Английская Википедия:Doabi dialect
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox language Doabi is a dialect of the Punjabi language. The dialect is named for the region in which it was historically spoken, Doaba[1] (also known as Bist Doab); the word doab means "the land between two rivers" and this dialect was historically spoken in the doab between the Beas River and Sutlej River. Its occurrence in parts of Pakistani Punjab owes to post-1947 migration of Muslim populace from East Punjab. The region it is now spoken includes: the Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Kapurthala and Nawanshahr districts of Indian Punjab, including the areas known as the Dona and Manjki; and the Toba Tek Singh and Faisalabad districts of Pakistani Punjab and some regions of una,Himachal Pradesh.Шаблон:Citation needed
The sub dialects of Doabi include Dona and Manjki.[2]
Analysis
The Doabi dialect in its eastern part blends with the Malwai dialect of Ludhiana district, and in its Northern side, it shares the linguistic features of Pahari. Some of the linguistic Linguistic features of the Doabi dialect that separate it from other Punjabi dialects are as below:[3]
Consonants
* does not occur word initially
Vowels
Doabi has ten vowels. These are Шаблон:IPA
For example:
| Vowel | Word | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:IPA ਅ | ਅੱਖ /Шаблон:IPA/ | 'eye' |
| Шаблон:IPA ਉ | ਉਠ /Шаблон:IPA/ | ‘awake’ |
| Шаблон:IPA ਇ | ਇੱਟ /Шаблон:IPA/ | ‘brick’ |
| Шаблон:IPA ਆ | ਆਸ /Шаблон:IPA/ | ‘hope’ |
| Шаблон:IPA ਐ | ਐਨਕ /Шаблон:IPA/ | spectacles’ |
| Шаблон:IPA ਊ | ਊਠ /Шаблон:IPA/ | ‘camel’ |
| Шаблон:IPA ਏ | ਸ਼ੇਰ /Шаблон:IPA/ | ‘lion’ |
| Шаблон:IPA ਅੋ | ਮੋਰ /Шаблон:IPA/ | ‘peacock’ |
| Шаблон:IPA ਔ | /Шаблон:IPA/ | ‘fear’ |
| Шаблон:IPA ਈ | ਤੀਰ /Шаблон:IPA/ | ‘arrow’ |
Other suprasegmental phonemes
Tone, stress and nasalization in Doabi are phonemic.
Tone
Three tones are used in Doabi; low, mid and high. For example;
| Tone | Doabi word | English translation |
|---|---|---|
| Falling | ਭਾ pà | ‘rate’ |
| Neutral | ਪਾ pa | ‘put’ |
| Rising | ਪਾਹ pá | ‘harsh’ |
Stress
Stress in Doabi is realized in two ways, syntagmatically and paradigmatically.
Syntagmatically, stress-shift results in change of meaning. This kind of stress is often orthographically unmarked, and may shift any tone present in a word to the stressed syllable.
For example:
| Doabi word | English translation |
|---|---|
| ਘੜਾ /'kə̀ɽa:/ | ‘pitcher’ |
| ਘੜਾ /kə'ɽà:/ | ‘to shape, sculpt, mold’ |
Paradigmatically, Doabi has stressed and unstressed syllables;
| Unstressed | Doabi word | English translation |
|---|---|---|
| sШаблон:Clarify | sattШаблон:Clarify | ‘essence’ |
| tШаблон:Clarify | pataШаблон:Clarify | ‘address’ |
| Stressed | Doabi word | English translation |
|---|---|---|
| sШаблон:Clarify | satШаблон:Clarify | ‘seven’ |
| ttШаблон:Clarify | pattaШаблон:Clarify | ‘leaf’ |
Some basic vocabulary items
| Doabi word | English translation |
|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA | ‘father’ |
| Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA | ‘sister’ |
| Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA | ‘brother’ |
| Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA | ‘apple’ |
| Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA | ‘paddy’ |
| Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA | ‘elder’ |
Features
Substituting letters
Doabi's drop the letter "v" at the start of a word and use the letter "b"[4] as in "Vada" (big) to "Bada". They also use the letter "o" elsewhere in a word instead of a "v" as in "Khvab" (dream) to "Khoaab". A distinctive feature of Doabi is the use of the "w" sound. Where "v" appears in the middle of a word in standard Punjabi, Doabis use "w" so that "hava" (wind) becomes "hawa". Also, the vowel "u" is pronounced with an "o". Accordingly, "khush" (happy) becomes "khosh" or "kuht" (to beat) becomes "koht". In Doabi, any word beginning with "i" is pronounced with "e". For example, the word "khich" (to pull) is pronounced as "khech" or the word "vich" (inside) is pronounced as "bech".
Doabis do not use "z" and therefore substitute "j". This is common in the Punjabi language as "z" is not indigenous to the area.
Sentence structure
Doabi's end sentences with "aa" (present tense) and "sigey" (past —tense), instead of "han" (present tense) and "san" or "si" (past tense). "Aiddan", "Jiddan", "Kiddan" are all commonly used adverbs in Doabi as opposed to the "Aistaran/Enj," "Jistaran/Jivven," and "Kistaran/Kivven," used in Punjabi's prestige dialect, Majhi.
Present Tense: Usage of aa (sing.) and aa (plu.)
Examples:
| Phrase | Doabi | Standard Punjabi |
| He is doing | Oh kardā ā
ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਆ |
Oh kardā ɛ̀/e*
ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ/ਏ* |
| They are doing | Oh karde (y)ā
ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਆ |
Oh karde han
ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ |
| *spoken forms |
Past Tense: Uninflected sī, or number- and gender-inflected sīgā/sīgī/sīge/sīgīā, in Doabi
Examples:
| Phrase | Doabi | Standard Punjabi |
| He was doing | oh kardā sī/sīgā
ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗਾ Шаблон:Nastaliq |
oh kardā sī
ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ Шаблон:Nastaliq |
| They were doing | oh karde sī/sīge
ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੀ /ਸੀਗੇ Шаблон:Nastaliq |
oh karde san
ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਸਨ (also ਸਣ in spoken Majhi) Шаблон:Nastaliq |
| You (sing. m.) were doing | tũ kardā sī/sīgā
ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗਾ Шаблон:Nastaliq |
tũ kardā sɛ̃
ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੈਂ Шаблон:Nastaliq |
| You (pl.) were doing | tusī̃ karde sī/sīge
ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗੇ Шаблон:Nastaliq |
tusī̃ karde so
ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੋ Шаблон:Nastaliq |
| I (m.) was doing | mɛ̃ kardā sī/sīgā
ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗਾ Шаблон:Nastaliq |
mɛ̃ kardā sã
ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਸਾਂ Шаблон:Nastaliq |
| We were doing | āppā karde sī/sīge
ਆਪਾਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗੇ Шаблон:Nastaliq |
asī̃ karde sã
ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸਾਂ Шаблон:Nastaliq |
Vocabulary
| Doabi | English | Standard Punjabi |
|---|---|---|
| ਹੋਊਗਾ "hō'ūgā" | Will Happen | "hōvēgā" |
| "bāɽa" | Cow shed | "havelī" |
| ਧੌਣ "dhauṇ" | Neck | "gardan" |
| "pāḷā or ṭhanḍ" | Cold weather | "sardī" |
| "konjī" | Key | "chābbī" |
| "gaṭhe" | Onions | "ganaḍē" |
| "niāṇe" | Children | "bacche" |
| "dekhnā" | To See | "vekhṇā" |
| "kardā hɛgā / kardā sī” | To Be Doing | "kar ría ɛ̀" |
| "gábbe" | Middle | "vichkār" |
| "līre/kappaṛe/talle" | Clothes | "kappaṛe" |
| "lītā" | Bought | "Kharīdi'ā" |
See also
- Languages of Pakistan
- Languages of India
- List of Indian languages by total speakers
- Malwi dialect
- Puadhi language
References
