Английская Википедия:Downstep
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox IPA Шаблон:IPA notice Downstep is a phenomenon in tone languages in which if two syllables have the same tone (for example, both with a high tone or both with a low tone), the second syllable is lower in pitch than the first.
Two main kinds of downstep can be distinguished. The first, more usually called automatic downstep, downdriftШаблон:Sfn or catathesis,Шаблон:Sfn occurs when high and low tones come in the sequence H L (L) H; the second high tone tends to be lower than the first because of the intervening low toned syllable. That phenomenon is common in African languages, such as Chichewa.Шаблон:Sfn It has also been argued that the same phenomenon is heard in English sentences, if these sentences are pronounced with a falling intonation, for example I really believe Ebenezer was a dealer in magnesium, or I bought blueberries, bayberries, raspberries, mulberries, and brambleberries.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Downstep proper, or non-automatic downstep,Шаблон:Sfn is another phenomenon found in many African languages such as Igbo (see Шаблон:Sfn for an overview of downstep in African languages). When two high tones are in succeeding syllables (thus in the sequence H H), and the second is lower than the first, there is said to be a downstep.Шаблон:Sfn
The symbol for the second kind of downstep in the International Phonetic Alphabet is a superscript down arrow, Шаблон:Angbr IPA (↓). It is common to see instead a superscript exclamation mark Шаблон:Angbr IPA (!) because of typographic constraints, though technically that would mean an incompletely or lightly articulated alveolar click release.
It has been shown that in most, if not all, cases of downstep proper, the lowering of the second high tone occurs when an intervening low-toned syllable has dropped out. What was H (L) H has become HШаблон:IPAH.Шаблон:Sfn The missing low-toned syllable creates what is known as a 'floating tone'. An example occurs in Bambara, a language spoken in Mali. In Bambara, the definite article is a floating low tone. With a noun in isolation, it docks to the preceding vowel and turns a high tone into a falling tone:
| Шаблон:IPA | river |
| Шаблон:IPA | the river |
However, when it occurs between two high tones, it downsteps the following tone:
| Шаблон:IPA | it's not a river |
| Шаблон:IPA | it's not the river |
See also
- Upstep, which is less commonly phonemic.
References
Bibliography
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