Английская Википедия:Dubh Artach

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Infobox Scottish island

Dubh Artach (Шаблон:IPAc-en; Шаблон:IPA-gd) is a remote skerry of basalt rock off the west coast of Scotland lying Шаблон:Convert west of Colonsay and Шаблон:Convert south-west of the Ross of Mull.

A lighthouse designed by Thomas Stevenson with a tower height of Шаблон:Convert was erected between 1867 and 1872 with a shore station constructed on the isle of Erraid. The rock is subject to extraordinary sea conditions with waves of Шаблон:Convert or more being encountered by the keepers. Despite these adverse conditions several men served the light for lengthy periods until it was automated in 1971. Dubh Artach is the official name of the lighthouse, although the skerry itself is also known as Dhu Heartach. Various interpretations have been provided for the original meaning of the Gaelic name, of which "The Black Rock" is the most likely.

Geology

In pre-historic times Dhu Heartach was covered by the ice sheets that spread from Scotland out into the Atlantic Ocean beyond the Outer Hebrides. After the last retreat of the ice around 20,000 years ago, sea levels were up to Шаблон:Convert lower than at present.[1] Although the isostatic rise of land makes estimating post-glacial coastlines a complex task, circa 14,000 BP it is likely that Dubh Heartach was at the western edge of a large land bridge linking what is now the island of Ireland to Scotland. This land mass included the islands of Jura and Islay and was probably connected to the mainland of Scotland by an isthmus near Loch Craignish, south of Oban.[2]

Steadily rising sea levels would then have slowly isolated and finally all but submerged Dhu Heartach, which today is a rounded, dark green mass of basaltic rock called augite, which is Шаблон:Convert long and Шаблон:Convert wide, and which rises to Шаблон:Convert above sea level.[3] Submarine surveys indicate that the rock is at the eastern end of a valley stretching Шаблон:Convert into the Atlantic, which may "account for the seemingly abnormal seas to which the tower is subjected".[4] It is an isolated outpost of the Inner Hebrides archipelago. The author Robert Louis Stevenson wrote:

An ugly reef is this of the Dhu Heartach; no pleasant assemblage of shelves, and pools, and creeks, about which a child might play for a whole summer without weariness, like the Bell Rock or the Skerryvore, but one oval nodule of black-trap, sparsely bedabbled with an inconspicuous fucus, and alive in every crevice with a dingy insect between a slater and a bug. No other life was there but of sea-birds, and of the sea itself, that here ran like a mill-race, and growled about the outer reef for ever, and ever and again, in the calmest weather, roared and spouted on the rock itself.[5]

Meaning of the name

The translation of Dubh Artach is "The Black Rock", artach being a now obsolete Gaelic word for a rock or rocky ground both in Scottish Gaelic[6] and in Irish.[7] The variation between the anglicised forms Dubh Artach and Dhu Heartach is a simple case of false splitting where the final [h] of [t̪uh arˠʃt̪əx] in pronunciation seemingly is part of the following word, suggesting *hartach or heartach to the untrained ear.

Stevenson believed that 'black and dismal' was a translation of the name, noting that "as usual, in Gaelic, it is not the only one."[8] Adamnan in his 7th-century Life of St Columba poetically calls the rock An Dubh Iar-stac, "The Black Stack of the West".[9] Watson (1926) suggests the root is Old Irish hirt meaning "death", (which he also believes occurs in Hirta, the main island of the St Kilda archipelago), and offers am Duibh-hirteach, meaning "the black deadly one".[10] The skerry was also known as St. John's Rock prior to the construction of the lighthouse.[11]

Planning and construction of the lighthouse

Файл:Dubh artach.jpg
Dhu Heartach Lighthouse, During Construction by Sam Bough (1822–78)

Between 1800 and 1854 thirty ships were wrecked on the reef;[12] however, the requirement for a lighthouse was not only to warn seafarers away from Dhu Heartach itself, but also to guide them past the fearsome Torran Rocks, which lie between the Ross of Mull and Colonsay. Originally it was considered to be an impossible site for a light, but the loss of the steamer Bussorah with all thirty-three hands on her maiden voyage in 1863 and of an astonishing 24 vessels in the area in a storm on 30–31 December 1865 encouraged positive action under pressure from insurers Lloyd's of London and a Captain Bedford of the Admiralty.[12][13] The engineering work was supervised by the famous Stevenson family of engineers, the brothers Thomas (father of Robert Louis) and David commencing work in 1866.[3] Thomas noted that "it would be a work of no ordinary magnitude".[12]

Файл:Erraid lighthouse construction.jpg
Fitting of blocks for Dubh Artach on Erraid prior to erection

The land base for the construction of the light was Erraid near Iona. Fourteen miles distant from Dhu Heartach across open sea, the little island provided a granite quarry and a shore station once the work on the lighthouse was completed. Initial construction on the rock, which began on 25 June 1867[14] under the supervision of Alan Brebner, required a barrack for the workmen made of iron. Summer gales brought high seas, which resulted in breaking water falling on the roof Шаблон:Convert above sea level. It held firm, although fourteen men including Brebner were trapped there for five days, and at one point seawater poured in through the trapdoor, swirled around them and exited with their remaining food supplies.[12] Describing a similar occasion, R. L. Stevenson wrote: Шаблон:Blockquote

Despite these hardships a Шаблон:Convert foundation pit was excavated and by 1869 a solid portion of tower rising Шаблон:Convert above foundation level had been completed. This was no mean feat. On one occasion eleven two-ton stones were dislodged from the third course of stonework and carried off the rock, never to be seen again.[3][15] Robert Stevenson noted that this destruction occurred at the same height "above the sea as the glass panes in the lantern of Smeaton's lighthouse" at Eddystone.[16]

Файл:Dubh Artach 1870.jpg
Construction of the tower on site in 1870

The solid base weighing 1,840 tons rises more than Шаблон:Convert above the pounding seas, more than twice as high as its nearest British rival of Skerryvore.[17][18] The blocks, having been shaped and fitted on Erraid, were towed out to the rock in barges by the steamer ‘Dhuheartach’ each barge carrying 16 tons. Masonry work was completed in 1871 and the lantern, optical apparatus and fog bell installed the following year, Dubh Artach becoming the first isolated rock light in Britain to use paraffin. The finished tower rises Шаблон:Convert above the foundation in seventy-seven courses of stonework all told.[3]

The total cost of the works undertaken by the Northern Lighthouse Board was £65,784, excluding the £10,300 cost of establishing the shore station on Erraid.[19] However, the extraordinary nature of the work should not be reduced to mere numbers. Stevenson was moved to note that: Шаблон:Blockquote

Early operations

Шаблон:Infobox lighthouse Completion of the construction work did not result in an end to the hazards. At low tide the landing stage is forty feet above a boat, yet not completely out of the reach of the swell. Landings other than via the precarious use of dangling ropes from a derrick were most unusual even on calm days.[3] The storm seas could rise to extraordinary heights. In the first year of operation, the copper lightning conductor was wrenched out of its sockets by a storm at a height of Шаблон:Convert above high water.[3]

The first principal keeper was James Ewing who looked after the light for the next eleven years. Despite the exceptionally adverse conditions faced by the keepers, which resulted in them receiving additional payments in kind, Ewing was not the only one who served the light for a decade or more.[3][20] However, some found the lonely rock and its cramped quarters less to their taste. One had to be prevented from diving into the sea and attempting to swim ashore.[12]

Later events

  • In 1874 the principal keeper reported an incident which suggested that the rock had experienced an earth tremor but the tower stood fast.[12]
  • Robert Louis Stevenson's connection with the construction of Dubh Artach and its shore station played a significant part in his 1886 novel Kidnapped during which the main character, David Balfour, experiences the dangers of the Torran Rocks and is marooned on Erraid.[21]
  • In 1890 a distinctive red band was painted round the middle section of the tower to distinguish it from Skerryvore, Шаблон:Convert to the northwest, which was served from the same shore station.[3]
  • A dispute concerning the financing of lighthouses led to an 1898 visit to Dubh Artach of some prominent persons, including the President of the Board of Trade and the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Sir Michael Hicks Beach.
  • The name of the lighthouse was changed in 1964 from Dhuheartach to the present form Dubh Artach. The reasons for this are not clear, although the latter is arguably easier to spell for anglophones.[9]
  • The lighthouse was fully automated in 1971 and the following year a helipad was constructed to enable maintenance work to be undertaken without the need for sea landings.[22] The Northern Lighthouse Board, which has had its headquarters at 84 George Street in Edinburgh since 1832, remotely monitors the light.

References

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Refbegin

  • Bathhurst, Bella (2000) The Lighthouse Stevensons. London. Flamingo.
  • Haswell-Smith, Hamish (2004) The Scottish Islands. Edinburgh. Canongate.
  • McKirdy, Alan Gordon, John & Crofts, Roger (2007) Land of Mountain and Flood: The Geology and Landforms of Scotland. Edinburgh. Birlinn.
  • Munro, R.W. (1979) Scottish Lighthouses. Stornoway. Thule Press.
  • Murray, W.H. (1973) The Islands of Western Scotland. London. Eyre Methuen.
  • Nicholson, Christopher. (1995) Rock Lighthouses of Britain: The End of an Era? Caithness. Whittles.
  • Stevenson, Robert Louis (1887) Memories and Portraits. Chatto and Windus. Reprinted by 1st World Publishing, 2004.
  • Stevenson, Robert Louis (1995) The New Lighthouse on the Dhu Heartach Rock, Argyllshire. California. Silverado Museum. Based on an 1872 manuscript and edited by Swearingen, R.G.
  • Watson, W. J. (1994) The Celtic Place-Names of Scotland. Edinburgh. Birlinn. Шаблон:ISBN. First published 1926.

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:Hebrides Шаблон:Lighthouses of the Northern Lighthouse Board Шаблон:Good article

Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ McKirdy et al. (2007) p. 207.
  2. ↑ Murray (1973) pp. 67–69.
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6 3,7 Nicholson (1995) pp. 146-57.
  4. ↑ Stevenson, D.A. (25 April 1876) The Dhu Heartach Lighthouse. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng.
  5. ↑ Stevenson (1887) p. 83.
  6. ↑ Dwelly, E. (1941) The Illustrated Gaelic English Dictionary p. 48.
  7. ↑ Dinneen, P. (1927) Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla p. 60.
  8. ↑ Stevenson (1872) p. 10.
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 "Dubh Artach Lighthouse " Шаблон:Webarchive Northern Lighthouse Board. Retrieved 7 September 2008.
  10. ↑ Watson (1994) p. 98
  11. ↑ Stevenson (1872) p. 1.
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 12,3 12,4 12,5 Bathhurst (2000) pp. 210–35.
  13. ↑ Stevenson (1872) pp. 4, 6.
  14. ↑ Stevenson (1872) p. 6.
  15. ↑ Munro (1979) p. 162.
  16. ↑ Stevenson (1872) p. 8.
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite rowlett
  18. ↑ Dubh Artach Northern Lighthouse Board. Retrieved 18 May 2016
  19. ↑ Munro (1979) p. 163.
  20. ↑ Munro (1979) pp. 162, 181.
  21. ↑ Stevenson, Robert Louis (1886) Kidnapped. Cassell and Company.
  22. ↑ Munro (1979) pp. 259, 262.
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