Английская Википедия:Dragoman of the Porte
The Dragoman of the Sublime Porte (Ottoman Turkish: Шаблон:Transliteration; Шаблон:Lang-el), Dragoman of the Imperial Council (tercümân-ı dîvân-ı hümâyûn), or simply Grand or Chief Dragoman (tercümân başı), was the senior interpreter of the Ottoman government and de facto deputy foreign minister. From the position's inception in 1661 until the outbreak of the Greek Revolution in 1821, the office was occupied by Phanariotes, and was one of the main pillars of Phanariote power in the Ottoman Empire.
History
In the Ottoman Empire, the existence of official interpreters or dragomans (from the Italian rendering Шаблон:Lang of Arabic Шаблон:Transliteration, Ottoman Шаблон:Transliteration) is attested from the early 16th century. They were part of the staff of the Шаблон:Transliteration ('head secretary'), who was responsible for foreign affairs within the Imperial Council. As few Ottoman Turks ever learned European languages, from early times the majority of these men were of Christian origin—in the main Austrians, Hungarians, Poles, and Greeks.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1661, the Grand Vizier Ahmed Köprülü appointed the Greek Panagiotis Nikousios as Chief Dragoman to the Imperial Council. He was in turn succeeded in 1673 by another Greek, Alexander Mavrocordatos.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn These men began a tradition where almost all subsequent Grand Dragomans of the Porte were of Greek origin, or Hellenized Balkan Christians, and members of a small circle of Phanariote families, such as the Mavrocordatos, Ghica, Caradja or Callimachi clans.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Many of the Phanariotes had previously served in the staffs of the European embassies in Constantinople.Шаблон:Sfn Nikousios, for instance, had previously (and for a time concurrently) served as translator for the Austrian embassy.Шаблон:Sfn
All dragomans had to be proficient in the 'three languages' (Шаблон:Transliteration) of Arabic, Persian, and Turkish that were commonly used in the empire, as well as a number of foreign languages (usually French and Italian),Шаблон:Sfn but the responsibilities of Dragoman of the Porte went beyond that of a mere interpreter, and were rather those of a minister in charge of the day-to-day conduct of foreign affairs.Шаблон:Sfn As such the post was the highest public office available to non-Muslims in the Ottoman Empire.Шаблон:Sfn
Nikousios and his successors managed to attach to their office a number of great privileges, such as tax exemption for themselves, their sons, and 20 members of their retinue; exemption from all customs fees for items destined for their personal use; immunity from all courts except from that of the Grand Vizier; permission to dress in the same kaftans as the Ottoman officials, and use ermine fur; or the permission to ride a horse. These made the position highly coveted, and the object of the Phanariotes' aspirations and rivalries.Шаблон:Sfn The salary of the Dragoman of the Porte amounted to 47,000 Шаблон:Transliteration annually.Шаблон:Sfn
The success of the post led to the creation of a similar post, that of Dragoman of the Fleet, in 1701.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The latter often served as a stepping-stone to the office of Grand Dragoman.Шаблон:Sfn There were also junior dragomans, for example for the Ottoman army, or for the Morea Eyalet, but these positions were never formalized in the same manner.Шаблон:Sfn From 1711, many former Grand Dragomans or Dragomans of the Fleet were appointed to the positions of princes (voivodes or hospodars) of the tributary Danubian Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia. These four offices formed the foundation of Phanariote prominence in the Ottoman Empire.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
The Phanariotes maintained this privileged position until the outbreak of the Greek Revolution in 1821: the then Dragoman of the Porte, Шаблон:Ill was beheaded, and his successor, Шаблон:Ill, was dismissed and exiled in 1822.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The position of Grand Dragoman was then replaced by a guild-like Translation Bureau, staffed initially by converts like Ishak Efendi, but quickly exclusively by Muslim Turks fluent in foreign languages.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
List of Dragomans of the Porte
| Name | Portrait | Tenure | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Panagiotis Nikousios | 1661–1673Шаблон:Sfn | ||
| Alexander Mavrocordatos | Файл:Alexandros Maurokordatos o ex aporiton.JPG | 1673–1709Шаблон:Sfn | |
| Nicholas Mavrocordatos | Файл:Nikolaos Maurokordatos 1721.jpg | 1689–1709Шаблон:Sfn | Son of Alexander. Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1711–1715) and Prince of Wallachia (1715–1716, 1719–1730)Шаблон:Sfn |
| John Mavrocordatos | 1709–1717Шаблон:Sfn | Son of Alexander. Subsequently Caimacam of Moldavia (1711) and Prince of Wallachia (1716–1719)Шаблон:Sfn | |
| Grigore (II) Ghica | Файл:Grigore II Ghica.jpg | 1717–1727Шаблон:Sfn | Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1726–1733, 1735–1739, 1739–1741, 1747–1748) and of Wallachia (1733–1735, 1748–1752)Шаблон:Sfn |
| Alexander Ghica | 1727–1740Шаблон:Sfn | 1st termШаблон:Sfn | |
| John Theodore Callimachi | Файл:Ioan Callimachi.jpg | 1741–1750Шаблон:Sfn | 1st termШаблон:Sfn |
| Matei Ghica | Файл:Матeі Гіка Вв în AnȢл 1753.JPG | 1751–1752Шаблон:Sfn | Son of Grigore. Subsequently Prince of Wallachia (1752–1753) and of Moldavia (1753–1756)Шаблон:Sfn |
| John Theodore Callimachi | Файл:Ioan Callimachi.jpg | 1752–1758Шаблон:Sfn | 2nd term. Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1758–1761)Шаблон:Sfn |
| Grigore (III) Ghica | Файл:Gregoire Ghyka, hospodar de Moldavie.jpg | 1758–1764Шаблон:Sfn | Son of Alexander. Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1764–1767, 1774–1782) and of Wallachia (1768–1769)Шаблон:Sfn |
| Шаблон:Ill | 1764–1765Шаблон:Sfn | ||
| Skarlatos Caradja | 1765–1768Шаблон:Sfn | Son of George. 1st term.Шаблон:Sfn | |
| Шаблон:Ill | 1768–1769Шаблон:Sfn | ||
| Mihai Racoviță | Файл:Stamp of Moldova md412.jpg | 1769–1770 | Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1703–1705, 1707–1709, 1716–1726) and of Wallachia (1730–1731, 1741–1744) |
| Skarlatos Caradja | 1770–1774Шаблон:Sfn | 2nd termШаблон:Sfn | |
| Alexander Ypsilantis | Файл:Alexandru Ipsilanti.jpg | 1774Шаблон:Sfn | Subsequently Prince of Wallachia (1774–1782, 1796–1797) and of Moldavia (1786–1788)Шаблон:Sfn |
| Constantine Mourouzis | Файл:Constantin Moruzi.jpg | 1774–1777Шаблон:Sfn | Previously Dragoman of the Fleet (1764–1765).Шаблон:Sfn Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1777–1782) |
| Nicholas Caradja | 1777–1782Шаблон:Sfn | Son of Skarlatos. Subsequently Prince of Wallachia (1782–1783)Шаблон:Sfn | |
| Michael (I) Drakos Soutzos | Файл:Le Prince de Moldavie - Choiseul-gouffier Gabriel Florent Auguste De - 1822.jpg | 1782–1783Шаблон:Sfn | Subsequently Prince of Wallachia (1783–1786, 1791–1793, 1801–1802) and of Moldavia (1793–1795)Шаблон:Sfn |
| Alexander Mavrocordatos Firaris | Файл:Μαυροκορδάτος ο φιραρής.jpg | 1782–1783Шаблон:Sfn | Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1785–1786)Шаблон:Sfn |
| Alexandru Callimachi | Файл:Alexandru Callimachi.jpg | 1785–1788Шаблон:Sfn | 1st term.Шаблон:Sfn |
| Manuel Caradja | 1788–1790Шаблон:Sfn | ||
| Alexander Mourouzis | Файл:Alexandros Mourouzis.jpg | 1790–1792Шаблон:Sfn | Son of Constantine. Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1792, 1802–1806, 1806–1807) and of Wallachia (1793–1796, 1799–1801).Шаблон:Sfn |
| George Mourouzis | 1792–1794Шаблон:Sfn | Son of Constantine. 1st term.Шаблон:Sfn | |
| Alexandru Callimachi | Файл:Alexandru Callimachi.jpg | 1794–1795Шаблон:Sfn | 2nd term. Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1795–1799)Шаблон:Sfn |
| George Mourouzis | 1795–1796Шаблон:Sfn | 2nd term.Шаблон:Sfn | |
| Constantine Ypsilantis | Файл:Konstantinos Ypsilantis.JPG | 1796–1799Шаблон:Sfn | Son of Alexander. Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1799–1801) and of Wallachia (1802–1806).Шаблон:Sfn |
| Alexandros Soutzos | Файл:Alexandru Sutu.jpg | 1799–1801Шаблон:Sfn | Son of Nicholas. Previously Dragoman of the Fleet (1797–1799). Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1801–1802) and of Wallachia (1819–1821).Шаблон:Sfn |
| Scarlat Callimachi | Файл:Scarlat Callimachi.jpg | 1801–1806Шаблон:Sfn | Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1806, 1812–1819).Шаблон:Sfn |
| Шаблон:Ill | 1802–1807Шаблон:Sfn | ||
| Alexander Hangerli | Файл:Alexander Hangerli.jpg | 1806–1807Шаблон:Sfn | Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1807).Шаблон:Sfn |
| John Caradja | Файл:Ion Vodă Caragea.jpg | 1807–1808Шаблон:Sfn | 1st term.Шаблон:Sfn |
| Шаблон:Ill | 1808Шаблон:Sfn | Previously Dragoman of the Fleet (1799–1800).Шаблон:Sfn | |
| Шаблон:Ill | 1808–1812Шаблон:Sfn | Elder brother of Panagiotis. In 1812 he took part in the negotiations which ended the war with Russia. The Ottomans became dissatisfied with the peace settlement after Napoleon began his invasion of Russia in June, and Mourouzis fell under suspicion of having furthered the Russian interest. He was summarily executed at the Topkapi Palace.[1] | |
| Panagiotis Mourouzis | 1809–1812Шаблон:Sfn | Younger brother of Demetrios. Previously Dragoman of the Fleet (1803–1806).Шаблон:Sfn | |
| John Caradja | Файл:Ion Vodă Caragea.jpg | 1812Шаблон:Sfn | 2nd term. Subsequently Prince of Wallachia (1812–1819).Шаблон:Sfn |
| Шаблон:Ill | 1812–1817Шаблон:Sfn | Previously Dragoman of the Fleet (1809)Шаблон:Sfn | |
| Michael Soutzos | Файл:Louis-Dupre-Pacha.jpg | 1817–1819Шаблон:Sfn | Subsequently Prince of Moldavia (1819–1821)Шаблон:Sfn |
| Шаблон:Ill | 1821Шаблон:Sfn | ||
| Шаблон:Ill | 1821–1822Шаблон:Sfn |
References
Sources
- Шаблон:EI2
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
Шаблон:Organization of the Ottoman Empire Шаблон:Ottoman Empire topics
- ↑ Hart, Patrick; Kennedy, Valerie; and Petherbridge, Dora (Eds.) (2020), Henrietta Liston's Travels: The Turkish Journals, 1812 - 1820, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 140 - 141
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