Английская Википедия:Drongo
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The drongos are a family, Dicruridae, of passerine birds of the Old World tropics. The 31 species in the family are placed in a single genus, Dicrurus.
Drongos are mostly black or dark grey, short-legged birds, with an upright stance when perched. They have forked tails and some have elaborate tail decorations. They feed on insects and small birds, which they catch in flight or on the ground. Some species are accomplished mimics and have a variety of alarm calls, to which other birds and animals often respond. They are known to utter fake alarm calls that scare other animals off food, which the drongo then claims.
Taxonomy
The genus Dicrurus was introduced by French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot for the drongos in 1816.[1] The type species was subsequently designated as the balicassiao (Dicrurus balicassius) by English zoologist George Robert Gray in 1841.[2][3] The name of the genus combines the Ancient Greek words dikros "forked" and oura "tail".[4] "Drongo" is originally from the indigenous language of Madagascar, where it refers to local species; it is now used for all members of the family.[5]
This family now includes only the genus Dicrurus, although Christidis and Boles (2007) expanded the family to include the subfamilies Rhipidurinae (Australasian fantails), Monarchinae (monarch and paradise flycatchers), and Grallininae (magpie larks).[6]
The family was formerly treated as having two genera, Chaetorhynchus and Dicrurus. The genus Chaetorhynchus contains a single species, the New Guinea-endemic C. papuensis. On the basis of both morphological and genetic differences, it is now placed with the fantails (Rhipiduridae) and renamed from the pygmy drongo to the drongo fantail.[7]
The genus Dicrurus contains 28 species:[8]
Image | Common Name | Scientific name | Distribution |
---|---|---|---|
Файл:Square-tailed Drongo (Dicrurus ludwigii) (cropped).jpg | Square-tailed drongo | Dicrurus ludwigii | southern Africa. |
Файл:SharpesDrongo.jpg | Sharpe's drongo | Dicrurus sharpei | southern South Sudan and western Kenya to the Democratic Republic of the Congo to Nigeria |
Файл:Dicrurus atripennis 111213.jpg | Shining drongo | Dicrurus atripennis | Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Togo. |
Файл:Fork-tailed Drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis) 2.jpg | Fork-tailed drongo | Dicrurus adsimilis | Gabon, Congo Republic, DRC, Angola, northwestern Zambia, Namibia, Botswana and northwestern South Africa |
Файл:Velvet-mantled Drongo from Canopy Walkway - Kakum NP - Ghana 14 S4E1498 (cropped).jpg | Velvet-mantled drongo | Dicrurus modestus | Nigeria and Cameroon to the Democratic Republic of Congo and Angola. |
Grande Comore drongo | Dicrurus fuscipennis | Comoros. | |
Файл:Dicrurus aldabranus 59442457 (cropped).jpg | Aldabra drongo | Dicrurus aldabranus | Seychelles |
Файл:Crested Drongo, Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar.jpg | Crested drongo | Dicrurus forficatus | Madagascar and Comoros |
Mayotte drongo | Dicrurus waldenii | Mayotte. | |
Файл:Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus (Vieillot, 1817) (7005202663).jpg | Black drongo | Dicrurus macrocercus | Iran through Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka east to southern China and Indonesia and accidental visitor of Japan |
Файл:Ashy drongo ,Dicrurus leucophaeus.jpg | Ashy drongo | Dicrurus leucophaeus | eastern Afghanistan east to southern China, Ryukyu Islands in southern Japan (particularly Okinawa) and Indonesia. |
Файл:Thimindu White bellied Drongo 1.jpg | White-bellied drongo | Dicrurus caerulescens | India and Sri Lanka. |
Файл:Crow-billed Drongo (Dicrurus annectans) - Flickr - Lip Kee (cropped).jpg | Crow-billed drongo | Dicrurus annectens | Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. |
Файл:Bronzed Drongo I IMG 1677.jpg | Bronzed drongo | Dicrurus aeneus | western Uttaranchal eastwards into Indochina and Hainan, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and northern Borneo |
Файл:Dicrurus remifer 180352515.jpg | Lesser racket-tailed drongo | Dicrurus remifer | Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam. |
Файл:Dicrurus balicassius.jpg | Balicassiao | Dicrurus balicassius | Philippines. |
Short-tailed drongo | Dicrurus striatus | Philippines. | |
Файл:Dicrurus hottentottus-20030823.jpg | Hair-crested drongo | Dicrurus hottentottus | Bangladesh, India, and Bhutan through Indochina to China, Indonesia, and Brunei. |
Tablas drongo | Dicrurus menagei | Philippines. | |
Palawan drongo | Dicrurus palawanensis | Palawan. | |
Sumatran drongo | Dicrurus sumatranus | Sumatra in Indonesia. | |
Файл:Wallacean Drongo (Dicrurus densus) (8074119894) (cropped).jpg | Wallacean drongo | Dicrurus densus | Indonesia and East Timor. |
Файл:Dicrurus montanus 64408649.jpg | Sulawesi drongo | Dicrurus montanus | Sulawesi in Indonesia. |
Файл:Dicrurus bracteatus - Wonga.jpg | Spangled drongo | Dicrurus bracteatus | Australia, New Guinea, Indonesia |
Paradise drongo | Dicrurus megarhynchus | New Ireland in the Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea. | |
Файл:Andaman Drongo (Dicrurus andamanensis) in tree (cropped).jpg | Andaman drongo | Dicrurus andamanensis | Andaman Islands |
Файл:Greater Racket-tailed Drongo Dicrurus paradiseus (Linnaeus, 1766) (16169002507).jpg | Greater racket-tailed drongo | Dicrurus paradiseus | India to Borneo and Java |
Файл:Sri Lanka drongo - Sri Lanka - 01.jpg | Sri Lanka drongo | Dicrurus lophorinus | Sri Lanka. |
The family Dicruridae is most likely of Indo-Malayan origin, with a colonization of Africa about 15 million years ago (Mya). Dispersal across the Wallace Line into Australasia is estimated to have been more recent, around 6 Mya.[9]
Characteristics
These insectivorous birds are usually found in open forests or bush. Most are black or dark grey in colour, sometimes with metallic tints. They have long, forked tails; some Asian species have elaborate tail decorations. They have short legs and sit very upright whilst perched, like a shrike. They flycatch or take prey from the ground. Some drongos, especially the greater racket-tailed drongo, are noted for their ability to mimic other birds and even mammals.
Two to four eggs are laid in a nest high in a tree. Despite their small size, they are aggressive and fearless, and will attack much larger species if their nests or young are threatened.
Several species of animals and birds respond to drongos' alarm calls, which often warn of the presence of a predator. Fork-tailed drongos in the Kalahari desert use alarm calls in the absence of a predator to cause animals to flee and abandon food, which they eat, getting up to 23% of their food this way. They not only use their own alarm calls, but also imitate those of many species, either their victim's or that of another species to which the victim responds. If the call of one species is not effective, perhaps because of habituation, the drongo may try another; 51 different calls are known to be imitated. In one test on pied babblers, the babbler ignored an alarm call repeated three times when no danger was present, but continued to respond to different calls. Researchers have considered the possibility that these drongos possess theory of mind, not fully shown in any animal other than humans.[10][11][12]
Insult
The word "drongo" is used in Australian English as a mild form of insult meaning "idiot" or "stupid fellow". This usage derives from an Australian racehorse of the same name (apparently after the spangled drongo, D. bracteatus) in the 1920s that never won despite many places. The word also has been frequently used among friends and can be used in a casual or serious tone.[13][14][15][16]
Gallery
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A greater racket-tailed drongo preening at Khao Yai National Park, Thailand
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A greater racket-tailed drongo visiting Erythrina flowers at Satchari National Park in Bangladesh
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A lesser racket-tailed drongo incubating at Kaeng Krachan National Park in Thailand
References
Further reading
External links
- Drongo videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Шаблон:Corvides Шаблон:Taxonbar Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Christidis, Les; Walter Boles (2008) Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Csiro Publishing, Australia. p. 174
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ National Geographic: African Bird Shouts False Alarms to Deceive and Steal, Study Shows Drongos in the Kalahari are masters of deception, 1 May 2014
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
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