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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Infobox settlement

Dordrecht (Шаблон:IPA-nl), historically known in English as Dordt (still colloquially used in Dutch, Шаблон:IPA-nl) or Dort, is a city and municipality in the Western Netherlands, located in the province of South Holland. It is the province's fifth-largest city after Rotterdam, The Hague, Zoetermeer and Leiden, with a population of Шаблон:Dutch municipality population.

The municipality covers the entire Dordrecht Island, also often called Het Eiland van Dordt ("the Island of Dordt"), bordered by the rivers Oude Maas, Beneden Merwede, Nieuwe Merwede, Hollands Diep, and Dordtsche Kil. Dordrecht is the largest and most important city in the Drechtsteden and is also part of the Randstad, the main conurbation in the Netherlands.

Dordrecht is the oldest city in Holland and has a rich history and culture.

Etymology

Файл:Gem-Dordrecht-OpenTopo.jpg
Dordrecht Island
Файл:RMSDeltaNorth.jpg
Island of Dordrecht (7) in the Rhine-Meuse delta

The name Dordrecht comes from Thuredriht (circa 1120), Thuredrecht (circa 1200). The name seems to mean 'thoroughfare'; a ship-canal or river through which ships were pulled by rope from one river to another, as here between the Dubbel and the Merwede. Earlier etymologists had assumed that the 'drecht' suffix came from Latin 'trajectum', a ford, but this was rejected in 1996.[1] The Drecht is now supposed to have been derived from 'Шаблон:Lang', which means to pull, tow or drag. Inhabitants of Dordrecht are Dordtenaren (singular: Dordtenaar).

Dordrecht is informally called Dordt by its inhabitants. In earlier centuries, Dordrecht was a major trading port and was called Dort in English.[2]

History

Шаблон:More citations needed

Early history

The city was formed along the Thure river, in the midst of peat marshes. This river was a branch of the river Dubbel, which is part of the massive Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta complex, near the current Bagijnhof. Around 1120 reference to Dordrecht was made by a remark that count Dirk IV of Holland was murdered in 1049 near "Thuredrech".Шаблон:Citation needed

Файл:View of Dordrecht, by Aelbert Cuyp.jpg
View of Dordrecht, by Aelbert Cuyp

Dordrecht was granted city rights by William I, Count of Holland, in 1220, making it the oldest city in the present province of South Holland. In fact, Geertruidenberg was the first city in the historical county of Holland to receive city rights, but this municipality currently is part of the province of North Brabant.

In the 12th and 13th centuries, Dordrecht developed into an important market city because of its strategic location. It traded primarily in wine, wood and cereals. Dordrecht was made even more important when it was given staple right in 1299.

In 1253 a Latin school was founded in Dordrecht. It still exists today as the Шаблон:Interlanguage link multi and is the oldest gymnasium in the Netherlands. From 1600 to 1615 Gerhard Johann Vossius was rector at this school.

On 18–19 November 1421, the Saint Elisabeth's flood flooded large parts of southern Holland, causing Dordrecht to become an island. It was commonly said that over 10,000 people died in the flood, but recent research indicates that it was probably fewer than 200 people.[3]

On 29 June 1457, the city was devastated by a fire which started in Kleine Spuistraat, destroying many buildings, including the Grote Kerk.[4][5][6]

Union of Dordrecht

Файл:Dordrecht vanDeventer.jpg
Dordrecht around 1565, by Jacob van Deventer

In 1572, four years into the Dutch Revolt, representatives of all the cities of Holland, with the exception of Amsterdam, as well as the Watergeuzen, represented by William II de la Marck, gathered in Dordrecht to hold the Eerste Vrije Statenvergadering ("First Assembly of the Free States"), also known as the Unie van Dordrecht ("Union of Dordrecht"). This secret meeting, called by the city of Dordrecht, was a rebellious act since only King Philip II or his stadtholder, at that time the Duke of Alba, were allowed to call a meeting of the States of Holland.

During the meeting, the organization and financing of the rebellion against the Spanish occupation was discussed, Phillip II was unanimously denounced, and William of Orange was chosen as the rightful stadtholder and recognized as the official leader of the revolt. Orange, represented at the meeting by his assistant Philips of Marnix, was promised financial support of his struggle against the Spanish and at his own request, freedom of religion was declared in all of Holland.

The gathering is regarded as the first important step towards the free and independent Dutch Republic.[7] Other important gatherings such as the Union of Brussels (1577) and the Union of Utrecht (1579) paved the way for official independence of the Dutch Republic, declared in the Act of Abjuration in 1581.

The Union of Dordrecht was held in an Augustinian monastery, nowadays simply called het Hof ("the Court"). The room in which the meeting was held is called de Statenzaal ("The Hall of States") and features a stained glass window in which the coats of arms of the twelve cities that were present at the meeting can be seen.

Synod of Dordrecht

Шаблон:Main

Файл:J.W. de Jongh en M. Wagenvoort - Eene vergadering van de Nationale Synode te Dordrecht 1619 - Schoolplaat J.B. Wolters.jpg
The synod of 1618/19

From 13 November 1618 to 9 May 1619, an important Dutch Reformed Church assembly took place in Dordrecht, referred to as the Synod of Dordrecht.[8] The synod attempted, and succeeded, to settle the theological differences of opinion between the central tenets of Calvinism, and a new school of thought within the Dutch Reformed Church known as Arminianism, named for its spiritual leader Jacobus Arminius. Arminius' followers were also commonly known as Remonstrants, after the 1610 Five Articles of Remonstrance which outlined their points of dissent from the church's official doctrine. They were opposed by the Contra-Remonstrants, or the Gomarists, who were led by Dutch theologian Franciscus Gomarus.

During the Twelve Years' Truce, this in essence purely theological conflict between different factions of the church had in practice spilled over into politics, dividing society along ideological lines, and threatening the existence of the young republic by repeatedly bringing it to the brink of civil war.[9]

The synod was attended by Gomarist Dutch delegates and also by delegates from Reformed churches in Germany, Switzerland, and England. Though it was originally intended that the synod would bring agreement on the doctrine of predestination among all the Reformed churches, in practice this Dutch synod was mainly concerned with problems facing the Dutch Reformed Church.

The opening sessions dealt with a new Dutch translation of the Bible, a catechism, and the censorship of books. The synod then called upon representatives of the Remonstrants to express their beliefs. The Remonstrants refused to accept the rules established by the synod and eventually were expelled from the church.

The synod then studied the theology of the Remonstrants and declared that it was contrary to Scripture. The Canons of Dort were produced; they discussed in detail in five sections the errors of the Remonstrants that were rejected as well as the doctrines that were affirmed. The doctrines affirmed were that predestination is not conditional on belief; that Christ did not die for all; the total depravity of man; the irresistible grace of God; and the impossibility of falling from grace. These canons of Dort, along with the Belgic Confession and the Heidelberg Catechism, remain the theological basis of the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands.

Following the synod, two hundred Remonstrant ministers were deposed from their office, of which eighty were banished. The political leaders of the Remonstrant movement were arrested and one of them beheaded on May 14, 1619.[10] It was only after the death of Prince Maurice in 1625 that the persecution of the Remonstrants ceased.[11]

Diminishing economic importance

During the Eighty Years' War merchants from Dordrecht were involved in taking control and founding sugar cane plantations in the West Indies. At the end of the 17th century this led to a stable sugar refining industry in Dordrecht. This flourished in the 18th century, when Dordrecht had 16 sugar refineries, as opposed 120 in Amsterdam and 40 in Rotterdam. Dordrecht still has a few buildings purposely designed as a sugar refinery, e.g. the imposing Sugar Refinery Stokholm.[12]

Overall, the economic importance of Dordrecht began to wane in the 18th century, and Rotterdam became the main city in the region.

The Patriots movement

From 1780 to 1787, Dordrecht was home to the Patriots faction which intended to remove the hereditary Stadtholder position held by the House of Orange-Nassau.

The Netherlands was after all a republic de jure. Soon after, more cities followed and William V fled from Holland. But his brother-in-law, King Frederick William II of Prussia, came to the aid of William V and on 18 September 1787, Dordrecht capitulated to Prussian troops. The Patriots were defeated and Willem V was restored in his position as Stadtholder.

In the Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–2023)

Файл:Launch of Kayo Maru in Dordrech 1865.jpg
The Japanese frigate Kaiyō Maru was launched at Dordrecht in 1865. She was the largest wooden warship ever launched from a Dutch yard
Файл:S. Lankhout 1858 Map of Dordrecht.jpg
1858 map of Dordrecht

During the French period (1795–1813) Dordrecht continued to have a decent sea harbor and, for ocean-going ships, it was easier to reach than Rotterdam harbor. This changed in 1829, when the Voorne Canal was opened. Meanwhile, profits from the trade with the Dutch East Indies probably obscured the fact that Dordrecht was losing the maritime competition with Rotterdam. The end of Dordrecht as a first rate sea harbor came about when the Nieuwe Waterweg became fully usable in 1883.[13] Compared to Dordrecht, Rotterdam sent about four times as much cargo up the Rhine to Germany in 1875. In 1895 this was 30 times as much and in 1910 about 200 times. In absolute numbers cargo from Dordrecht declined by more than 50%.[13]

In the early 19th century, Dordrecht was a major center for shipbuilding. It was also a center of the Dutch timber market. As a smaller town, wages were lower than in Amsterdam and Rotterdam. It all made that many shipping lines that sailed to the East Indies for the Netherlands Trading Society (NTS) had their ships built in Dordrecht. Shipbuilders and shipping lines from Dordrecht profited disproportionally from the NTS policies. From about 1850 to 1876, the NTS gradually stopped its protection of Dutch shipping.[13]

The traditional (cane) sugar refining industry of Dordrecht would not survive the industrial revolution. However, in 1861 Dordrecht Sugar Factory became operational as second modern beet sugar factory of the Netherlands.

Throughout the centuries, Dordrecht held a key position in the defense of Holland. It hosted an army division well into the 20th century. During the mobilization of August 1939, infantry and artillery were sent to Dordrecht to defend the island. When the Germans invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940, German paratroopers landed in Dordrecht. After fierce fighting they took the bridges Dordrecht-Moerdijk and Dordrecht-Zwijndrecht. Many buildings in Dordrecht were destroyed. Towards the end of the Second World War, during the winter of 1944–45, Dordrecht and its surroundings were in the middle between the opposing armies. The border between occupied and liberated regions ran along the Hollands Diep. Dordrecht was finally liberated by the Canadian Army.

In 1970, the municipality Dubbeldam (then ca. 10,000 inhabitants) and the southern part of the municipality of Sliedrecht were incorporated into Dordrecht, making Dordrecht Island one municipality.

Districts

Dordrecht is divided into 27 districts, neighbourhoods and hamlets:

Файл:Dordrecht 1868.png
Plan of Dordrecht from 1868
  • Binnenstad ("city centre", district 1)
  • Reeland (district 2)
  • De Staart (district 3)
  • Oud-Krispijn (district 4)
  • Stadspolders (district 5)
  • Wielwijk (district 6)
  • Crabbehof, Zuidhoven (district 7)
  • Sterrenburg (district 8)
  • Dubbeldam (former village, now district 9)
  • Kop van 't Land (hamlet)
  • Tweede Tol (hamlet)
  • Wieldrecht (hamlet)
  • Willemsdorp (hamlet)
  • Noordflank
  • Nieuw-Krispijn
  • Bleyenhoek
  • Land van Valk
  • Oudelandshoek
  • Zeehavenlaan
  • Lijnbaan
  • Klein Dubbeldam
  • De Hoven
  • Zuidpolder
  • Transvaalbuurt
  • Indische buurt
  • Vogelbuurt
  • Van Gogh-buurt

Demography

Шаблон:Historical populations In 2021, around 19,35% of the population of Dordrecht was of non-Western origin.[14] Between 2005 and 2008, this number has not changed. The allochthonous population consists for a large part of young people while the indigenous population has started to age. Over six thousand Turks live in Dordrecht, many of whom are originally from Kayapınar.

According to the Social Geographical Office of Dordrecht, the population consisted of the following ethnic groups in 2005[15] and 2008:[16]

Population of Dordrecht
Ethnic group 01-01-2005 01-01-2008
Native Dutch 86,594 86,611
Western foreigner 11,610 11,580
Turks 6,113 6,326
Moroccans 2,521 2,611
Surinamese 2,759 2,796
Netherlands Antilleans 3,199 3,037
Other non-Western foreigner 6,528 5,226
Total 119,324 118,187

Culture

Шаблон:More citations needed

Файл:Dordrecht, by Edmond de Schampheleer, 1873.JPG
Dordrecht, by Edmond De Schampheleer, 1873

Due to its long and important role in Dutch history, Dordrecht has a rich culture. The medieval city centre is home to over 950 monuments.[17] The city also houses 7 historic churches and 6 museums in a relatively small area and hosts many festivals and events every year.

Places of interest

Файл:Grote Kerk, Dordrecht.jpg
The Grote Kerk and one of the many canals (New Harbor)
  • The Onze-Lieve-Vrouwe-Kerk ('Our Dear Lady Church') or simply the Grote Kerk ('Big Church') was built between 1285 and 1470. The 65-meter tower contains a carillon with 67 bells including one weighing 9830 kilos, making it the heaviest bell in the Netherlands.
  • The Augustijnenkerk ('Church of the Augustins') was built around 1293 and is currently owned by the Dutch Reformed Church. The church includes the Augustinian Monastery het Hof ('the Court') which was built in 1275 and was the location of the First Assembly of the Free States.
  • The Nieuwkerk ('New Church') or St Nicolaas Kerk was built in 1175 and is, ironically considering its name, the oldest building in Dordrecht.
  • The Munt van Holland ('Mint of Holland'), mint built in 1366. The majority of the coins used in the region of Holland in the Middle Ages were struck here. Nowadays, the building houses a music school.
  • Kyck over den Dyck ('View over the Dike'), the last windmill in Dordrecht. It was built in 1612 and used to produce malt that was used by Dordts beer brewers.
  • The Groothoofdspoort ('Big Head's Gate') is the original city gate of Dordrecht, built in the 14th and 15th centuries. It is situated at the point where the rivers the Meuse, the Merwede, and the Rhine meet.
  • Arend Maartenshof (Arend Maarten's Court), built in 1625.
  • Stadhuis city hall, built in 1383.
  • Statue of Ary Scheffer (1861), by Joseph Mezzara.
  • Statue of Johan and Cornelis de Witt (1918), by Toon Depuis.
  • River quais.
  • Harbours.
  • Merchant houses.

Museums

The following museums are located in Dordrecht:

  • Binnenvaartmuseum, dedicated to the history of inland navigation.
  • Dordrechts Museum, informally called Schilderijenmuseum (the paintings museum). Every summer, its garden, known as de Museumtuin (the Museum garden), hosts the showing of several art house films that gained significant attention in the previous year. Re-opened in late 2010 after an extensive renovation.
  • Simon van Gijn museum, named after honorary citizen Simon van Gijn and winner of the museum prize 2004–2005, awarded by the Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds.
  • Nationaal Landschapskundig Museum, (National Museum of Landscaping)
  • Museum 1940–1945, also known as het Verzetsmuseum (the Resistance museum).
  • Het Hof, about the Dutch history
  • Onderwijsmuseum, dedicated to the Dutch history of education and schools.

Events and festivals

Dordrecht hosts around 20 cultural and historical events and festivals each year. The city won the title of "Best events city of the year" in 2003[18] and was nominated for the same title in 2004 and 2005.[19][20]

Dordt in Stoom (literally: Dordt in steam) is the biggest steam event in Europe during which historical steam trains, steam boats etc. can be seen in action. It is organized every other year and attracts a quarter of a million visitors.[21] Attention is also paid to Dordrecht's art and architecture during Kunstrondje Dordt (literally: Little art circle Dordt) and Dordt Monumenteel (Dordt Monumental), which attracts around 100,000 visitors every year.

Dordrecht hosts the second largest book market[22] and the largest Christmas market in the Netherlands.[23]

Wantijfestival is an out-doors music festival that has been held annually in the second week of June since 1995. It takes place in the Wantij park and attracts around 35,000 people each year.[24] Wantij park also hosts the Wantijconcerten (Wantij concerts) that are held every Monday night in July and August. Other popular music festivals held in Dordrecht are the World Jazz dagen (World Jazz days) held annually in August or September, the Dancetour or Boulevard of Dance, which takes place on Kingsday, Big Rivers Festival, a film, music, poetry and theatre festival held in June, and the Cello festival, held every four years in the weekend of the Ascension.

Rond Uit Dordrecht, Since 2013 they do organise a four-day bicycle festival early June.

A website with a list of the festivals in the city Dordrecht: Dordrecht Festivals

Folklore

Шаблон:Unreferenced section During Carnaval, Dordrecht is called Ooi- en Ramsgat (Ewe's and Ram's hole), and its inhabitants are Schapenkoppen (Sheepheads). This name originates from an old folk story. Import of meat or cattle was taxed in the 17th century. To avoid having to pay, two men dressed up a sheep they had bought outside the city walls, attempting to disguise it as a man. The sheep was discovered because it bleated as the three men (two men and one sheep) passed through the city wall gate. There is a special monument of a man and his son trying to hold a sheep disguised as a man between them, that refers to this legend. The logo of Dordrecht's professional football club FC Dordrecht includes the head of a ram and its supporters are known to sing Wij zijn de Dordtse schapenkoppen (we are the Dordtse sheep heads) during matches. There is also a cookie called Schapenkop (sheep head) which is a speciality of Dordrecht.

There are many more legends about Dordrecht. One of them is about Saint Sura, a young woman who planned on building an entire church with only three coins in her purse. She was murdered because of her supposed wealth.

Another legend is about the house called de Onbeschaamde (the Unembarrassed). It is about the three brothers Van Beveren who each wanted to build a house and decided to make a bet on who would dare to place the most risqué statue on their façade. One of the brothers, Abraham van Beveren, placed a naked little boy on his façade. However, the house that supposedly won has an empty façade today because, according to the story, the statue was so risqué that it was removed.

A well known saying about Dordrecht is Hoe dichter bij Dordt, hoe rotter het wordt (the closer to Dordrecht, the more rotten it gets). The previous mayor Noorland added to that; maar ben je er eenmaal in, dan heb je het prima naar je zin (but once you're in it, you're perfectly content). The saying can probably be explained as follows; traffic used to go by water and whoever came close to Dordrecht was obliged, according to staple right, to display their merchandise for a couple of days before being allowed to sail on. This caused loss of time and caused products to become rotten. Another explanation is derived from Bommel is rommel, bij Tiel is niet viel en hoe dichter bij Dordt hoe rotter het wordt which is supposed to be said by farmers describing the bad quality of the land close to the rivers Maas and Waal, only suitable for harvesting reed.

Nature

Файл:Postcard - 1901 - Merwepark, Dordrecht, Netherlands.jpg
Postcard from Dordrecht in 1901, showing the former building in Merwepark before its destruction by bombardment in 1944

The Sliedrechtse Biesbosch, east of Dordrecht, and the Dordtse Biesbosch, south of Dordrecht, together form the Hollandse Biesbosch which is a part of the national park the Biesbosch, one of the largest national parks in the Netherlands and one of the last freshwater tide areas in Europe. The Dordtse Biesbosch has several recreational areas that are used for walking, rowing and swimming.

There are also several parks near the city, such as Merwepark and Wantijpark.

Sports

The Riwal Hoogwerkers Stadion is a football stadium and home ground of the local team FC Dordrecht playing in the second national league.

Dordts

Dordts is a dialect of Dutch traditionally spoken by the working class of Dordrecht. It is categorized under the Hollandic accents but also has characteristics of Zeelandic and Brabantian.

Typical features of Dordts are:

  • Using the diminutive suffix -ie or -tie in cases where standard Dutch uses -je. (e.g. Standard Dutch: Шаблон:Lang ("little apple") Dordts: Шаблон:Lang)
  • Words borrowed from Brabantian such as akkerdere ("lit. to knock or to fit, fig. "to get along")
  • The Dutch diphthongs ei and ui tend to be pronounced more like èè and öö. Recently, the ei-sound has started to be pronounced more like ai.

In the 20th century, Dordts has slowly started to disappear as more and more people have started speaking standard Dutch. The strongest Dordts dialect is nowadays found in the working-class neighborhoods bordering the city centre.

Other

On 14 November 1992 and again on 12 November 2011, the official arrival of the popular legendary figure Sinterklaas was held in Dordrecht and broadcast on national television.

Economy

Файл:Zeehavengebied Dordrecht.jpg
Harbor area of Dordrecht, seen from the Leeuwenhoekweg

The current economy of Dordrecht is based on ship building, wood industry, and steel industry. The city has the sixth largest sea port in the Netherlands. One of the largest employers on Dordrecht Island is DuPont de Nemours (Nederland) B.V. It has 9 factories here with a workforce of 900 people.

In development are the "Learning" and "Health" Business Parks. The Learning Park is intended to have Шаблон:Cvt of space for educational institutions. In the Health Park, a wide range of health services will be located, with the Dordwijk Campus of the Albert Schweitzer Hospital as focal point. Other services include a blood bank, pharmacy, and mental health clinic.

Near the Health Park a new Sport Park will be built. A new large sport centre, the equivalent size of 3 soccer fields, is planned complete with gyms, skating rink, and a pool. Next to this Sport Park, a huge outdoor event terrain will be established.

Shopping

Shopping in the centre of Dordrecht is centred around the Voorstraat, the Sarisgang and the Statenplein (Staten square). The Voorstraat is Шаблон:Cvt long, making it the longest shopping street in the Netherlands.[25] Markets are held every Friday and Saturday on the Statenplein and in the Sarisgang and on Tuesday in Dubbeldam.

Government and politics

Board of Mayor and Aldermen

In February 2020[26] the College van Burgemeester en Wethouders ('Board of Mayor and Aldermen') in Dordrecht consisted of the following:

  • Wouter Kolff, Mayor (VVD)
  • Piet Sleeking, alderman (Beter voor Dordt)
  • Peter Heijkoop, alderman (CDA)
  • Marco Stam, alderman (Beter voor Dordt)
  • Rik van der Linden, alderman (CU/SGP)
  • Maarten Burggraaf, alderman (VVD)

Local election

The results of the 2022 municipal election in Dordrecht were as follows.[27]

Municipal election, 2022
Party Votes in % Council seats
People's Party for Freedom & Democracy (VVD) 13.3% 6
GroenLinks 12.9% 6
Шаблон:Interlanguage link multi 11.2% 5
United Seniors Party Dordrecht 10.5% 4
Christian Union-SGP 9.7% 4
Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) 8.4% 4
Labour Party 6.2% 2
Party for the Animals 5.2% 2
DENK 4.1% 1
Normal Dordt 3.9% 1
Op Ons Eiland 3.5% 1
Socialist Party 3.4% 1
Party for Freedom 3.3% 1
Forum for Democracy 2.5% 1
Turnout 46.85% 39

Partner cities

Partner cities of Dordrecht are:[28]

Public transport

Шаблон:Unreferenced section

Файл:Waterbus.jpg
Water bus to Rotterdam

Dordrecht is well connected to the Dutch railroad system, and has several international connections. There are three railway stations; Dordrecht railway station, Zuid railway station and Stadspolders railway station. The train system hosts:

Four trainlines

The four operating trainlines serve three railway stations within the city boundaries (Dordrecht, Dordrecht Zuid, Dordrecht Stadspolders)

Main connections

Notable people

See also People from Dordrecht
Файл:Jacob Cats by Michiel Jansz van Mierevelt.jpg
Jacob Cats, 1634
Файл:Onze Musici (1911) - Cornélie van Zanten.jpg
Cornélie van Zanten, 1911
Файл:Jan Pieter Veth.jpg
Jan Pieter Veth

The arts

Public thinking & public service

Файл:Standbeeld Gebroeders de Wit - Dordrecht.jpg
Brothers Johan and Cornelis de Witt
Файл:Nicolaas Bloembergen 1981.jpg
Nicolaas Bloembergen 1981

Sport

Файл:Maria Verschoor Rio 2016.jpg
Maria Verschoor, 2016

Image gallery

References

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:Geographic location Шаблон:South Holland Province

Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ W. van Osta, 'Drecht en drecht-namen', Naamkunde 28, 1-2 (Leuven 1996) 51-77
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ J. Hendriks, 'De watersnoodrampen van 1421 en 1424', in: H. van Duinen en C. Esseboom, Verdronken dorpen boven water. Sint Elisabethsvloed 1421; geschiedenis en archeologie (Dordrecht [2007]) 125
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  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Samenstelling van de bevolking van Dordrecht per 1 januari 2005 volgens inventarisatie van het Sociaal Geografisch Bureau van Dordrecht
  16. ↑ Kerngegevens Dordrecht 1.1.2008 Шаблон:Webarchive, Onderzoekcentrum Dordrecht, opgehaald 21 okotober 2009
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite EB1911
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite EB1911
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite EB1911
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  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite EB1911
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite EB1911
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite EB1911
  38. ↑ IMDb Database Шаблон:Webarchive retrieved 13 February 2020
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite EB1911
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite EB9
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Cite EB9
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite wikisource
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