Английская Википедия:Double agent

Содержание

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

In the field of counterintelligence, a double agent is an employee of a secret intelligence service for one country, whose primary purpose is to spy on a target organization of another country, but who is now spying on their own country's organization for the target organization.

Double agentry may be practiced by spies of the target organization who infiltrate the controlling organization or may result from the turning (switching sides) of previously loyal agents of the controlling organization by the target. The threat of execution is the most common method of turning a captured agent (working for an intelligence service) into a double agent (working for a foreign intelligence service) or a double agent into a re-doubled agent. It is unlike a defector, who is not considered an agent as agents are in place to function for an intelligence service and defectors are not, but some consider that defectors in place are agents until they have defected.

Double agents are often used to transmit disinformation or to identify other agents as part of counter-espionage operations. They are often very trusted by the controlling organization since the target organization will give them true, but useless or even counterproductive, information to pass along.

Double agents

Examples of known double agents and moles

Context	Agent / Code name	Nationality	Loyal to	Spying on	Comments	References
Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1639 – 1651	Samuel Morland	Шаблон:Flagicon English	Шаблон:Flagicon Restoration	Шаблон:Flagicon Commonwealth of England
	Richard Willis	Шаблон:Flagicon English	Шаблон:Flagicon Commonwealth of England	Шаблон:Flagicon Restoration
World War I 1914 – 1918	Mata Hari	Шаблон:Flagicon Dutch	Шаблон:Flagicon German Empire	Шаблон:Flagicon French Third Republic
World War II 1939 – 1945	Mathilde Carré "La Chatte"	Шаблон:Flagicon French	Шаблон:Flagicon Double-Cross System
	Roman Czerniawski "Brutus"	Шаблон:Flagicon Polish	Шаблон:Flagicon Double-Cross System
	Eddie Chapman "ZigZag"	Шаблон:Flagicon English	Шаблон:Flagicon Double-Cross System		Infiltrated the German Abwehr during World War II whilst feeding intelligence to MI5. He was so trusted by the Germans that he is reportedly the only British citizen to have ever been awarded the Iron Cross.
	Walter Dicketts "Celery"	Шаблон:Flagicon English	Шаблон:Flagicon Double-Cross System (1940-1943)		Ex-RNAS officer sent to Lisbon and Germany to infiltrate the Abwehr, report on invasion plans for Britain, and establish the bona fides of Snow (subsequently imprisoned until the end of war). Subjected to an intensive five-day interrogation in Hamburg and survived. Later sent back to Lisbon to persuade Abwehr officer, George Sessler, to defect and worked undercover in Brazil.
	Roger Grosjean "Fido"	Шаблон:Flagicon French	Шаблон:Flagicon Double-Cross System		French Air Force pilot who worked for the British
	Christiaan Lindemans "King Kong"	Шаблон:Flagicon Dutch	Шаблон:Flagicon Abwehr (1944)	Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon SOE (1940-1944) Dutch resistance (1941-1944)
	Arthur Owens "Snow"	Шаблон:Flagicon Welsh	Шаблон:Flagicon Double-Cross System
	Johann-Nielsen Jebsen "Jonny" "Artist"	Шаблон:Flagicon German	Шаблон:Flagicon Abwehr (1939-1941) Шаблон:Flagicon MI6 (1941-1945)	Шаблон:Flagicon Abwehr (1941-1945)	Anti-Nazi German intelligence officer and British double agent. Jebsen recruited Dušan Popov.
	Ivan Popov "LaLa" "Aesculap" "Dreadnought" "Hans"	Шаблон:Flagicon Serbian	Шаблон:Flagicon VOA (1939-1945) Шаблон:Flagicon Abwehr (1940-1944) Шаблон:Flagicon MI6 (1941-1945)	Шаблон:Flagicon Abwehr (1941-1945)	Worked for the Yugoslavian agency VOA, as well as the British MI6 and the German Abwehr. Held the rank of Obersturmbannführer in the Gestapo. Brother of Dušan Popov.
	Dušan Popov "Duško" "Tricycle" "Ivan"	Шаблон:Flagicon Serbian	Шаблон:Flagicon VOA (1939-1945) Шаблон:Flagicon Abwehr (1940-1941) Шаблон:Flagicon MI6 (1940-1945)	Шаблон:Flagicon Abwehr (1941-1945)	Worked for the Yugoslavian agency VOA, as well as the British MI6 and the German Abwehr. Held the rank of colonel in the British Army. Brother of Ivan Popov.
	John Herbert Neal Moe "Mutt and Jeff"	Шаблон:Flagicon Norwegian	Шаблон:Flagicon Double-Cross System
	Tor Glad "Mutt and Jeff"	Шаблон:Flagicon Norwegian	Шаблон:Flagicon Double-Cross System
	Juan Pujol García "Garbo"	Шаблон:Flagicon Spanish	Шаблон:Flagicon Double-Cross System		British double agent in German spy service; awarded both an MBE and an Iron Cross
	Johann Wenzel	Шаблон:Flagicon German	Before 1942 Шаблон:Flagicon Red Orchestra During 1942 Шаблон:Flagicon Gestapo	Before 1942 Шаблон:Flagicon Nazi Germany During 1942 Шаблон:Flagicon Soviet Union	Member of Red Orchestra spy ring who, after being unmasked by the Gestapo in 1942, fed false information to the Soviet Union from August until his escape in November. Later joined the Belgian Resistance.
	William Sebold "Tramp"	Шаблон:Flagicon German Шаблон:Flagicon U.S. citizen	Шаблон:Flagicon FBI (1939)	Шаблон:Flagicon Abwehr (1939)	Coerced by the Abwehr into becoming a spy, exposed the Duquesne Spy Ring to the FBI.
Cold War 1947 – 1991	Aldrich Ames	Шаблон:Flagicon American	Шаблон:Flagicon KGB	Шаблон:Flagicon CIA (1957-1994)
	John Cairncross "Liszt"	Шаблон:Flagicon Scottish	Шаблон:Flagicon MGB Шаблон:Flagicon Cambridge Five	Шаблон:Flagicon MI5 (1941-1944) Шаблон:Flagicon GC&CS (1942-1943) Шаблон:Flagicon MI6 (1944-1945)
	Anthony Blunt "Johnson"	Шаблон:Flagicon English	Шаблон:Flagicon NKVD Шаблон:Flagicon Cambridge Five	Шаблон:Flagicon MI5
	Guy Burgess "Hicks"	Шаблон:Flagicon English	Шаблон:Flagicon MGB Шаблон:Flagicon Cambridge Five	Шаблон:Flagicon MI5 (1939-1941) Шаблон:Flagicon Foreign Office (1944-1956)
	Donald Maclean "Homer"	Шаблон:Flagicon English	Шаблон:Flagicon MGB Шаблон:Flagicon Cambridge Five	Шаблон:Flagicon MI5 Шаблон:Flagicon MI6
	Kim Philby "Stanley"	Шаблон:Flagicon English Шаблон:Flagicon Born in India	Шаблон:Flagicon MGB Шаблон:Flagicon Cambridge Five	Шаблон:Flagicon MI6
	George Blake	Шаблон:Flagicon Dutch	Шаблон:Flagicon KGB	Шаблон:Flagicon MI6
	Oleg Gordievsky "Sunbeam" "Nocton" "Pimlico" "Ovation"	Шаблон:Flagicon Russian	Шаблон:Flagicon MI6 (1968-2008)	Шаблон:Flagicon KGB (1963-1985)	Abducted in Moscow in 1985; escaped to the United Kingdom two months later.
	Sjam Kamaruzaman	Шаблон:Flagicon Indonesia	Шаблон:Flagicon Indonesia Communist Party	Шаблон:Flagicon Indonesian Army	Head of the Indonesian Communist Party Special Bureau which was tasked to gathering information and intelligence and was the mastermind of 30th September Movement.
	Matei Pavel Haiducu	Шаблон:Flagicon Romanian	Шаблон:Flagicon DST (1981)	Шаблон:Flagicon DIE (1975-1982)	Defected to France in 1981.
	Dmitri Polyakov	Шаблон:Flagicon Ukrainian	Шаблон:Flagicon FBI Шаблон:Flagicon CIA	Шаблон:Flagicon GRU	Executed in 1988.
	Robert Hanssen	Шаблон:Flagicon American	Шаблон:Flagicon GRU	Шаблон:Flagicon FBI	Worked for the FBI and sold information to the Soviet Union as a mole.
	Oleg Penkovskiy "Hero"	Шаблон:Flagicon Russian	Шаблон:Flagicon NSA Шаблон:Flagicon MI6	Шаблон:Flagicon GRU	A colonel with GRU informed the U.K. and the U.S. about the Soviet emplacement of missiles in Cuba; executed by the Soviets in 1963.
	Stig Bergling	Шаблон:Flagicon Swedish	Шаблон:Flagicon GRU	Шаблон:Flagicon SÄPO	Among other things, handed over the entire Swedish "FO-code", a top secret list of Sweden's defence establishments, coastal artillery fortifications and mobilization stores. Convicted in 1979 and sentenced to life imprisonment for treason.
Arab–Israeli conflict 1948 –	Ashraf Marwan	Шаблон:Flagicon Egyptian	Шаблон:Flagicon Mossad	Шаблон:Flagicon Egypt	Egyptian businessman and an alleged spy for Israel, or possibly an Egyptian double agent; managed to become celebrated as a hero in each country for his alleged work against the other.
Basque conflict 1959 – 2011	Mikel Lejarza "El Lobo"	Шаблон:Flagicon Basque	Шаблон:Flagicon CESID	Шаблон:Flagicon ETA
Northern Ireland conflict 1968 – 1998	Denis Donaldson	Шаблон:Flagicon Northern Irish	Шаблон:Flagicon MI5 Шаблон:Flagicon PSNI	Шаблон:Flagicon Provisional IRA Шаблон:Flagicon Sinn Féin	Assassinated at his cottage in County Donegal after being exposed by a Northern Ireland newspaper, The Derry Journal.
	"Kevin Fulton"	Шаблон:Flagicon Northern Irish	Шаблон:Flagicon Royal Irish Rangers Шаблон:Flagicon Int Corps	Шаблон:Flagicon Provisional IRA
	Freddie Scappaticci "Stakeknife"	Шаблон:Flagicon Irish	Шаблон:Flagicon FRU	Шаблон:Flagicon Provisional IRA Шаблон:Flagicon ISU
	Robert Nairac	Шаблон:Flagicon English Шаблон:Flagicon born in Mauritius	Шаблон:Flagicon British Army	Шаблон:Flagicon Provisional IRA	Murdered by the Provisional IRA in County Louth in 1977.
South African espionage in Zimbabwe and the Gukurahundi 1980 – 1987	Matt Calloway	Шаблон:Flagicon Zimbabwean	Шаблон:Flagicon NIS	Шаблон:Flagicon CIO
	Philip Conjwayo	Шаблон:Flagicon Zimbabwean Шаблон:Flagicon South African citizen	Шаблон:Flagicon NIS	Шаблон:Flagicon CIO
	Geoffrey Price	Шаблон:Flagicon Zimbabwean	Шаблон:Flagicon NIS	Шаблон:Flagicon CIO
	Michael Smith	Шаблон:Flagicon Zimbabwean Шаблон:Flagicon South African citizen	Шаблон:Flagicon NIS	Шаблон:Flagicon CIO
	Kevin Woods	Шаблон:Flagicon Zimbabwean Шаблон:Flagicon South African citizen	Шаблон:Flagicon NIS	Шаблон:Flagicon CIO
Global War on Terrorism 2001 –	Aimen Dean	Шаблон:Flagicon United Kingdom (born Bahraini)	Шаблон:Flagicon Secret Intelligence Service (MI6)	Шаблон:Flagicon image al-Qaeda	Dean's cover was reportedly blown by Ron Suskind who, using CIA sources who had received intelligence under the Five Eyes UKUSA Agreement, disclosed his identity with details that could only be sourced to Dean in an excerpt of The One Percent Doctrine for Time.
	"April Fool"	Шаблон:Flagicon American	Шаблон:Flagicon United States	Шаблон:Flagicon Iraq	Allegedly, an American officer who provided false information to Saddam Hussein
	Iyman Faris	Шаблон:Flagicon U.S. citizen	Шаблон:Flagicon image al-Qaeda	Шаблон:Flagicon FBI

Re-doubled agent

A re-doubled agent is an agent who gets caught as a double agent and is forced to mislead the foreign intelligence service. F.M. Begoum describes the re-doubled agent as "one whose duplicity in doubling for another service has been detected by his original sponsor and who has been persuaded to reverse his affections again".

• Vitaly Yurchenko

Triple agent

Шаблон:Redirect A triple agent is a spy who pretends to be a double agent for one side while they are truthfully a double agent for the other side. Unlike a re-doubled agent, who changes allegiance due to being compromised, a triple agent usually has always been loyal to their original side. It may also refer to a spy who works for three opposing sides, such that each side thinks the spy works for them alone.

Notable triple agents include:

• Abdul Razak Hussein
• Ibrahim Ismail
• Humam Khalil
• Katrina Leung

Events in which double agents played an important role

• Babington plot
• Battle of Lexington
• Battle of Normandy
• Camp Chapman attack
• Cold War
• Duquesne Spy Ring
• Gukurahundi
• Stormontgate
• Vietnam War
• War on Terrorism
• Yom Kippur War

Further reading

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book

External links

• F. M. Begoum: Observations on the Double Agent