Английская Википедия:Drava

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Infobox river The Drava or Drave (Шаблон:Lang-de, Шаблон:IPA-de; Шаблон:Lang-sl Шаблон:IPA-sl; Шаблон:Lang-hr Шаблон:IPA-sh; Шаблон:Lang-hu Шаблон:IPA-hu; Шаблон:Lang-it Шаблон:IPA-it), historically known as the Dravis or Dravus,[1] is a river in southern Central Europe.[2] With a length of Шаблон:Gaps,[3] or Шаблон:Gaps, if the length of its Sextner Bach source is added, it is the fifth or sixth longest tributary of the Danube, after the Tisza, Sava, Prut, Mureș and likely Siret. The Drava drains an area of about 40,154 square kilometers.[3] Its mean annual discharge is seasonally Шаблон:Gaps to Шаблон:Gaps. Its source is near the market town of Innichen, in the Puster Valley of South Tyrol, Italy. The river flows eastwards through East Tyrol and Carinthia in Austria into the Styria region of Slovenia. It then turns southeast, passing through northern Croatia and, after merging with its main tributary the Mur, forms most of the border between Croatia and Hungary, before it joins the Danube near Osijek, in Croatia.

Name

In ancient times the river was known as Dravus or Draus in Latin, and in Greek as Δράος[4][5] and Δράβος. Medieval attestations of the name include Dravis (Шаблон:Circa AD 670), Drauva (in 799), Drauus (in 811), Trauum (in 1091), and Trah (in 1136). The name is pre-Roman and pre-Celtic, but probably of Indo-European origin, from the root *dreu̯- 'flow'.[6] The river gives its name to the dravite species of tourmaline.[7]

Carpis

The Carpis (Greek: Κάρπίς) was a river which, according to Herodotus,[8] flowed from the upper country of the Ombricans northward into the Ister (Danube), whence it has been supposed that this river is the same as the Dravus.[9]

Geography

The Drava (along with one of its tributaries, the Slizza) and the Spöl are the only two rivers originating in Italy that belong to the Danube drainage basin. Its main left tributaries (from the north) are the Isel (contributes 39 m³/s), the Möll (25 m³/s), the Шаблон:Illm (22 m³/s), the Gurk (30 m³/s) and the Lavant (12 m³/s) in Austria, and the Mur (166 m³/s) near Legrad at the Croatian–Hungarian border. Its main right tributaries (from the south) are the Gail (45 m³/s) in Austria, the Meža (12 m³/s) and Dravinja (11 m³/s) in Slovenia, and the Bednja (? m³/s) in Croatia.

Country Length (km) Catchment area (km2) Mean flow (m³/s)
Italy 10.6 354 (0.9%) 4
Austria 254.7 Шаблон:Gaps (55.2%) 280
Austria–Slovenia 4.2 border
Slovenia 117.7 4662 (11.6%) 292
Slovenia–Croatia 23.3 border
Croatia 166.4 6822 (17.0%) 544
Croatia–Hungary 133.0 border
Hungary 0 6154 (15.3%) 544
Total 709.8 Шаблон:Gaps (100%) 544

Mean discharge is for the last station in the country mentioned in the source.[3]

Course

Файл:Drauquellen.jpg
Drava sources, Innichen

The sources of the Drava are located at the drainage divide between the market town of Innichen/San Candido and neighbouring Toblach/Dobbiaco in the west, where the Rienz River rises, a tributary of the Adige/Etsch. At Innichen itself the 16+ km Шаблон:Illm,[10] originating near the Sextener Rotwand, joins the ~2 km long source creek. The river than flows eastwards and after 8 kilometres crosses into East Tyrol in Austria. At Lienz it flows into the Isel, sourced from the glaciers of the Venediger and Glockner Groups. The Isel (average discharge 39 m³/s) is almost three times larger than the Drava (14 m³/s) where they meet and, starting from the source of its tributary Шаблон:Illm under the Rötspitze, the Isel (ca. 64 km) is also longer than the combined Drava and Sextner Bach (ca. 60 km) to that point.[11][3]

The river then flows east into Carinthia at Oberdrauburg. The river separates the Kreuzeck range of the High Tauern in the north and the Gailtal Alps in the south, passes the Sachsenburg narrows and the site of the ancient city of Teurnia, before it reaches the town of Spittal an der Drau. Downstream of Villach, it runs along the northern slopes of the Karawanks to Ferlach and Lavamünd.

The Drava passes into Slovenia at Gorče near Dravograd, from where it runs for Шаблон:ConvertШаблон:GeoQuelle via Vuzenica, Muta, Ruše, and Maribor to Ptuj and the border with Croatia at Ormož. The river then passes Varaždin, Belišće and Osijek in Croatia, and Barcs in Hungary. It is navigable for about Шаблон:Convert from Čađavica in Croatia to its mouth.

The hydrological parameters of Drava are regularly monitored in Croatia at Botovo, Terezino Polje, Donji Miholjac and Osijek.[12]

Discharge

The Drava's mean annual discharge (Q) at Drávaszabolcs (Hungary, 77.7 rkm). Period from 1995 to 2022.[13]

Year Q

(m³/s)

Year Q

(m³/s)

1995 479 2009 627.9
1996 598 2010 633.4
1997 437 2011 442.4
1998 513 2012 528.3
1999 588 2013 638.5
2000 549 2014 714.9
2001 464 2015 459.2
2002 410.6 2016 269.7
2003 348.8 2017 359.7
2004 501.6 2018 446.4
2005 474.1 2019 259.8
2006 326.7 2020 535.5
2007 338 2021 478.4
2008 483.5 2022 319.1
Average (1995–2022): 472.3 m3/s

Hydroelectric power plants

Currently, there are 22 hydroelectric power plants on the Drava. The power plants are listed beginning at the headwaters:

Dam Nameplate capacity (MW) Annual generation (Mio. kwh)
Amlach power station[14] 60 219
Paternion[15] 24 95
Kellerberg[15] 25 96
Villach[15] 25 100
Rosegg-St. Jakob[15] 80 338
Feistritz-Ludmannsdorf[15] 88 354
Ferlach-Maria Rain[15] 75 318
Annabrücke[15] 90 390
Edling[15] 87 407
Schwabeck[15] 79 378
Lavamünd[15] 28 156
Dravograd[16] 26.2 142
Vuzenica[16] 55.6 247
Vuhred[16] 72.3 297
Ožbalt[16] 73.2 305
Fala[16] 58 260
Mariborski Otok[16] 60 270
Zlatoličje[16] 126 577
Formin[16] 116 548
Varaždin 86 476
Čakovec 75.9 400
Dubrava 84

The Drava is one of the most exploited rivers in the world in terms of hydropower, with almost 100% of its water potential energy being exploited.[17][18] As the region of the river is a place of exceptional biodiversity, this raises several ecological concerns, together with other forms of exploitation such as use of river deposits.[19][20]

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:Hydrography of Croatia Шаблон:Hydrography of Slovenia Шаблон:Danube

Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ Smith, William, ed. (1854). "Dravus". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.
  2. ↑ Utrata Fachwörterbuch: Geographie - Englisch-Deutsch/Deutsch-Englisch by Jürgen Utrata (2014). Retrieved 10 Apr 2014.
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Joint Drava River Corridor Analysis Report Шаблон:Webarchive, 27 November 2014
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ Hdt. 4.49.
  9. ↑ Smith, William, ed. (1854). "Carpis. 1". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.
  10. ↑ Sextner Bach at the South Tyrol/Alto Adige agency for the environment website
  11. ↑ Hydrographisches Jahrbuch Österreichs 2008, S. OG322
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок ti не указан текст
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 15,3 15,4 15,5 15,6 15,7 15,8 15,9 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок ve не указан текст
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 16,3 16,4 16,5 16,6 16,7 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок dem не указан текст
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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