Английская Википедия:Dolly Johnson

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:For Шаблон:Use mdy datesШаблон:Use American English Шаблон:Infobox person

Dolly Johnson (born late 1820s, died after 1887), in later life known as Aunt Dolly, was a small-business owner and domestic worker.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp She was posthumously described as "one of the finest cooks that ever lived in Greeneville, Tennessee".Шаблон:Sfnp Andrew Johnson, who became the 17th president of the United States in 1865, enslaved Dolly from 1843 until 1863. The paternity of Dolly Johnson's children, Elizabeth Johnson Forby, Florence Johnson Smith, and William Andrew Johnson, remains an open question in the study of the history of the United States.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp

Early life

Dolly Johnson was born in Tennessee, sometime between 1825 and 1830.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp She was said to be 19 years old on her sale paperwork, but in the early 20th century, several newspaper accounts had it from both Andrew Johnson's descendants and Dolly Johnson's descendants that she was only 14 years old when she was purchased by Johnson, in which case her birth year would fall closer to 1830.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp After the American Civil War, Dolly Johnson reported to a U.S. census taker that both her mother and father had been born in Virginia,Шаблон:Sfnp while Dolly herself may have been a native of the town of Parrottsville, Tennessee.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Dolly was not taught how to read or write.Шаблон:Sfnp Tennessee was one of three slave states that never passed anti-literacy laws, so it would have been legal under state law to educate an enslaved child.Шаблон:Sfnp

Dolly first appears in the historical record as property of the Gragg family. Her time with them is not documented. The Graggs were a slave-owning white family with ties to several counties in Tennessee, including Greene County (where the Andrew Johnson National Historic Site stands today) and Cocke County (site of Parrottsville).Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp A person named John W. Gragg Sr. wrote a will, dated February 8, 1842, that was proved November 1842 in Lincoln County, Tennessee.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Efn There is no mention of Dolly,Шаблон:Sfnp but it is possible that Dolly was sold by the Gragg family at an estate sale, which was a common practice of the day.Шаблон:Sfnp

Handwritten legal document in brown ink on aged-looking paper
Bill of sale, for a slave girl named Dolly, from John W. Gragg to Andrew Johnson, dated January 2, 1843 (Gilder Lehrman Collection #GLC02041)

On November 29, 1842, Andrew Johnson bought his first slave, a boy named Sam, for Шаблон:USD, from Elim Carter.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Sam was said to be Dolly's younger half-brother or brother.Шаблон:Sfnp On January 2, 1843, Andrew Johnson bought Dolly, "aged about nineteen years", from John W. Gragg for Шаблон:USD.Шаблон:Sfnp In 1929, Dolly's son William A. Johnson told the Knoxville News-Sentinel that Andrew Johnson bought Dolly "from a man named McMurtry at Newport".Шаблон:Sfnp Three years later Knoxville columnist Bert Vincent got a similar quote from Johnson about the sale of his mother: "Massa Johnson bought my mammy and my uncle Samuel off a block at Newport for $1049."Шаблон:Sfnp Five years after the interview with Vincent and almost 100 years after the fact, Dolly's son again told a reporter (in this case Ernie Pyle) his version of the story of the purchase: "My mother was a good-looking woman. Her owner sold her at a big auction in Greeneville. She looked around the crowd of buyers before the auction started, and she saw Andrew Johnson and liked his looks. So she went up to him and asked him if he wouldn't buy her. He bid her in for five hundred dollars."Шаблон:Sfnp The bill of sale for Dolly is held in the collection of the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History in New York and reads as follows:Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Efn

Шаблон:Blockquote

Файл:Greeneville Greene County Tennessee in 1967 U.S. Department of Commerce report 02.jpg
Greeneville within Tennessee
Файл:Greeneville Greene County Tennessee in 1967 U.S. Department of Commerce report 01.jpg
Greeneville within Greene County, Tennessee, as mapped in a 1967 U.S. Department of Commerce report

Historian Brenda Wineapple wrote of the transaction:

Шаблон:Blockquote Historian David Warren Bowen argues in Andrew Johnson and the Negro that Sam and Dolly were purchased in part to demonstrate an increase in the class status of the once-impoverished Johnsons, rather than because the family had significant unmet needs for labor.Шаблон:Sfnp According to Frederic Bancroft in Slave-Trading in the Old South, young female slaves were also considered an excellent financial investment: "Not only real estate, but also stocks, bonds and all other personal property were little prized in comparison with slaves...Absurd as it now seems, slaves, especially girls and young women, because of prospective increase, were considered the best investment for persons of small means."Шаблон:Sfnp

1843–1861

When he bought teenage Dolly in 1843, Andrew and Eliza were parents to four children, aged 15, 13, 11 and nine.Шаблон:Sfnp Dolly was roughly the same age as the oldest child, Martha. For the next 20 years, from 1843 to 1863, Dolly Johnson was enslaved by the Johnson family, presumably working as a housekeeper and cook, which were her declared occupations after emancipation.Шаблон:Sfnp

In March 1846, when she was between 16 and 21 years old, Dolly Johnson became a mother herself with the birth of her daughter Lucy Elizabeth, called Liz or Lizzie.Шаблон:Sfnp Liz was born in Tennessee to parents who were both born in Tennessee.Шаблон:Sfnp Dolly's second child, also a daughter, named Florence, was born approximately 1850 in "Green, Tn."Шаблон:Sfnp Dolly was approximately 20 to 25 years old at the time.Шаблон:Sfnp The father of Liz and Florence was never named in any known historical document, and the paternity of Dolly Johnson's children remains officially unknown.Шаблон:Sfnp As historian Annette Gordon-Reed notes: "Dolly, who was described in the census as black, would give birth to three childrenШаблон:Nbsp... listed as 'mulattoes,' which suggests that they had been fathered by a white man or an extremely light-skinned black man."Шаблон:Sfnp

Names of individual slaves were not usually recorded on the slave schedules of the U.S. censuses of 1850 and 1860,Шаблон:Sfnp but Dolly is believed to be the 24-year-old black woman enumerated as one of four slaves owned by A. Johnson in Division 9 in Greene County in 1850. The four-year-old and two-year-old female mulatto children listed are believed to be Liz and Florence, and the 20-year-old male would be Sam.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp According to the U.S. National Park Service, Dolly may have had a third-born baby who died in infancy or childhood.Шаблон:Sfnp

Файл:Map of Greeneville, Tennessee landmarks from Andrew Johnson, Plebeian and Patriot by Robert W. Winston (1928) 02.jpg
Greeneville, Tennessee landmarks from Andrew Johnson, Plebeian and Patriot (1928) by Robert W. Winston, including the location of the spring, and the sites of the Johnson house and the tailor shop

In 1851, Andrew Johnson bought an eight-room, three-floor brick house in Greeneville, Tennessee, which would be his home base for the remainder of his life, and where Dolly would have worked.Шаблон:Sfnp According to the Robert W. Winston biography of Johnson published in 1928, Johnson's slaves "lived in a cabin, about Шаблон:Cvt by Шаблон:Cvt, located on the premises and not far from the spring".Шаблон:Sfnp In 1852, Eliza had her fifth and last child, Andrew "Frank" Johnson, Jr., born 18 years after the birth of her fourth child.Шаблон:Sfnp In 1854, Governor Johnson wrote a letter to his second-born son Robert, aged 20, that included this statement: "I have bought a basket and some other little notions for your little brothe[r] and a little chair for Liz and Florence &c."Шаблон:Sfnp At the time, Liz was eight years old, Florence was six, and Frank was two.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp

On February 8, 1858, when she was between 28 and 33 years old, and approximately eight to ten years after the birth of Florence, Dolly Johnson gave birth to her only son, William Andrew Johnson.Шаблон:Sfnp According to Jesse J. Holland in The Invisibles: The Untold Story of African American Slaves in the White House, this child received two Johnson family names.Шаблон:Sfnp William was the first name of Andrew Johnson's "beloved brother", and Andrew was, of course, the first name of former Tennessee governor Andrew Johnson, just then the newly elected junior U.S. Senator from Tennessee.Шаблон:Sfnp William Andrew Johnson was interviewed in 1932 by columnist Bert Vincent, a living institution of Knoxville journalism, who quoted Johnson as saying, "Massa named hisself. He called me William Andrew."Шаблон:Sfnp The father of William Andrew Johnson is identified on his death certificate as Andrew Johnson's fourth-born son with Eliza, Robert Johnson. Robert Johnson was between four and nine years younger than Dolly Johnson,Шаблон:Sfnp and the year following William Andrew's birth was elected representative to the Tennessee state legislature.Шаблон:Sfnp In 1943, Andrew Johnson's great-granddaughter Margaret Johnson Patterson stated that William Andrew Johnson was the only one of Dolly's children to have been born in Greeneville.Шаблон:Sfnp

In June and July 1860, census workers assembled the slave schedules for Greene County, Tennessee. The five enumerated slaves of Andrew Johnson appear in district 14 of that county.Шаблон:Sfnp The ages and sexes of the children match those of Dolly's children, Liz, Florence, and William A.Шаблон:Sfnp William A. Johnson recalled this period of the family's life when interviewed in 1937: "Mr. Andrew Johnson would hold me on one knee and my sister on the other, and he'd rub our heads and laugh."Шаблон:Sfnp

The next appearance of Dolly Johnson in the documentary record is a photograph. She was photographed holding Andrew Johnson Stover, the grandson of Andrew Johnson by his younger daughter Mary.Шаблон:Sfnp Andrew Johnson Stover was born March 6, 1860, so the photograph can be roughly dated to 1861.Шаблон:Sfnp The apparent quality of Dolly's gown may reflect that Andrew Johnson, a tailor by profession, was "always impeccably dressed"Шаблон:Sfnp and widely known for the "remarkably neat appearance of his apparel".Шаблон:Sfnp

1861–1875

Small blond boy sitting on a stool; to his right a young woman in a full-skirted dress made of fabric with a bold and probably colorful diamond pattern
Andrew Johnson Stover and Florence Johnson, photographed sometime in the 1860s; Johnson was a teenager at the time this photo was taken

The American Civil War began with the firing on Fort Sumter in April 1861. On March 4, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln appointed U.S. Senator Andrew Johnson to be the military governor of Tennessee.Шаблон:Sfnp Nearly 70 years later, Dolly's son William Johnson described to a reporter an experience they had during this period: Шаблон:Blockquote

In 1863, according to University of Virginia history professor Elizabeth R. Varon, Шаблон:Blockquote

Johnson variously claimed to have owned a total of eight to 10 slaves.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp The exact number of people enslaved by Johnson during his lifetime remains "surprisingly difficult to determine".Шаблон:Sfnp Parts of Tennessee and Kentucky celebrate August 8 as Emancipation Day, possibly because that was the day on which, according to family lore, Andrew Johnson freed Sam, Liz, Florence, William, and Dolly Johnson; Sam Johnson was involved in organizing early celebrations of Tennessee's Emancipation Day and may be responsible for popularizing the commemoration on August 8, specifically.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Johnson did not, however, personally convey the news of the liberation of his slaves. According to William Johnson, "Mrs. Johnson called us all in and said we were free now. She said we were free to go or could stay if we wanted to. We all stayed."Шаблон:Sfnp

After freedom, the former slaves stayed with Andrew Johnson as paid servants.Шаблон:Sfnp Most of the family moved to Washington, D.C., when Andrew Johnson became president following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, although Dolly and William, aged seven, reportedly remained in East Tennessee.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Dolly's daughter Florence worked at the White House as a maid.Шаблон:Sfnp Of this era, Sarah Stover, older sister of Andrew Johnson Stover, wrote in her diary later in life, "my mind wanders back to the days when we children used to have a black mama as well as our own dear mama, but thank God the race is free. I think slavery is a sin".Шаблон:Sfnp In an 1866 meeting with Frederick Douglass and other African-American leaders about the place of the freedmen in Johnson's version of Reconstruction, "Johnson made insensitive statements regarding slavery as a practice, telling the group: 'I might say, however, that practically, so far as my connection with slaves has gone, I have been their slave instead of their being mine. Some have even followed me here, while others are occupying and enjoying my property with my consent.'"Шаблон:Sfnp

1870 census record including columns for name, age, race, occupation, wealth, education
Dolly Johnson and Sam Johnson had neighboring households in Greeneville in 1870

As Johnson's presidential term was coming to an end in March 1869, a reporter from Cincinnati visited Greeneville and met Sam Johnson's wife Margaret and two of his children, and "Aunt Dolly."Шаблон:Sfnp At that time Sam's family lived in the old tailor shop, and Dolly lived in a two-room, one-chimney building that had once been home to Andrew Johnson's mother-in-law.Шаблон:Sfnp According to the Cincinnati report:Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Blockquote

Dolly Johnson and her youngest two children appeared in the U.S. census under their own names for the first time in 1870.Шаблон:Sfnp Her work was listed as "keeping house" and while she was illiterate, her daughter Florence could read and write, and her son William was attending school.Шаблон:Sfnp Dolly Johnson lived in close proximity to Andrew Johnson, occupation "Ex Pres, Retired."Шаблон:Sfnp Florence Johnson, age 22, was dually enumerated. In addition to being listed in her mother's household, she was enumerated as a cook in Andrew Johnson's household.Шаблон:Sfnp Young William was also present in the household: "After he came back from Washington I was with him all the time. I slept right in the same room with him."Шаблон:Sfnp William A. Johnson stayed in Andrew Johnson's room after Andrew suffered a stroke, nursed him through his final illness, and was with him when he died in 1875.Шаблон:Sfnp A contemporary neurologist credited William with astute observation skills and his clinically valuable description of Johnson experiencing "one of the earliest known cases" of the medical condition asomatognosia.Шаблон:Sfnp

"The Old Tailor Shop, which Ex-Pres. Johnson once occupied as tailor," from a series of stereographic views made 1875 by L.W. Keen
Dolly Johnson lived in Andrew Johnson's old tailor shop in what is now called the Greeneville Historic District; the exterior of the building is decorated with patriotic bunting for his 1875 funeral.

Sometime after freedom in 1863 and before his death in 1875, Andrew Johnson gave Dolly Johnson a cherrywood writing desk, a mahogany chest of drawers, and two "black china" turkey platters. These were passed down to Dolly's son William A. Johnson, who sold them in 1930, perhaps due to financial distress.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp William Johnson also recalled that Dolly Johnson was given bed frames, bed linens, a pair of linen pillowcases, a drop-leaf table, and cooking utensils.Шаблон:Sfnp Johnson also inherited a family-favorite cake pan, and had "many little trinkets" given to him by Andrew Johnson, and family photos; the trinkets and photos burned in a fire at a hotel where he worked in Knoxville.Шаблон:Sfnp Andrew Johnson died intestateШаблон:Mdash"for some unexplained reason, Johnson, whose estate exceeded Шаблон:USD, left no will."Шаблон:Sfnp However, per William Andrew Johnson, when the former president died, "he left a house and some land to his ex-slaves."Шаблон:Sfnp

Later life

By 1880, 21-year-old William had moved out of his mother's house, and at the time of the decennial federal census was living with the family of his older sister Liz Johnson Forby.Шаблон:Sfnp Dolly's 14-year-old grandson, Tillman Forby, is dually enumerated in his parents' household and as a domestic servant in the home of Andrew Johnson's granddaughter, Lillie Stover Maloney.Шаблон:Sfnp Several of Dolly Johnson's grandchildren were given names that overlapped with the given names of Andrew Johnson's family (including Andrew, Charles, Lillie, and Belle).Шаблон:Sfnp Dolly Johnson appears to be absent from the 1880 census of Greene County, but an 1881 news item in the "Home and Neighborhood News" column of the Greeneville Herald reported that "Dolly Johnson, colored, has established a bakery in town."Шаблон:Sfnp

In 1886, a reporter from the New York Mail and ExpressШаблон:Sfnp visited Greeneville and met "Aunt Dolly Johnson, a former slave of the late President", then in her late 50s or early 60s. The article appeared on December 2, 1886, in the New York Mail and was reprinted 14 days later in the Iowa State Register.Шаблон:Sfnp The reporter was underwhelmed by his first two destinations in Greeneville, homes in which the president had once lived; not so the third stop on the tour, Johnson's old tailor shop, which was located along Richland Creek in the southern half of old Greeneville.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp

Шаблон:Blockquote

Colorized photo of a log-cabin-style building with a brick chimney and a small tree growing near the door
This linen-era postcard image of Andrew Johnson's tailor shop was possibly based on a late 19th-century photograph; circa 1886 it was reported that "some old colored people have a life-time interest in the shop and they live in it"Шаблон:Sfnp

Dolly Johnson died sometime after July 1887.Шаблон:Sfnp The National Park Service suggests her death may have occurred between 1890 and 1892.Шаблон:Sfnp Liz's youngest daughter Dollie Forby was born in May 1888 and seemingly named after her grandmother.Шаблон:Sfnp An article in the September 1893 issue of Ladies' Home Journal reported that Martha Patterson lived in her parents' former home in Greeneville with her six-year-old granddaughter, her daughter's widower, and an unidentified "servant woman."Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Efn Per a 1922 newspaper feature on William Andrew Johnson, "The Johnson family, according to the negro, wanted to have [Dolly] buried in the family cemetery, but her relatives objected, as they were old fashioned negroes and were afraid the rest of their race would not understand."Шаблон:Sfnp Dolly Johnson's burial place is unknown but her daughter Elizabeth Johnson Forby, her daughter Florence Johnson Smith, and her son William Andrew Johnson, were all buried at Knoxville College Colored Cemetery, now called Freedmen's Mission Historic Cemetery at Knoxville College.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp

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See also

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

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Primary sources: Johnson family

Primary sources: Gragg family

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Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:Andrew Johnson

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