Английская Википедия:Drinking fountains in Philadelphia
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use mdy dates
Public drinking fountains in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, have been built and used since the 19th century. Various reform-minded organizations in the city supported public drinking fountains as street furniture for different but overlapping reasons. One was the general promotion of public health, in an era of poor water and typhoid fever.[1] Leaders of the temperance movement such as the Woman's Christian Temperance Union saw free, clean water as a crucial alternative to beer. Emerging animal welfare organizations, notably the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, wanted to provide water to the dogs and working horses of the city on humanitarian grounds, which is why Philadelphia's drinking fountains of the era often include curb-level troughs that animals could reach.[2]
History
Background
Philadelphia suffered multiple yellow fever epidemics in the 1790s. The Philadelphia Watering Committee, formally the Joint Committee on Bringing Water to the City, was founded in 1797–98 with the mission of constructing a public water system to combat the disease.Шаблон:Sfn Scottish-born architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe, famous for being the architect of the United States Capitol building, designed the Philadelphia system in which an underground brick aqueduct carried drinking water from the Schuylkill River to Centre Square, now the site of Philadelphia City Hall. There, twin steam pumps propelled the water into a tank in the tower of the pumping house, from which gravity distributed it throughout the city via wooden water mains (cored logs). Completed in January 1801, this was the first citywide gravity-fed public water system in the United States.[3][4]
Latrobe's chief draftsman, Frederick Graff, designed a T-shaped wooden fire hydrant in 1802, that featured "a drinking fountain on one side and a 4-1/2-inch water main on the other."[5] The hydrants were installed along every major street of the city.[5]
Latrobe's Greek Revival pumping house and the gardens surrounding it became a major attraction.[6] Graff was promoted to manager of the Water Works in 1805, and designed the fountain for Centre Square.[7] The Watering Committee commissioned sculptor William Rush to create a statue, Allegory of the Schuylkill River, to be its centerpiece.[8] Better known as Water Nymph with Bittern, it was carved from pine and painted white (in imitation of marble). The first public fountain in Philadelphia was unveiled in August 1809.[9]
Drinking fountains
The idea of purpose-built drinking fountains was relatively novel. The first public drinking fountains in England appeared in Liverpool in 1854, through the efforts of Charles Pierre Melly, and that city had 43 in total by 1858.[10] The first in London was a granite basin attached to the gates of St Sepulchre-without-Newgate, funded by Samuel Gurney and his Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and Cattle Trough Association in 1859.[11]
A spring-fed public drinking fountain was erected in 1854, along the Wissahickon Creek opposite Chestnut Hill.[12] It was described in 1884 as:
The first fountain, so called, stands upon the side of the road on the west side of the Wissahickon ... It is claimed that this is the first drinking fountain erected in the county of Philadelphia outside of the Fairmount Water-Works. A clear, cold, mountain spring is carried by a spout, covered with a lion's head, from a niche in a granite front, with pilasters and pediment into a marble basin. The construction bears the date 1854 ... Upon a slab above the niche are cut the words "Pro bono publico"; beneath the basin these, "Esto perpetua".Шаблон:Sfn
In the 1860s, philanthropic groups and governments across the United States began to fund the building of water fountains, including the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in 1867 (in Union Square in New York City), and the Philadelphia Fountain Society beginning in April 1869.[13] New fountains in Philadelphia proved immediately successful. They quickly proved their "utility and absolute necessity;" by September 1869 the Fountain Society had constructed 12, and the Pennsylvania branch of the ASPCA (PSPCA) had built another 5.[14] As of 1880, the Philadelphia Fountain Society recorded 50 fountains serving approximately 3 million people and 1 million horses and other animals.[2] Reformers continued installing such fountains throughout Philadelphia into the 1940s. Many remain.[2]
In 2015, Philly Voice reported on plans to re-establish a system of public drinking fountains in the city.[15]
Sponsors
Philadelphia Fountain Society
The earliest and most prolific fountain-building organization was the Philadelphia Fountain Society, headed by medical doctor and art collector Wilson Cary Swann (1806Шаблон:En dash1876) and formally incorporated on April 21, 1869,Шаблон:Sfn with the stated mission of developing water fountains and water troughs for Philadelphia.[16]Шаблон:Sfn[17] "[O]ur object", wrote Swann, "is the erection and maintenance in this city of public drinking fountains for the health and refreshment of the people of Philadelphia and the benefit of dumb animals".[18]
The society hoped that water fountains would directly improve quality-of-life for workers and working animals in the city, and indirectly promote temperance;[19][20] Swann felt that "the lack of water for workers and animals led to intemperance and crime", and that drinking fountains positioned around the city would help "workers quench their thirst in public instead of entering local taverns".[21] Some of Swann's arguments may have been derived from the like-minded London Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and Cattle Trough Association, established in 1859.[17]
The fountains themselves were intended to be more functional than decorative, although many of them incorporate work by significant architects and sculptors.[17] The society reached out to Philadelphians, advertising $5 for an annual membership, or $150 for a lifetime membership.[17]
The society's first fountain went up in April 1869,[17] adjacent to Washington Square, at 7th and Walnut Streets.[22] A cast iron eagle perched on top, and below the plaque were two troughs, one for horses, one for dogs.[23] (It was relocated to the south side of the square in 1916.)[17] That same year, work began on two fountains for the 500 block of Chestnut Street, in front of Independence Hall.[17] Prominent citizens such as John Wanamaker and Anthony Joseph Drexel provided funding to the society, and by July there were five operational fountains.[17] Two years later, forty three fountains were managed by the society.[17] The society installed three fountains on Rittenhouse Square, the first outside the iron fence at the square's northwest corner; the others within the iron fence at its northeast and southeast corners.[24] Persistent flooding around the fountains created a nuisance, and the society removed them by 1884.Шаблон:Efn
Swann handled a large portion of the society's work, and by 1874 it had erected 73 fountains.[18][25][16] On April 17, 1874, Adelaide Neilson performed a concert to benefit the society at the Academy of Music.[26]
The society had challenges. While rapidly constructing new fountains, it struggled to fund ongoing maintenance. In the 1870s, the city budgeted some money for upkeep, but that practice was ended by 1880.[17] The city was hard on its drinking fountains. That first fountain at 7th and Walnut, which was "at all times surrounded by a thirsty crowd" as of 1896, had its iron eagle "blown over" to land on a boy and break his arm, resulting in civil damages, then its fortified replacement eagle was squarely broken off by a tree branch.[27]
The destruction of fountains by boys and men with vandalistic tendencies, has to be constantly watched for and guarded against. Truck drivers and dragmen with heavy wagons also, by their carelessness, damage the fountains, and it is no uncommon thing for a fountain to be entirely knocked over by the pole of a brewery wagon ... the majority of the fountains ... erected now-a-days, are built low down, below the range of a wagon pole.[27]
Swann died in 1876. By 1892, the number of fountains managed by the society had declined to 60. That year, Swann's wife died and left $80,000 to the society, as well as $25,000 for the construction of a fountain in his memory.[18][16] By 1910, the number of horses in Philadelphia was decreasing as automobiles and streetcars gained in popularity, decreasing the need for fountains.[17] After the completion of its last grand project, the Swann Memorial Fountain in Logan Circle in 1924, the society ceased building fountains.Шаблон:Sfn At its peak, the society had managed 82 fountains.[2] It still exists as a grant-providing organisation.[17]
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
The Fountain Society was linked to the Pennsylvania branch of the newly formed American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, co-founded in June 1868 by Colonel Mark Richards Muckle of the Public Ledger.[17] The two had shared motivations, and Swann was involved in both.Шаблон:Sfn As of September 1869, press reports claimed "a very commendable rivalry in the erection of drinking fountains for man and beast will spring up between those two admirable associations", the Fountain Society with twelve in operation so far, and the Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (PSPCA) credited with five, all fountains which had "proven their utility and absolute necessity" with more to come.[14] Some of these featured a curb-level trough for small animals, and a separate drinking fountain for people.[17]
By 1869, the activist Caroline Earle White had grown frustrated with her exclusion from any decision-making role in the PSPCA, which she had helped to found. She created a Women's Branch, essentially an auxiliary,[28] which also independently commissioned the construction of public drinking fountains and horse troughs.[29][30] White founded the American Anti-Vivisection Society in Philadelphia in 1883. She created its monthly magazine, Journal of Zoöphily, in 1892, and worked as editor for 25 years.[31]
Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
White fully broke away from the PSPCA in 1899, founding the independent Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, or WPSPCA.[16][32] The WPSPCA became co-publisher of Journal of Zoöphily, which promoted its good works.[31] White was assisted by the efforts and financial support of the WPSPCA's vice-president, Annie L. Lowry, the childless widow of a successful Philadelphia lawyer. Lowry sponsored horse fountains at Walnut & Dock Streets and 8th & Porter Streets, and more were erected in her memory. Lowry made $58,000 in bequests to the WPSPCA in her 1908 will, including $10,000 "for erecting fountains in Philadelphia for horses and smaller animals,"[33] and $20,000 to establish the first animal shelter in the United States.[28]
A crusade is being conducted in Philadelphia, and has been for six years past, by the members of the Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.
In 1906, Mrs. Bradbury Bedell, a member of the Women's Society who had long been active in seeking better conditions for animals in Philadelphia, and the late Mrs. A. L. Lowry, another woman who for years had sought successfully to aid in the comfort of the dumb beasts, debated over the filthiness of many of the water troughs located around the city. They made personal appeals in many cases to saloon keepers where they found trough conditions especially flagrant. Sometimes their efforts were successful, and again the women's appeals were passed by unnoticed.
Then the thought came to them that the society could in time establish sufficient stations to crush out the horse trough evil, and the campaign was started. In six years the results have been even more than the originators had anticipated. To-day the society owns forty fountains and troughs throughout the city. Conditions at many other fountains have been greatly improved, and horse owners have been aroused to the danger.
The city authorities have cheerfully aided the Women's Society here by furnishing the supply of water free for all the stations and in other ways. Many heads of stores and establishments which have a large supply of horses have also responded to the society's efforts on behalf of the horse. They know what it means from a commercial as well as a humane standpoint.[34]
As of 1928 the WPSPCA still ran a veterinary hospital in the city, an animal refuge, owned and maintained 50 street fountains open all year, and put up additional seasonal horse-watering stations in the city from May through November.[35]
Temperance organizations
Шаблон:Quote boxThe Woman's Christian Temperance Union also commissioned fountains.
The local membership of the Sons of Temperance funded a drinking fountain, originally installed under a pergola at the 1876 Centennial Exposition and later moved to Independence Square in 1877.[36] As advertised, it provided ICE WATER FREE TO ALL.[37]
Also for the 1876 exposition the German-American sculptor Herman Kirn produced the elaborate Catholic Total Abstinence Union Fountain. This included five figures, Moses in the middle, and sixteen drinking fountains installed into granite pedestals.[38]
Notable drinking fountains
Some entries in this table overlap the entries in Drinking fountains in the United States. Neither table is an exhaustive list.
| Name | Date | Image | Location | Sponsor/Designer | Material | Notes | Шаблон:Abbr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| "First Fountain" | 1854 | Файл:First Fountain Sept 2020.JPG | Forbidden Drive, Wissahickon Valley (between Wises Mill Road & Bells Mill Road) | John Cook and Charles Magargé | white marble | "Half a mile above Valley Green is a marble drinking fountain, erected in 1854—the first built in Philadelphia. It is supplied from a mountain spring, and the water is clear and cold. … John Cook and Charles Magargé presented this fountain to the Park Commission for public use." Sealed in 1957 because of water pollution |
[39][40] |
| Peace Fountain | 1865 | Файл:Peace Fountain 1865 Fairmount Water Works.jpg | Fairmount Water Works, South Garden (west of Philadelphia Museum of Art) |
brownstone | A wall fountain set against a granite cliff. The inscription, "Peace June 1865," refers to the month in which the last fighting of the Civil War ended (in Texas). |
[41][42][43] | |
| Washington Square Fountain | 1869 | Файл:Drinking fountain, Washington Square, Philadelphia.jpg Файл:Fountain Washington Sq, Locust, Philly.JPG |
Original: 7th & Walnut Streets (north side of Washington Square) Current: 615 S. Washington Square (south side of Washington Square) |
Philadelphia Fountain Society | granite | "Outside the railing of this square, on a line with Seventh Street is a stone fountain surmounted by an eagle standing on a globe, which is noteworthy as being the first of these benevolent structures in providing which the Philadelphia Fountain Society has already earned the gratitude of thousands of thirsty men and suffering beasts." Relocated to the square's south side, 1916 Listed on the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places |
[44][17] |
| Tyler Memorial Fountain Horse Trough at 312 Arch Street |
1869 | Файл:Detroit Photographic Company (0752).jpg Файл:Tyler Fountain street 5-Oct-2020.jpg |
Original: 500 block of Chestnut Street (in front of Independence Hall) Current: 312 Arch Street (in front of Arch Street Friends Meeting House) |
Philadelphia Fountain Society | granite | "The State-House pumps were very near, if not exactly, upon the spot where fountains, surmounted by vases and intended to be decorated by flowers or shrubbery, were afterward placed by the Philadelphia Fountain Society." The Wanamaker fountain was hit by a car in the 1940s, and removed. The Tyler fountain was relocated to 312 Arch Street, 1942 Listed on the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places |
[44]Шаблон:Sfn[17] |
| Lemon Hill Spring (Marble Drinking Fountain) (Lion's Head Fountain) |
circa 1870 | Файл:Sinclair Spring at Lemon Hill 1870.jpg | Kelly Drive & Sedgeley Drive, East Fairmount Park | white marble | [45] | ||
| In Aqua Sanitas Fountain | 1870–1871 | Файл:In Aqua Sanitas 5-Oct-2020.jpg | Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, West Fairmount Park (south of Falls Bridge) | granite | Inscription: "In Aqua Sanitas" ("In Water Health") "Drinking fountain and water trough, west side of West River drive, just south of Falls Bridge." |
Шаблон:Sfn[45] | |
| Horse trough | 1870–1871 | Файл:Horse trough 1871 MLK Drive.jpg | Martin Luther King Jr. Drive & Montgomery Drive, West Fairmount Park | granite | "Drinking fountain and water trough, west side of West River drive, just south of Columbia Bridge." No inscription; drinking fountain removed |
[45] | |
| Catholic Total Abstinence Union Fountain | 1874–1877 | Файл:Centennial Fountain, 1876. Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. Erected under the auspices of the Catholic Total Abstinence Union of America.jpg Файл:LOC Temperance Fountain and Staues, Philadelphia 1891.jpg |
Fountain Drive, West Fairmount Park (west of Belmont Avenue) | Catholic Total Abstinence Union Herman Kirn, designer and sculptor |
granite | 16 drinking fountains—located on the four granite pedestals of the subordinate statues. Water was supplied from a reservoir atop Georges Hill. Georges Hill Reservoir is now the site of the Mann Music Center. |
Шаблон:Sfn[46][47] |
| Temperance Fountain | 1876 | Файл:Temperance Drinking Fountain 1876 FLP.jpg | Original: 1876 Centennial Exposition fairgrounds Current: in storage |
Grand Division of the Sons of Temperance | cast iron | "At the close of the Centennial, the Sons of Temperance removed the fountain to Independence Square, where they supply it with ice at their own cost from June to October every year." Installed outside Independence Hall, 1877–1969. Placed in storage, 1969 |
[48]Шаблон:Sfn |
| Lion's Head Fountain | 1878 | Файл:Lion's Head Fountain c.1895 Kelly Drive.jpg | Original: Lincoln Drive, Wissahickon Valley Current: Kelly Drive, East Fairmount Park (south of Strawberry Mansion Bridge) |
Fairmount Park Art Association Mrs. Richard Davis Wood, donor |
granite | Relocated to Kelly Drive, year |
Шаблон:Sfn[49] |
| Ancient Roman Sarcophagus Kates Horse Trough |
Шаблон:Circa200–225 A.D. 1879 |
Файл:Wissahickon sarcophagus angled.jpg | Forbidden Drive (west of intersection with Lincoln Drive) | Fairmount Park Art Association Clarence S. Kates, donor |
Italian white marble | A highly-carved ancient Roman sarcophagus, repurposed as a horse trough, and installed at MacFarland Spring, 1879. Destroyed by vandalism. Original dimensions: H. Шаблон:Cvt x W. Шаблон:Cvt x D. Шаблон:Cvt Dr. Donald White, of the University of Pennsylvania, dates it to "the first quarter of the 3rd century AD." "HORSE TROUGH. Presented by Clarence S. Kates. Accepted by the Commissioners of Fairmount Park, December 15th, 1878, and placed on the Wissahickon Drive, near the site of the Old Log Cabin." |
[50]Шаблон:Sfn[51] |
| Orestes and Pylades Fountain | 1884 | Файл:Orestes and Pylades 5-Oct-2020.jpg | 33rd Street & Reservoir Drive, East Fairmount Park (Oxford Street Entrance) | Fairmount Park Art Association Carl Johann Steinhäuser, sculptor (original marble) Herman Kirn, designer |
bronze & granite | Kirn owned his late teacher's plaster model, from which this was cast in bronze. "Cast by Bureau Brothers, Philadelphia. Mounted on a pedestal of Richmond granite, with streams of water pouring from four bronze masks. Placed near Columbia Avenue Entrance to the East Park, south of the great Receiving Reservoir, in September, 1884." |
[50][52][53][54] |
| Catharine Thorn Memorial Fountain | 1890 | Файл:Catharine Thorn Fountain 1890 South St.JPG | 23rd Street, South Street & Grays Ferry Avenue | Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals | granite | Inscription: "The Legacy of Catharine Thorn by the W. P. S. P. C. A." Funded with $1000 Thorn left to the Society in her will. Installed at the center of a paved plaza bounded by South Street, 23rd Street and Grays Ferry Avenue. Now the center of a triangular pocket park |
[55][56]Шаблон:Efn |
| Forepaugh Horse Trough | 1895 | Файл:Forepaugh Fountain 4-Oct-2020.jpg | Fairhill Square, 4th Street & Lehigh Avenue | Philadelphia Fountain Society M. H. Gregg, maker |
granite | Maker's mark: |
[2] |
| William Leonidas Springs Fountain | 1899 | Файл:Springs Fountain 1899 Lincoln Drive.JPG | Lincoln Drive, Wissahickon Valley (between Gypsy Lane & Forbidden Drive) | Jeanette S. Springs, donor | granite | An exedra, with a pedimented wall fountain and horse trough at center and a drinking fountain at each end. Sealed in the 1940s because of water pollution |
[57][58] |
| Class of 1892 Drinking Fountain The Scholar and the Football Player |
1900 | Quadrangle Dormitories University of Pennsylvania 37th & Spruce Streets |
University of Pennsylvania Class of 1892, sponsor Alexander Stirling Calder, designer and sculptor |
bronze & granite | Located under the North Arcade, between the Memorial Tower and the North Steps |
[59][60] | |
| Grace and Beauty Fountain | Шаблон:Circa1901 | Файл:"Grace and Beauty" (9045451920).jpg | Horticultural Center, West Fairmount Park | white marble | |||
| Bell H. Crump FountainШаблон:Efn | 1907 | Файл:NHR April1917 p.76.jpg | Original: Broad Street, Fairmount Avenue & Ridge Avenue Current: 350 E. Erie Avenue |
Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals | granite | Inscription: "Erected by Bell H. Crump 1907" Relocated 1954Шаблон:Efn Now installed in front of the Pennsylvania SPCA Philadelphia Veterinary Clinic: |
[2][61] |
| Mary Rebecca Darby Smith Memorial Fountain Rebecca at the Well |
1908 | Файл:Smith Fountain 12th & Spring Garden ca.1908.jpg Файл:Rebecca Well Hort Center Philly.JPG |
Original: 12th & Spring Garden Streets (on median strip) Current: Horticultural Drive, West Fairmount Park |
Philadelphia Fountain Society John J. Boyle, sculptor |
bronze & red granite | Funded with $5000 left to the Society by Smith, and based on her own design Inscription: "Drink and I will give thy camels drink also" Installed at 12th & Spring Garden Streets, 1908 Removed and placed in storage, 1922 Installed in West Fairmount Park, 1934 |
[2][27] |
| Annie L. Lowry Memorial Fountain | 1909 | Файл:Annie L. Lowry Memorial Fountain Philadelphia.jpg | 3rd & Bainbridge Streets (on median strip) | Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals John Sheehan's Marble & Granite Works, 3805-7 Woodland Ave., Phila., maker |
granite | Inscriptions: "Drink Gentle Friends." "In Memory of Annie L. Lowry 1910." "W. P. S. P. C. A." Dedicated by Caroline Earle White on May 12, 1909 Listed on the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places |
[62][44]Шаблон:Efn |
| Annie L. Lowry Memorial Horse Trough | 1910 | Файл:Lowry Fountain 2nd St 5-Oct-2020.jpg | Original: Fairmount Avenue & 21st Street? Current: 147 N. 2nd Street (in front of Fireman's Hall Museum) |
Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals John Sheehan's Marble & Granite Works, 3805-7 Woodland Ave., Phila., maker |
granite | Relocated to Engine Company #8, 2nd & Quarry Streets. The former firehouse is now the Fireman's Hall Museum: Listed on the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places |
[44][2][63] |
| Annie L. Lowry Memorial Horse Trough | 1910 | Файл:Lowry Memorial Horse Trough 1910 Roxborough High School.JPG | Original: 69th Street Terminal? Current: Ridge Avenue & Fountain Street (in front of Roxborough High School) |
Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals John Sheehan's Marble & Granite Works, 3805-7 Woodland Ave., Phila., maker |
granite | Inscription: "In Memory of Mrs. Annie L. Lowry. Women's Pa. S. P. C. A." | [2][63] |
| Annie L. Lowry Memorial Horse Trough | 1910 | Original: Newtown Square? Current: Women's Animal Center, 3839 Richlieu Road, Bensalem |
Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals John Sheehan's Marble & Granite Works, 3805-7 Woodland Ave., Phila., maker |
granite | Relocated to E. Logan Street, east of Stenton Avenue, when? Relocated to Women's Animal Center, 2019 |
[63][64] | |
| Annie L. Lowry Memorial Horse Trough | 1910 | Original: Lansdowne?Шаблон:Efn Current: Nitre Hall, 1682 Karakung Drive, Haverford |
Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals John Sheehan's Marble & Granite Works, 3805-7 Woodland Ave., Phila., maker |
granite | Inscription: In Memory of Mrs. Annie L. Lowry Women's Pa. S. P. C. A. Unveiled November 28, 1910 Relocated from Burmont & Glendale Roads to Powder Mill Valley Park, 1973 Relocated to grounds of Nitre Hall, 2019 |
[63][65][66] | |
| Edward Wetherill Memorial Fountain Horse Trough at 315 S 9th St |
circa 1910 | Файл:Water trough 9th St. Philly.JPG | 315 S. 9th Street (north of Pine Street) | Philadelphia Fountain Society | granite | Inscription: "Edward Wetherill 1821 — 1908" (rear, in niche) Listed on the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places |
[44][67][17] |
| John Harrison Memorial Fountain | circa 1910 | Файл:Harrison Fountain 4-Oct-2020.jpg | Kelly Drive, East Fairmount Park (south of Fountain Green Drive) | limestone | Inscription: "In memory of John Harrison 1834 — 1909" "The Harrison Memorial Lithia Spring and Water Trough" |
[2][45] | |
| Annie L. Lowry Memorial Horse Trough | 1913 | Aldan Borough | Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals John Sheehan? |
granite | Inscription: "Del. Co. S. P. C. A." | [65] | |
| Harriett S. French Fountain | 1914 | Файл:French Fountain side.jpg | Belmont Avenue, West Fairmount Park (north of Montgomery Drive) | Women's Christian Temperance Union | granite | "Harriet S. French Fountain, east side of Belmont avenue, about 50 yards north of Belmont [Montgomery] drive." Dr. Harriet Schneider French was president of the Women's Christian Temperance Union of Philadelphia. |
[45][68] |
| Lion's Head Drinking Fountain (Penn Museum) | circa 1915 | Файл:Calder Lion Head Fountain Penn Museum.jpg | University of Pennsylvania Museum (South Street sidewalk) 33rd & South Streets |
Alexander Stirling Calder, sculptor | white marble & granite | [69] | |
| J. William White Memorial Drinking Fountain | 1921 | Файл:Rittenhouse Square - autumn - IMG 6548.JPG | Rittenhouse Square (Walnut Street, between 18th & 19th Streets) |
Rittenhouse Square Flower Market Association Paul Philippe Cret, architect R. Tait McKenzie, sculptor |
limestone & bronze | [70] | |
| Sarah Cresson Memorial Horse Trough | 1922 | Файл:Cresson Fountain 4-Oct-2020.JPG | Original: Front Street & Erie Avenue Current: 3rd & Spring Garden Streets (NE corner) |
Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals | granite | Cresson bequeathed funds to the Women's PSPCA for three horse troughs, all installed in 1922. | [2][71] |
| Sarah Cresson Memorial Horse Trough | 1922 | Файл:Cresson Fountain Broad&Oregon 5-Oct-2020.jpg | Broad Street, Oregon Avenue & Moyamensing Avenue | Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals | granite | Inscription: "In Memoriam Sarah Cresson 1922" Installed on a traffic island, north of Marconi Plaza |
[72] |
| Sarah Cresson Memorial Horse Trough | 1922 | NE corner Windrim Avenue & Broad Street | Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals | granite | Inscription: "In Memoriam Sarah Cresson 1922" This originally may have been installed on the adjacent traffic island, formed by Broad Street, Windrim Avenue and Ruscomb Street. |
||
| Two Standing Birds Fountain (Penn Museum) | circa 1926–1929 | Файл:Calder Two Birds Fountain Penn Museum.jpg | University of Pennsylvania Museum (East Courtyard) 33rd & South Streets |
Alexander Stirling Calder, sculptor Day & Klauder, architects |
white marble | [73][74][75] | |
| Lemon Hill Pet Fountain | Файл:Lemon Hill Pet Fountain 5-Oct-2020.jpg | Sedgeley Drive, East Fairmount Park (north of Kelly Drive, beside Goldfish Pond Fountain) | granite | Inscription: "John IV. 13. Whosoever drinketh of this water shall thirst again" |
Unlocated or destroyed drinking fountains
| Name | Date | Image | Location | Designer/Sponsor | Material | Notes | Шаблон:Abbr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iron Spring Fountain (Mineral Spring) | 1871 | Файл:Iron Spring, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pa, from Robert N. Dennis collection of stereoscopic views 2.jpg | Sedgeley Drive, east of Lemon Hill | cast iron | Шаблон:Sfn | ||
| Sedgeley Drinking Fountain | 1871 | Файл:Sedgeley Guard House, Fairmount Park, from Robert N. Dennis collection of stereoscopic views 2.jpg | Sedgeley Guard House | cast iron | Шаблон:Sfn | ||
| Rittenhouse Square Fountain | 1872 | Файл:Fountain on Walnut Street-Rittenhouse Square (Philadelphia).png | 19th & Walnut Streets (NW corner Rittenhouse Square, outside iron fence) | Philadelphia Fountain Society | cast iron | Removed by 1884 Church of the Holy Trinity later sponsored a drinking fountain, possibly at this site. |
Шаблон:Sfn[18] |
| Mercury Fountain | 1872 | Файл:Fountain in Rittenhouse Square (9246569445).jpg | 18th & Walnut Streets (NE corner Rittenhouse Square, inside iron fence) | Philadelphia Fountain Society J. Gillingham Fell, donor |
cast iron | Cost: $3,500 Relocated to 42nd Street & Woodland Avenue, by 1884. No longer at that location. |
[24]Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn[18] |
| Danaide Fountain | 1872 | Файл:Fountain. Rittenhouse Square. ca. 1880. (6721017609).jpg | 18th & Locust Streets (SE corner Rittenhouse Square, inside iron fence) | Philadelphia Fountain Society | cast iron | Removed by 1884 |
[24][76]Шаблон:Sfn[77] |
| 5 French drinking fountains | 1878 | Файл:The picturesque of Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, by Chase, W. M. (William M.), 1818 - 9-1905.jpg | East Fairmount Park | Fairmount Park Art Association | bronzed cast iron | "FIVE FOUNTAINS.* Cast at Paris, France, at the Foundry of Val D'Osne. Purchased by the Association, and erected with basins, hydraulic fitments, etc., at the expense of the Association, in the Park near the Lincoln Monument. Accepted by the Commissioners of Fairmount Park, December 8th, 1877. * Two have been placed near East River Drive below Girard Avenue Bridge." All 5 drinking fountains were still in use in 1915. |
[50][45] |
| Norris Square Fountain | 1891 | Susquehanna Avenue (between Hancock Street & Howard Street) | Women's Christian Temperance Union | Inscriptions: "I will give unto him that is athirst of the Water of Life freely." "Erected by the Sixth Young Women's Christian Temperance Union, July, 1891." | [18] | ||
| Annie L. Lowry Fountain | 1906 | John S. James Memorial Episcopal Church, 8th & Porter Streets | Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals | Dedicated July 1, 1906 Church now demolished |
[78] | ||
| Annie L. Lowry Fountain | 1906 | Dock & Walnut Streets | Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals | Barre granite | Dedicated October 22, 1906 | [79] | |
| Harriett S. French Memorial Fountain | 1909 | Grays Ferry Avenue, 25th Street & Christian Street (opposite Philadelphia Naval Asylum) | Women's Christian Temperance Union | granite | Inscription: "Erected to the glory of God, by the Harriet S. French Young Women's Christian Temperance Union and the Loyal Temperance Legion of Holy Trinity Memorial chapel" "The fountain is 8 feet 4 inches high, and has bowls for both horses and dogs, and is provided with an ample ice reservoir, which will be kept full by the Union and school." |
[80] | |
| Archbishop Ryan Memorial Watering Station | 1911 | NE corner Broad & Arch Streets | Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals | Dedicated June 6, 1911 Funded by a bequest from Annie L. Lowry In operation seasonally, from June to September. Attendants brought individual pails of water to the horses (to discourage the spread of glanders). Featured a drive-thru shower for cooling the horses. |
[81] | ||
| Martin Hetzel Memorial Fountain | 1915 | Lehigh Avenue & Waterloo Street | Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals | granite | Dedicated September 1, 1915 | [82] | |
| Emmeline Reed Bedell Memorial Fountain | 1920 | Dock Street and Delaware Avenue | Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals | granite | Bedell was "founder of the Auxiliary, and who twenty-five years ago established the first public watering places in this city. It bears the inscription, "In Memory of Emmeline Reed Bedell, 1920," carved in the granite at the base." | [83] |
See also
Notes
References
Sources
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book Шаблон:PD-notice
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 2,00 2,01 2,02 2,03 2,04 2,05 2,06 2,07 2,08 2,09 2,10 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ "Benjamin Latrobe Designs the first American Steam-Powered Municipal Waterworks," Шаблон:Webarchive from This Week in History, January 2012, The Schiller Institute.
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Robert E. Booth, Jr. and Katharine Booth, "Folk Art on Fire," catalogue essay, The Philadelphia Antiques Show (2004), p. 89.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Joseph Jackson, Market Street, Philadelphia: The Most Historic Highway in America (Philadelphia: The Public Ledger Company, 1918), pp. 176-177.
- ↑ Head of the Nymph Шаблон:Webarchive, from Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.
- ↑ Poulson's American Daily Advertiser, August 28, 1809.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 16,3 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 17,00 17,01 17,02 17,03 17,04 17,05 17,06 17,07 17,08 17,09 17,10 17,11 17,12 17,13 17,14 17,15 17,16 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 18,0 18,1 18,2 18,3 18,4 18,5 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 24,0 24,1 24,2 "City Property: Handsome Fountains for Rittenhouse Square," The Philadelphia Inquirer, March 27, 1872.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 27,0 27,1 27,2 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 28,0 28,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 31,0 31,1 Lily Santoro, "The Birth of a Movement: The History of the Anti-Vivisection Society," A-V Magazine (Spring 2008).[1]
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 33,0 33,1 "Bulk of Fortune Goes to Charity," The Philadelphia Inquirer, August 8, 1908, p. 11.
- ↑ The Philadelphia Record, September 15, 1912.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:HABS
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Philadelphia: The Birthplace of the Nation (Philadelphia: Sheldon Company, Inc., 1904), p.[2]
- ↑ Hand-Book to the Centennial Grounds and Fairmount Park (Philadelphia: John E. Potter & Company, 1876), p. 31.
- ↑ Peace Fountain from Philadelphia Public Art.
- ↑ Virginia A. Smith, "Restoring part of Water Works' flow," The Philadelphia Inquirer, March 16, 2007.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 44,0 44,1 44,2 44,3 44,4 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 45,0 45,1 45,2 45,3 45,4 45,5 Fairmount Park Guard Pension Fund Association, Descriptive Souvenir of Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pa. (Philadelphia: Reichert and Co., 1915).
- ↑ "The Centennial Fountain," Шаблон:Webarchive Potter's American Monthly Magazine, vol. 6, no. 49 (January 1876), p. 70.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Lion's Head Fountain from Library Company of Philadelphia.
- ↑ 50,0 50,1 50,2 Fairmount Park Art Association, Twenty-Seventh Annual Report (Philadelphia, 1899), p. 8.[3]
- ↑ Donald White, "What Is a Water Trough Where a Horse Can't Even Get a Drink?" Expedition Magazine vol. 46, no. 3 (2004).[4] from Penn Museum.
- ↑ Orestes and Pylades Fountain from SIRIS.
- ↑ Orestes and Pylades Fountain from Philadelphia Public Art.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Catharine Thorn Fountain from Philadelphia Public Art.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ J. Bunford Samuel, A Word Sketch of Fairmount Park (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1917), p. 13.
- ↑ Report of the Commissioners of Fairmount Park for the Year 1912 (Philadelphia: Fairmount Park Commission, 1913), p. 13.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Forty-sixth Annual Report of the Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Philadelphia: John R. McFetridge & Sons, 1914).
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 63,0 63,1 63,2 63,3 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокSPCA 1911не указан текст - ↑ Samantha Bambino, "A Lifesaving Mission; Women's Animal Shelter hosts 25 anniversary rededication ceremony," Bensalem Times, July 1, 2019.[5]
- ↑ 65,0 65,1 Richard D. Kerr, "Haverford Township's Annie L. Lowry Water Trough" (PDF) Шаблон:Webarchive Haverford Township Historical Society, January 2019.
- ↑ "A Pleasant Occasion," Journal of Zoöphily, vol. 19, no. 12 (December 1910), p. 137.
- ↑ Шаблон:Philadelphia Architects and Buildings
- ↑ Chrissie Perella, Early Women in Homeopathy: A Resource Guide.[6] from Drexel University College of Medicine Archives.
- ↑ Lion's Head Fountain from Philadelphia Public Art.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Source predicts third and final at Broad & Moyamensing "soon"; Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Wall mounted fountain from SIRIS.
- ↑ University Museum Fountain from Philadelphia Public Art.
- ↑ Шаблон:Philadelphia Architects and Buildings
- ↑ William Cullen Bryant, ed., Picturesque America, Volume II (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1874), page 28.
- ↑ Carol A. Grissom, Zinc Sculpture in America, 1850 - 1950 (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2009).
- ↑ "Lowry Drinking Fountain Dedicated," Journal of Zoöphily, vol. 15, no. 8 (August 1906), p. 87.
- ↑ "Drinking Fountain for Weary Horses Opened at Junction of Busy Streets," Journal of Zoöphily, vol. 15, no. 11 (November 1906), p. 124.
- ↑ "Philadelphia Chapel Aids in Erecting Drinking Fountain," The Churchman, August 21, 1909, p. 284.
- ↑ "Our Opening Day," Journal of Zoöphily, vol. 20, no. 7 (July 1911), p. 220.
- ↑ Journal of Zoöphily, vol. 24, no. 10 (October 1915), p. 154.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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