Английская Википедия:Doi Suthep–Pui National Park

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Шаблон:Infobox protected area

Doi Suthep–Pui National Park (Шаблон:Lang-th) is a national park in Chiang Mai Province in Thailand. It includes Wat Phra That Doi Suthep, a Buddhist temple, and Bhubing Palace, the winter residence of the Thai royal family. The park is a protected area for flora, fauna, and habitat.[1]

History

The former name of the area is Doi Aoi Chang.Шаблон:Citation needed The name Doi Suthep was inspired by a hermit named Prarusiwa Suthep who once lived in the local forest. In 1973, the Royal Forest Department proposed that this and 13 other forests be designated national parks. It became the 24th national park of Thailand when it was official established on 14 April 1981.[2] Today it includes 160,812 rai ~ Шаблон:Convert of territory.[3]

Geography and climate

Файл:น้ำตกหมอกฟ้า อุทยานแห่งชาติลำดับที่42 อุทยานแห่งชาติดอยสุทพ-ปุย.jpg
Mok Fa waterfall (area C on the map)
Файл:Doi Suthep National Park, the areas that form the park.jpg
The total area that forms the park[4]

The mountainous landscape is part of the Thanon Thong Chai Range. The three main peaks are Doi Suthep, Doi Buak Ha, and Doi Pui, the latter of which is tallest at Шаблон:Convert. The climate is cool, with an average temperature around Шаблон:Convert. Low winter temperatures can reach Шаблон:Convert. Late summer is the rainy season, with daily precipitation.[1]

Flora

Шаблон:Further

Файл:Doi Pui mountains, Chiang Mai, Thailand.jpg
Mixed deciduous-evergreen forest

More than 2,000 species of vascular plants have been documented in the national park.[2]

The park is forested, with evergreen forest above Шаблон:Convert and deciduous forest below. Mixed deciduous-evergreen forest occurs in gullies and along streams. Common trees include oaks, dipterocarps, and trees of the magnolia family.[1] There are many waterfalls.[4]

The forests in the park are divided into two main types of forests. Deciduous forests are found up to about 900-1,000 meters above sea level, while lower montane evergreen forests are found starting from about 900-1,000 meters above sea level.

The dipterocarp deciduous forest is primarily composed of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus, Dipterocarpus obtusifolius, Shorea siamensis, and Shorea obtusa. The oak species Quercus kerrii is also found in the deciduous forest. Other major non-dipterocarp tree species in the deciduous forest are Pterocarpus macrocarpus, Xylia xylocarpa, Terminalia mucronata, Terminalia alata, and Vitex peduncularis.[5][6]

The pine tree Pinus kesiya is found at higher elevations.

The montane evergreen forest primarily consists of Schima wallichii, Castanopsis acuminatissima, Castanopsis tribuloides, Magnolia baillonii, Magnolia garrettii, among other tree species. Tectona grandis and Cassia fistula used to be common, but are no longer widely found due to centuries of logging.[7][8]

Fungi

The park is home to diverse fungi species, many of which may be undescribed or have only been recently described.[9]

Fungi in the park primarily belong to the families Boletaceae, Agaricaceae and Russulaceae. A 2007 survey found 30 species of ascomycetes and 228 species of basidiomycetes in the forests surrounding Chiang Mai city.[10]

Different species and genera tend to occupy different ecological niches:[10]

Mushrooms belonging to the genera Astraeus, Heimiella, Pterygellus, and Mycoamaranthus are also found in the park.[10]

Dozens of wild fungi species are locally harvested for human consumption. Mushrooms are often collected from dipterocarp forest floors during the rainy season from June to October. They include:[11][12]

Species Local Thai name
Amanita chepangiana hed kai kao เห็ดไข่ขาว
Amanita hemibapha hed kai luang เห็ดไข่เหลือง
Amanita princeps hed kai kao เห็ดไข่ขาว
Astraeus hygrometricus hed phor เห็ดเผาะ
Boletus firmus hed nam pheung เห็ดน้ำผึ้ง
Cantharellus cibarius hed kamin yai เห็ดขมิ้นใหญ่; hed mun pu yai
Cantharellus minor hed kamin lek เห็ดขมิ้นเล็ก
Craterellus aureus hef kamin luang krob เห็ดขมิ้นเหลืองกรอบ
Craterellus odoratus hed kamin nang เห็ดขมิ้นหนัง
Heimiella retispora hed pod maa
Heimiella subretispora hed pod maa
Lactarius glaucescens hed khaa
Lactarius piperatus hed khing เห็ดขิง
Lactarius subpiperatus
Lactarius volemus hed faang เห็ดฟาง
Mycoamaranthus cambodgensis hed kalum maa เห็ดกะหล่ำมา
Phaeogyroporus portentosus hed haa
Pterygellus polymorphus (aff.)
Russula alboareolata hed nam paeng
Russula cyanoxantha hed naa moi, hed nam maak
Russula densifolia hed than lek
Russula lepida hed daeng เห็ดแดง
Russula nigricans hed than yai
Russula senecis hed kor
Russula sp. hed lom kao
Russula sp.1 hed poong moo dam
Russula sp.2 (red) hed daeng เห็ดแดง
Russula virescens hed lom kra khiaw
Russula xerampelina hed daeng luang เห็ดแดงเหลือง
Sinoboletus sp. hed pod maa lek

However, care must be taken to distinguish edible species from local poisonous species such as Amanita exitialis, Amanita fuliginea, Amanita fuligineoides, Amanita cf. virgineoides, Cantharocybe cf. gruberi, Chlorophyllum globosum, Chlorophyllum molybdites, Clitocybe sp., Coprinopsis lagopus, Entoloma cf. caespitosum, Entoloma cf. subclitocyboides, Inocybe sp., Megacollybia cf. fallax, Panaeolus cyanescens, Russula emetica,[13] Amanita gleocystidiosa, Cantharocybe virosa, and other poisonous species belonging to the genera Entoloma, Lactarius, and Tricholoma.[14]

Fauna

Animals in the park include the crocodile salamander (Tylototriton verrucosus). Mammals include the common muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak) and wild boar (Sus scrofa). More than 300 species of birds have been recorded in the area, including pheasants, eagles, parrots, bulbuls and minivets.[1][15]

Mammals

Small mammals found in the lower montane evergreen forest include the ferret-badger (Melogale personata), ground squirrel (Menetes berdmorei), noisy rat (Leopoldamys sabanus), lesser short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus brachyotis), while small mammals found in the deciduous forest include the common tree shrew (Tupaia glis), Burmese striped squirrel (Tamiops mcclellandii), belly-banded squirrel (Callosciurus flavimanus), white-bellied flying squirrel (Petinomys setosus), chestnut white-bellied rat (Niviventer fulvescens), yellow rajah rat (Maxomys surifer), root rat (Rattus rattus), and dark-tailed subspecies of Bower's white-toothed rat (Berylmys bowersi bowersi).[7]

Frugivorous mammals in the park include Pallas's squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus), red-cheeked squirrel (Dremomys rufigenis), Phayre's flying squirrel (Hylopetes phayrei), Burmese striped squirrel (Tamiops mcclellandii), northern treeshrew (Tupaia belangeri), common palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus), masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), and northern pig-tailed macaque (Macaca leonina).[16]

Other small mammals found in the park are Rattus tanezumi, Rattus exulans, Rhizomys pruinosus, Hylomys suillus,Шаблон:Which and Crocidura vorax.[17]

Birds

Frugivorous birds include the black-crested bulbul (Pycnonotus flaviventris), mountain bulbul (Ixos mcclellandii), puff-throated bulbul (Alophoixus pallidus), and ashy bulbul (Hemixos flavala).[16]

In the Monthathan Waterfall area, bird species include:

Reptiles and amphibians

Reptiles in the park include Platysternon megacephalum, Calotes emma alticristata, Pseudocalotes kakhienensis, Pseudocalotes microlepis, Gekko gecko, Ptychozoon kaengkrachanense, Tropidophorus thai, and the recently described gecko species Cyrtodactylus doisuthep.[18] Other reptiles reported from the park include the Rough-bellied Mountain Dragon (Acanthosaura lepidogaster), Green Keelback (Rhabdophis nigrocinctus), Reeve's Smooth Skink (Scincella reevesii), Assam Mountain Snake (Plagiopholis nuchalis), Berdmore's Water Skink (Tropidophorus berdmorei), Speckled Forest Skink (Eutropis macularia), Khasi Hills Keelback (Hebius khasiense), Burmese False Bloodsucker (Pseudocalotes microlepis), Sphenomorphus spp., and Scincella spp.[19]

Reptile and amphibian species vary according to elevation.[20] Frog species inhabiting mountainous streams include Amolops marmoratus, Limnonectes taylori, Sylvirana nigrovittata, and Odorrana chloronota.[21] The Doi Suthep caecilian (Ichthyophis youngorum) is named after Doi Suthep. The Dwarf Bush Frog (Philautus parvulus) and Limborg's Frog (Limnonectes limborgi) have also been reported from the park.[19]

Invertebrates

Thousands of insect species are found in the park, including 561 species of butterflies.[22]

Recreation

Activities in the park include walking and hiking, cycling, camping, tours of caves, waterfalls, and other features, observation of plants, birds, and butterflies, cultural and historical sightseeing, and stargazing.[4]

Location

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:National and forest parks in Thailand

Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web no 24
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Khamyong, Nuttaluck, Prasit Wangpakapattanawong, Sutthathorn Chairuangsri, Angkhana Inta, and Pimonrat Tiansawat (2018). Tree Species Composition and Height-diameter Allometry of Three Forest Types in Northern Thailand. CMU J. Nat. Sci. (2018) Vol. 17(4).
  6. ↑ Yarnvudhi, Arerut, Sarawood Sungkaew, Sutheera Hermhuk, Pasuta Sunthornhao, Surin Onprom (2016). Plant Diversity and Utilization on Ethnobotany of Local People at Hmong Doi Pui Village in Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province. Thai J. For. 35(3): 136-146 (2016).
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 Putiyanan, Somporn and J.F. Maxwell (2006). Survey and Herbarium Specimens of Medicinal Vascular Flora of Doi Suthep-Pui. CMU Journal (2006) Vol. 5(2).
  8. ↑ Marod, Dokrak, Sarawood Sangkaew, Aumporn Panmongkol, Atchara Jingjai (2014). Influences of Environmental Factors on Tree Distribution of Lower Montane Evergreen Forest at Doi Sutep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province. Thai J. For. 33 (3) : 23-33 (2014).
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 Sirisak BUTKRACHANG, Ekkarat BOONCHIENG, Uraporn SARDSUD, Morakot SUKCHOTIRATANA, Abhinya PLIKOMOL, Griangsak CHAIROTE and Pitoon NARONGCHAI. Wild Mushroom Database of Chiang Mai Community Forest. Asian Journal of Biology Education Vol. 3 (2007).
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  12. ↑ Dell B, Sanmee R, Lumyong P and Lumyong S. Ectomycorrhizal fungi in dry and wet dipterocarp forests in northern Thailand - diversity and use as food.
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ TAWATSIN, Apiwat et al. Mushroom Poisoning in Thailand: Incidence and Intoxication to Human Health. Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 6, n. 9, sep. 2018. ISSN 2375-1924. Date accessed: 18 Sep. 2021.
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 Rueangket, Apisada, Prateep Duengkaea, Sathid Thinkhampang, Dokrak Marod (2019). Utilization of fruit by frugivores in lower montane forest at Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai province Шаблон:Webarchive. Agr. Nat. Resour. 53 (2019) 457–464.
  17. ↑ Saosoong, Sutasinee, Prateep Duengkae1, and Dokrak Marod (2014). Species diversity and abundance of small mammals in hill evergreen forest at Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province. Journal of Wildlife in Thailand Vol.21 No.1 2014.
  18. ↑ Kunya, Kirati, Aumporn Panmongkol, Olivier S. G. Pauwels, Montri Sumontha, Jiraporn Meewasana, Woraphot Bunkhwamdi & Siriwat Dangsri. 2014. A New Forest-Dwelling Bent-toed Gecko (Squamata: Gekkonidae: Cyrtodactylus) from Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand. Zootaxa. 3811(2): 251–261. Шаблон:Doi
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 Hakim, Jonathan (2014). Doi Suthep. Reptiles and Amphibians of Thailand.
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Hakim, Jonathan (2016). A night on Doi Suthep. Reptiles and Amphibians of Thailand.
  22. ↑ Inayoshi, Y. & A. Giudici. Basic list of Butterflies in Chiang Mai province, Thailand.
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