Английская Википедия:Drang nach Osten

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Файл:Bundesarchiv R 49 Bild-0131, Aussiedlung von Polen im Wartheland.jpg
Expulsion of Poles following the German invasion of Poland in 1939. Poles were removed to make room for German colonists, as part of a plan to Germanize western Poland.

Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA-de; 'Drive to the East',[1][2] or 'push eastward',[3] 'desire to push east'[4]) was the name for a 19th-century German nationalist intent to expand Germany into Slavic territories of Central and Eastern Europe.[2][5] In some historical discourse, Шаблон:Lang combines historical German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe, medieval (12th to 13th century)[6] military expeditions such as those of the Teutonic Knights (the Northern Crusades), and Germanisation policies and warfare of modern German states such as those that implemented Nazism's concept of Lebensraum.[3][7]

In Polish works the term Шаблон:Lang could refer to programs for the Germanization of Poland,[8] while in 19th-century Germany the slogan was used variously of a wider nationalist approbation of medieval German settlement in the east and the idea of the "superiority of German culture".[1] In the years after World War I the idea of a Шаблон:Lang ('drive to the west'), an alleged Polish drive westward—an analogy of Шаблон:Lang—circulated among German authors in reaction to the loss of eastern territories and the Polish Corridor.[1][9]

The concept of Drang nach Osten became a core element of Nazi ideology. In Mein Kampf (1925-1926), Adolf Hitler declares the idea to be an essential element of his reorganisation plans for Europe. He states: "It is eastwards, only and always eastwards, that the veins of our race must expand. It is the direction which nature herself has decreed for the expansion of the German peoples."[10]

Origin of the term

The first known use of Шаблон:Lang was by the Polish journalist Julian Klaczko in 1849, yet it is debatable whether he invented the term as he used it in form of a citation.[11] Because the term is used almost exclusively in its German form in English, Polish, Russian, Czech and other languages, it has been concluded that the term is of German origin.[11]

Background

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Файл:Osadnictwo niemieckie na wschodzie.PNG
Phases of German eastward expansion, 700–1400
Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend

During the 19th and the early 20th century Шаблон:Lang has been associated with the medieval German Шаблон:Lang, the High Medieval migration period of ethnic Germans to Eastern Europe, inhabited by Slavs and Balts. This movement caused legal, cultural, linguistic, religious and economic changes, that had a profound influence on the history of Eastern Europe between the Baltic Sea and the Carpathians.[12]

Massive population increase during the High Middle Ages left increasing numbers of commoners like peasants, craftsmen and artisans displaced, who were joined by nobility not entitled to land inheritance, stimulating the movement of settlers from territories of the Holy Roman Empire, such as the Rhineland, Flanders and Saxony into the sparsely-populated East. These movements were supported by the Slavic kings and dukes and the Church.[13][14][15]

The future state of Prussia, named for the conquered Old Prussians, had its roots largely in these movements. As the Middle Ages came to a close, the Teutonic Knights, who had been invited to northern Poland by Konrad of Masovia, had assimilated and forcibly converted much of the southern Baltic coastlands.

After the Partitions of Poland by the Kingdom of Prussia, Austria, and the Russian Empire in the late 18th century, Prussia gained much of western Poland. The Prussians, and later the Germans, engaged in a policy of Germanization in Polish territories. Russia and Sweden eventually conquered the lands taken by the Teutonic Knights in Estonia and Livonia.

Шаблон:Lang in German discourse

The term became a centerpiece of the program of the German nationalist movement in 1891, with the founding of the Шаблон:Lang, in the words: Шаблон:Lang ('The old Шаблон:Lang must be revived').[16] Nazi Germany employed the slogan in calling the Czechs a "Slav bulwark against the Шаблон:Lang" in the 1938 Шаблон:Lang.[2]

Despite Шаблон:Lang policies, population movement took place in the opposite direction also, as people from rural, less developed areas in the East were attracted by the prospering industrial areas of Western Germany. This phenomenon became known by the German term Шаблон:Lang, literally 'flight from the East'.

With the development of romantic nationalism in the 19th century, Polish and Russian intellectuals began referring to the German Шаблон:Lang as Шаблон:Lang. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary attempted to expand their power eastward; Germany by gaining influence in the declining Ottoman Empire (the Eastern Question) and Austria-Hungary through the acquisition of territory in the Balkans (such as Bosnia and Herzegovina).

Шаблон:Lang

German nationalists called for a new Шаблон:Lang to oppose what they conceived as a Polish Шаблон:Lang ('thrust toward the West').[9]

The Polish paper Шаблон:Lang used both Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang in August 2002 to title stories about the German company RWE taking over the Polish STOEN and Polish migration into eastern Germany, respectively.[17]

Шаблон:Lang is also the ironic title of a chapter in Eric Joseph Goldberg's book Struggle for Empire, used to point out the "missing" eastward ambitions of Louis the German who instead expanded his kingdom to the West.[18]

Файл:Greim-Drang nach osten.jpg
German colonists near Шаблон:Lang, Poland (Russian Partition) at the end of the 19th century

Lebensraum concept of Nazi Germany

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Adolf Hitler, dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933–1945, called for a Шаблон:Lang to acquire territory for German colonists at the expense of central and eastern European nations (Шаблон:Lang). The term, by then, had gained enough currency to appear in foreign newspapers without explanation.[19] His eastern campaigns during World War II were initially successful with the conquests of Poland, the Baltic countries, Belarus, Ukraine and much of European Russia by the Шаблон:Lang; Шаблон:Lang was designed to eliminate the native Slavic peoples from these lands and replace them with Germans.[20] The Шаблон:Lang, or soldier-peasants, would settle in a fortified line to prevent civilization arising beyond and threatening Germany.[21]

This was greatly hindered by the lack of German people who desired to settle in the east, let alone act as Teutonic Knights there.[22] Settlements established during the war did not receive colonists from the Шаблон:Lang, but in the main part East European Germans resettled from Soviet "spheres of interest" according to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact,[23] and such Poles as deemed Germanizable by Nazis.[24] However, the Soviet Union began to reverse the German conquests by 1943. Nazi Germany was defeated by the Allies in 1945.

Expulsion of Germans from the East after World War II

Шаблон:Main Most of the demographic and cultural outcome of the Шаблон:Lang was terminated after World War II. The expulsion of Germans after World War II east of the [[Oder-Neisse line|Шаблон:Lang line]] in 1945–48 on the basis of decisions of the Potsdam Conference were later justified by their beneficiaries as a rollback of the Шаблон:Lang. "Historical Eastern Germany"— historically the land of the Baltic people called Old Prussians who had been colonized and assimilated by German Шаблон:Lang—was split between Poland, Russia, and Lithuania (a Baltic country) and repopulated with settlers of the respective ethnicities. The Шаблон:Lang line has been accepted to be the eastern German boundary by all post-war German states (East and West Germany, as well as reunited Germany)[25]Шаблон:Circular reference, reneging on all plans to (re-)expand into or (re-)settle territories beyond this line. The Old Prussians were conquered by the Teutonic Knights in the 13th century, and gradually assimilated over the following centuries; the Old Prussian language was extinct by the 17th or early 18th century. Henry Cord Meyer, in his book "Шаблон:Lang: Fortunes of a Slogan-Concept in German–Slavic Relations, 1849–1990" claims that the slogan Шаблон:Lang[26] originated in the Slavic world, and it also was more widely used than in Germany.[26]

See also

References

Inline

Шаблон:Reflist

General

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Ulrich Best, Transgression as a Rule: German–Polish cross-border cooperation, border discourse and EU-enlargement, 2008, p. 58, Шаблон:ISBN, Шаблон:ISBN
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Edmund Jan Osmańczyk, Anthony Mango, Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements, 2003, p. 579, Шаблон:ISBN, Шаблон:ISBN
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Jerzy Jan Lerski, Piotr Wróbel, Richard J. Kozicki, Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945, 1996, p. 118, Шаблон:ISBN, Шаблон:ISBN
  4. ↑ Marcin Zaborowski, Germany, Poland and Europe, p. 32
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Lang, 1981, p. 87
  6. ↑ Drang nach Osten in the Encyclopædia Britannica
  7. ↑ Ingo Haar, Historiker im Nationalsozialismus, p. 17.
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 Bascom Barry Hayes, Bismarck and Mitteleuropa, 1994, p. 17, Шаблон:ISBN, 9780838635124
  10. ↑ Hitler, a chronology of his life and time. Milan Hauner, Macmillan, 1983, p. 197.
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Andreas Lawaty, Hubert Orłowski, Шаблон:Lang, 2003, p. 34, Шаблон:ISBN, Шаблон:ISBN
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  16. ↑ Wippermann, 1981, p. 87
  17. ↑ Paul Reuber, Anke Strüver, Günter Wolkersdorfer, Шаблон:Lang, 2005, Шаблон:ISBN, Шаблон:ISBN
  18. ↑ Eric Joseph Goldberg, Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict Under Louis the German, 817–876, pp. 233ff, 2006, Шаблон:ISBN, Шаблон:ISBN
  19. ↑ Carlson, p. 233.
  20. ↑ "Hitler's plans for Eastern Europe"
  21. ↑ Robert Cecil, The Myth of the Master Race: Alfred Rosenberg and Nazi Ideology p. 190 Шаблон:ISBN
  22. ↑ Robert Cecil, The Myth of the Master Race: Alfred Rosenberg and Nazi Ideology p. 191 Шаблон:ISBN
  23. ↑ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web pp. 206–9, Шаблон:ISBN
  24. ↑ Richard Overy, The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia, p. 543 Шаблон:ISBN
  25. ↑ Oder–Neisse line#Schengen Agreement
  26. ↑ 26,0 26,1 Hnet Review of Шаблон:Webarchive Henry Cord Meyer. Шаблон:Lang: Fortunes of a Slogan-Concept in German–Slavic Relations, 1849–1990. Bern: Peter Lang, 1996. 142 pp. Notes and index. $29.95 (paper), Шаблон:ISBN. Reviewed by Douglas Selvage , Yale University.
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