Английская Википедия:Dram (unit)

Содержание

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

The dram (alternative British spelling drachm; apothecary symbol ʒ or ℨ; abbreviated dr)Шаблон:Rp is a unit of mass in the avoirdupois system, and both a unit of mass and a unit of volume in the apothecaries' system. It was originally both a coin and a weight in ancient Greece. The unit of volume is more correctly called a fluid dram, fluid drachm, fluidram or fluidrachm (abbreviated fl dr, ƒ 3, or fʒ).Шаблон:Rp

Ancient unit of mass

Ilyria Dyracchium drachm

Silver Drachm from Dyrrhachium, Illyria dated Шаблон:Circa. Obverse: Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) cow standing right, looking back at calf which it suckles, eagle standing right above; Reverse: DUR PURBA, square containing double stellate pattern, club to left. Size: 20mm; Reference: Ceka 360

• The Attic Greek drachma (Шаблон:Lang) was a weight of 6 obols, Шаблон:Frac Greek mina, or about 4.37 grams.
• The Roman drachma was a weight of Шаблон:Frac Roman pounds, or about 3.41 grams.

A coin weighing one drachma is known as a stater, drachm, or drachma. The Ottoman dirhem (Шаблон:Lang-ota) was based on the Sassanian drachm, which was itself based on the Roman dram/drachm.

British unit of mass

The British Weights and Measures Act of 1878 introduced verification and consequent stamping of apothecary weights, making them officially recognized units of measurement. By 1900, Britain had enforced the distinction between the avoirdupois and apothecaries' versions by making the spelling different:

• dram now meant only avoirdupois drams, which were Шаблон:Frac of an avoirdupois ounce. An ounce consisted of 437.5 grains, thus making the dram approximately 27.34 grains.
• drachm now meant only apothecaries' drachms, which were Шаблон:Frac of an apothecaries' ounce of 480 grains, thus equal to 60 grains.

Modern unit of mass

In the avoirdupois system, the dram is the mass of Шаблон:Frac pound or Шаблон:Frac ounce.Шаблон:Rp The dram weighs Шаблон:Frac grains,Шаблон:Rp or exactly Шаблон:Val grams.Шаблон:Rp

In the apothecaries' system, which was widely used in the United States until the middle of the 20th century, the dram is the mass of Шаблон:Frac pounds apothecaries (lb ap), or Шаблон:Frac ounces apothecaries (oz ap or ℥)Шаблон:Rp (the pound apothecaries and ounce apothecaries are equal to the troy pound (lb t), and troy ounce (oz t), respectively).Шаблон:Rp The dram apothecaries is equal to Шаблон:Val or Шаблон:Val,Шаблон:Rp or exactly Шаблон:Val grams.Шаблон:Rp

"Dram" is also used as a measure of the powder charge in a shotgun shell, representing the equivalent of black powder in drams avoirdupois.

Unit of volume

Файл:Whisky tasting glass.jpg

A 'wee dram', in Scotland the 35 ml measurement.

The fluid dram (or fluid drachm in British spelling) is defined as Шаблон:Frac of a fluid ounce,Шаблон:Rp and is exactly equal to:

• Шаблон:Val in the U.S. customary systemШаблон:Rp
• Шаблон:Val in the British Imperial systemШаблон:Rp

A teaspoonful has been considered equal to one fluid dram for medical prescriptions. However, by 1876 the teaspoon had grown considerably larger than it was previously, measuring 80–85 minims. As there are 60 minims in a fluid dram,Шаблон:Rp using this equivalent for the dosage of medicine was no longer suitable. Today's US teaspoon is equivalent to exactly 4.92892159375 ml, which is also Шаблон:Frac US fluid ounces, Шаблон:Frac US fluid drams,Шаблон:Rp or 80 US minims.Шаблон:Rp

While pharmaceuticals are measured nowadays exclusively in metric units, fluid drams are still used to measure the capacity of pill containers.

Dram is used informally to mean a small amount of liquor, especially Scotch whisky. The unit is referenced by the phrase dram shop, the U.S. legal term for an establishment that serves alcoholic beverages.

In popular culture

The line "Where'd you get your whiskey, where'd you get your dram?" appears in some versions of the traditional pre–Civil War American song "Cindy". In the Monty Python's song "The Bruces' Philosophers Song", there is the line "Hobbes was fond of his dram". In the old-time music tradition of the United States, there is a tune entitled "Gie the Fiddler a Dram", "gie" being the Scots language word for "give", brought over by immigrants and commonly used by their descendants in Appalachia at the time of writing. "Little Maggie," a traditional song popular in bluegrass music, refers to the title character as having a "dram glass in her hand."

In the episode "Double Indecency" of the TV series Archer, the character Cheryl/Carol was carrying around 10 drams of Vole's blood and even offered to pay for a taxi ride with it.

In Frank Herbert's Dune, the Fremen employ a sophisticated measurement system that involves the drachm (and fractions thereof) to accurately count and economize water, an ultra-precious resource on their home, the desert planet Arrakis.

External links

• Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement in Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices. NIST Handbook 44 (2012 ed.).
• Image Шаблон:Webarchive of Ancient Greek silver drachm with flying Pegasus, Acarnania, Leucas, c. 470–450 BCE