev bows to Dnyaneshwar.

Many believe that these miracles are fake and are exaggerated later on by people to feed their fantasies of GODMAN , But , the work Saint Dnyaneshwar has done is for the spiritual upliftment of society by explaining geeta in simple language in form of Dnyaneshwari (Bhavarth dipika) , so, we should focus on spiritual aspect and not magical aspect of his life ,but , still there are few notorious stories about miracles came to be associated with Dnyaneshwar's life,Шаблон:Sfn one of which was the revival of his disciple Sachchidanand's corpse.Шаблон:Sfn Fred Dallmyr summarizes one of these legends as follows from the hagiography by Mahipati:Шаблон:Sfn At age 12, Dnyaneshwar with his impoverished and outcaste siblings, went to Paithan to plead mercy from Paithan priests. There, they were insulted and ridiculed. As the children were suffering the bullying, on a nearby road was a man who was violently lashing an old buffalo, and the injured animal collapsed in tears. Dnyaneshwar asked the buffalo owner to stop out of concern for the animal. The priests ridiculed him for being more concerned about a beast and unconcerned about the teachings of the Vedas. Dnyaneshwar retorted that the Vedas themselves held all life to be sacred and a manifestation of the Brahman.Шаблон:Efn The outraged priests pointed out that his logic implied that beasts should be able to learn the Vedas as well. An undeterred Dnyaneshwar then placed his hand on the buffalo's forehead and it started reciting a Vedic verse in a deep voice.Шаблон:Sfn According to Fred Dallmayr, one may not be concerned whether this story accurately reflects Dnyaneshwar's biography, the story does have symbolic significance in the same manner as the story about Jesus in Jerusalem in Matthew 3:9.Шаблон:Sfn

In another miracle, Dnyaneshwar was challenged by Changdev, an accomplished yogi who rode on a tiger with his magical powers, to replicate this feat. Dnyaneshwar humbled Changdev by riding on a moving wall.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn Dnyaneshwar's advice to Changdev was given in 65 verses called the Changdev Pasasthi.Шаблон:Sfn Changdev became a disciple of Dnyaneshwar's sister Muktabai.Шаблон:Sfn

Writings

According to B. P. Bahirat, Dnyaneshwar was the first known philosopher who wrote in the Marathi language.Шаблон:Sfn At about age 16, he composed Dnyaneshwari in the year 1290,Шаблон:Sfn[12] a commentary on Bhagavad Gita which later became a fundamental text of the Varkari sect.Шаблон:Sfn His words were recorded by Sacchidananda, who agreed to become Dnyaneshwar's amanuensis.Шаблон:Sfn Dnyaneshwari was written using the Ovi; a metre, which was first used to compose women's songs in Maharashtra, of four lines where the first three or the first and third lines rhyme and the fourth line has a sharp and short ending.Шаблон:Sfn According to W. B. Patwardhan, a scholar on Dnyaneshwar, with Dnyaneshwar the ovi "trips, it gallops, it dances, it whirls, it ambles, it trots, it runs, it takes long leaps or short jumps, it halts or sweeps along, it evolves a hundred and one graces at the master's command".Шаблон:Sfn In Dnyaneshwari, at last he wrote "Pasaayadana" in which he prayed everything for others and all humanity and nothing for himself. Saint Dnyaneshwar himself believed that "The whole world has one soul- या विश्वाचा आत्मा एक आहे".

Шаблон:Quote box His first text Dnyanesvari was in the vernacular Marathi language, as opposed to the classical Sanskrit language.Шаблон:Sfn He wrote Dnyaneshwari in the Marathi language so that common people could understand philosophical aspects of life which were then understood only by those who knew Sanskrit (i.e. the higher priestly classes). Thus, this was a significant work in Indian history which simplified philosophy to the common man.

According to Bhagwat, like other Bhakti poets, Dnyaneshwar's choice of the vernacular language was an important departure from the prevailing cultural hegemony of Sanskrit and high–caste Hinduism, a trend which continued with later bhakti poets across India. Dnyaneshwar is to the Marathi literature what Dante is to the Italian, states Bhagwat.Шаблон:Sfn

According to tradition, Nivruttinath was not satisfied with the commentary and asked Dnyaneshwar to write an independent philosophical work. This work later came to be known as Amrutanubhava.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Scholars differ on the chronology of the Dnyaneshwari and Amrutanubhav. Patwardhan has argued that Amrutanubhav is an earlier text than Dnyaneshwari because the latter is richer in use of metaphors and imagery, and displays greater familiarity with many different philosophical systems, such as Samkhya and Yoga.Шаблон:Sfn However, both Bahirat and Ranade disagree with this view pointing out that in Amrutanubhava, author displays familiarity with involved philosophical concepts such as Mayavada and Shunyavada, and while the text has simpler language, it reveals Dnyaneshwar's "philosophical depth".Шаблон:Sfn

Dnyaneshwar's devotional compositions called Abhangas are believed to have been formulated during his pilgrimage to Pandharpur and other holy places when he got initiated into the Varkari tradition.Шаблон:Sfn

Influences

Шаблон:Quote box The Mahanubhava sect and the Nath Yogi tradition were two prominent movements during Dnyaneshwar's time that influenced his works. Mahanubhavas were devotees of Krishna who disregarded the caste system, the Vedas and the worship of the deity Vitthala.Шаблон:Sfn Dnyaneshwar differed significantly from Mahanubhava's religious precepts.Шаблон:Sfn His thought was founded on the philosophy of the later Vedic texts such as the Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita,Шаблон:Sfn and devotion to Vitthala formed the cornerstone of the egalitarian Varkari sect founded by Dnyaneshwar.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn However, the literary style adopted by Mahanubhava writers influenced Dnyaneshwar's works. According to R. D. Ranade, Dnyaneshwar "stands to Mahanubhavas just in the same relation which Shakespeare stood to Elizabethan writers".Шаблон:Sfn

Dnyaneshwar was initiated into the Nath Yogi tradition by his brother Nivruttinath,Шаблон:Sfn sometime after the death of their parents;Шаблон:Sfn Sopana and Muktabai were initiated into the tradition by Dnyaneshwar himself.Шаблон:Sfn Founded by Gorakshanath,Шаблон:Efn the Nath Yogi sect had introduced the system of Hatha Yoga, which emphasised on yogic poses and physical fitness.Шаблон:Sfn Gahaninath, a disciple of Gorakshanath, had initiated Nivruttinath into the Nath Yogi tradition.Шаблон:Sfn Dnyaneshwar's non-dualistic philosophy, usage of a vernacular language in his writing and an emphasis on yoga and oneness of Vishnu and Shiva were his inheritances from the Nath Yogi tradition.Шаблон:Sfn

The values of Universal brotherhood and compassion espoused in his works came from his interactions with the devotional Vitthala sect, a tradition which was already in existence during Dnyaneshwar's time.Шаблон:Sfn J. N. Farquhar also notes the influence of Bhagavata Purana on Dnyaneshwar's poetry.Шаблон:Sfn

Philosophy

Ontology and epistemology

Шаблон:Quote box Dnyaneshwar takes up the examination of being or brahmanШаблон:Efn in Amrutanubhava. He considers being to be the substratum of thought which enables thought and cognition. Since being is prior to thought and concepts, it is distinct from Kantian categories, and methods of thought such as epistemological analysis cannot be applied to it.Шаблон:Sfn Dnyaneshwar believes that reality is self–evident and does not require any proof.Шаблон:Sfn It antedates dualistic divisions into knower and known, existence and nonexistence, subject and object, knowledge and ignorance.Шаблон:Sfn

Dnyaneshwar highlights the limitations of the traditional epistemological methods (pramanas) used in Indian philosophy.Шаблон:Efn He points out that any perception is validated only by another deeper understanding, while in establishing the rationality of reason, reason itself is transcended. Dnyaneshwar even cautions against reliance on scriptural testimony, which is accepted as a valid source of knowledge by philosophers of Vedanta and Mīmāṃsā schools of philosophy. Scriptural validity, to him, stems from its congruence with experiential truth and not vice versa.Шаблон:Sfn

Ethics

Dnyaneshwar's moral philosophy comes out in his exposition of the 13th of Bhagavad Gita, in his commentary on the book Dnyaneshwari.Шаблон:Sfn He considers humility; non–injury in action, thought and words; forbearance in the face of adversity; dispassion towards sensory pleasures; purity of heart and mind; love of solitude and devotion towards one's Guru and God as virtues; and their corresponding moral opposites as vices.Шаблон:Sfn A pessimistic view of one's life is considered as a necessary condition for spiritual growth in Dnyaneshwari.Шаблон:Sfn Dnyaneshwar writes that saints do not perceive distinctions and are humble because they identify all objects, animate or inanimate, with their own Self.Шаблон:Sfn

Devotion to Guru occupies an important place throughout the commentary. Many of its chapters begin with an invocation to his Guru Nivruttinath, who is eulogized by Dnyaneshwar as the person who helped him "cross the ocean of existence".Шаблон:Sfn The discussion on virtue and vices continues in his elucidation of the 16th chapter of Bhagavad Gita, where virtues and vices are called divine heritages and demonic heritages respectively.Шаблон:Sfn Divine heritage comprises fearlessness, which comes from a belief in unity of all objects; charity; sacrifice,Шаблон:Efn which comes from performing one's duties and compassion in addition to virtues already enumerated;Шаблон:Sfn while demonic heritage consists of six vices— ignorance, anger, arrogance, hypocrisy, harshness and pride.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:1765 Saka, 1843 CE, Jnanesvari Jnandeva Dnyaneshwar manuscript page 1 and 2, Devanagari Marathi.jpg
Dnyaneshwar's ideas are based on the Bhagavad Gita. Above: Dnyaneshwari pages in Devanagari script, Marathi language.

The doctrine of Karma Yoga in the Bhagavad Gita is resurrected in Dnyaneshwari and its utility as a means of achieving actionlessness through action and in establishing harmony between the two is examined.Шаблон:Sfn In the fourth chapter, the ideal karma yogiШаблон:'s actions are compared to the apparent movement of the Sun, which while appearing to rise and set is actually stationary;Шаблон:Efn similarly, a karma yogi, though appears to act, doesn't really act.Шаблон:Sfn Performance of one's duties, acting without egoism, renunciation of the fruits of one's actions and offering one's actions to God are four ways which, according to Dnyaneshwar, result in actionlessness and Self–realisation.Шаблон:Sfn Dnyaneshwar's metaphysical conclusion that the world is a manifestation of the divine, and not an illusion, also creates an ethical framework which rejects renunciation and recommends performing one's duties and actions in the spirit of worship.Шаблон:Sfn

Traditional Indian scriptures see Ṛta, a Hindu theological term similar to dharma, as a natural law that governs both the cosmos and human society. Performance of one's duties to uphold social institutions, such as marriage and family, thus becomes imperative, and duty overrides individual freedom.Шаблон:Sfn Dnyaneshwar is in agreement with tradition; he believes that divine order and moral order are one and the same and are inherent in the universe itself. He, therefore, recommends that all social institutions be protected and preserved in their totality. However, when it comes to the institution of caste, his approach becomes more humanitarian and he advocates spiritual egalitarianism.Шаблон:Sfn

Reception and legacy

Файл:Alandi Palki 08.jpg
Dnyaneshwar's palkhi (palanquin), carrying the sandals of the saint, in a silver cart pulled by Oxen on a journey from Alandi to Pandharpur.

Elements of Dnyaneshwar's life and writings, such as his criticism of parochialism of the priestly elite, a celebration of the family life and spiritual egalitarianism, would shape the culture of the Varkari movement.[13]Шаблон:Sfn According to Dallmayr, Dnyaneshwar's life and writings have "developed into primary exemplars of genuine religiosity for the Varkari movement, as well as crucial sources and focal points of bhakti devotion".Шаблон:Sfn

Devotees of the Varkari sect in the Hindu Shaka month of Ashadh join an annual pilgrimage called the Wari with symbolic Sandals (called Paduka in Marathi) of Dynaneshwar carried in a palkhi from Dnyaneshwar's shrine in Alandi to the Vitthala temple in Pandharpur .[14] The Padukas (sandals) of Dnyaneshwar are carried in a Palkhi (palanquin) for the Dnyaneshwar inspired works of later poet-saints of the Varkari movement.

His philosophy of chidvilas was adapted by Varkari writers, such as Namdev and Eknath, to their own works. AmrutanubhavaШаблон:'s influence is visible in Eknath's Hastamalak and Swatmsukha. Tukaram's works imbibe and explain Dnyaneshwar's philosophical concepts such as the refutation of Mayavada.Шаблон:Sfn

In popular culture

A 1940 Marathi film, Sant Dnyaneshwar, directed by Vishnupant Govind Damle and Sheikh Fattelal, was a biopic on Sant Dnyaneshwar's life. Since 2021, a Marathi language TV serial named 'Dnyaneshwar Mauli' is airing on the Sony Marathi channel.

Works

Undisputed authorshipШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

  • Dnyaneshwari or Bhavarthdipika (1290 CE)
  • Amrutanubhava or Anubhavamrita (1292 CE)
  • Changdev Pasashti (1294 CE)
  • Haripath
  • Abhangas

Works attributed to DnyaneshwarШаблон:Sfn

See also

References

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Further reading

External links

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Шаблон:Marathi language topics

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  1. ↑ W. Doderet (1926), ]https://www.jstor.org/stable/607401 The Passive Voice of the Jnanesvari], Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 4, No. 1 (1926), pp. 59-64
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ Glushkova, Irina. "6 Object of worship as a free choice." Objects of Worship in South Asian Religions: Forms, Practices and Meanings 13 (2014).
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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