Английская Википедия:Dumchele
Шаблон:Infobox settlement Шаблон:Infobox Chinese DumcheleШаблон:Efn or Dhumtsele[1] (Шаблон:Zh, Шаблон:Bo) is a village and a grazing area in Skakjung pasture near the Line of Actual Control between Ladakh and Tibet, administered by China since October 1962 but claimed by India. The locale is in the disputed Demchok sector, about 50 kilometers northwest from Demchok and 50 kilometers southeast of Chushul.[2][3] It lies on a historic trade route between Ladakh and Rutog, with an erstwhile border pass at Chang La or Shingong La (Шаблон:Zh) to the southeast of Dumchele.
A river flows below the Chang La pass, collecting mountain streams from the north. A rich grazing ground is formed near the pass, called Kigunaru,Шаблон:Efn and the river itself is called Kigunaru river (Шаблон:Zh). It is also called Shingong Lungpa.
Until 1962 India maintained a 'forward' post at Chang La, a day's march from Dumchele.[4][5] In the 1962 war, China attacked the post and forced India to withdraw from the entire Kigunaru river basin. At the present time, China maintains a border trading market at Dumchele and a military post nearby.[2]
Geography
Dumchele is at present a trading village for cross-border trade in Chinese-administered part of the northern Demchok sector. Traditionally, it was a grazing area. The Indus valley here is about four miles wide, and sandy with a thin layer of grass.Шаблон:Sfnp That, coupled with the fact that there is no snow here in winter, makes it a most important winter grazing area for the Changpa nomads.[6] The Ladakhis call this area Skakjung (or Kokzhung), it is on the right bank of Indus River, north of Koyul Ridge and Kigunaru River, south of Kailash Range, southwest of Chang La pass of Kailash Range, and Dumchele lies in it.
The present Dumchele village is on the bank of a mid-sized lake, which is apparently fed by a strand of the Kigunaru River (or Shingong Lungpa). The river flows down from the mountains of the Kailash Range forming the eastern watershed of the Indus Valley. It passes by the Chang La pass, where it makes a 90 degree bend, and flows west through a gap in the Kailash Range into the Indus valley. Afterwards, it gets "divided by an island",Шаблон:Sfnp with a strand flowing straight, and another flowing north parallel to the Indus river. The north-flowing strand gathers into the Dumchele lake, which appears to be endorheic. The formation of the lake appears to be a recent phenomenon as it is not shown on any maps prior to 1960.
To the west of Dumchele is an older, more natural lake called Tsoskur. The Line of Actual Control between the Indian and Chinese-administered parts in this sector runs between the two lakes.
History
The Dumchele plain lies along a trade route between Lahaul and Rudok, which is known at least since the 17th century. The Ladakhis also used this route on occasion, even though their main route was via Chushul (called the "Junglam").[2]
British Raj
Шаблон:See also Moorcroft's associate, George Trebeck, visited the area in early 19th century, travelling south on the right bank of Indus. He stayed at a place called Chibra very near Dumchele.Шаблон:Efn The area was studded with small ponds and lakes, and a rivulet crossed the Indus bed (Kigunaru river, also called Xingong Lungpa), getting divided by an island.Шаблон:Efn He described the Indus river bed as consisting of loose sand, with a form of sand-grass called Long-ma growing on it. It provided winter grazing for the Ladakhis, apparently the only winter grazing available in the whole of Rupshu.Шаблон:Sfnp He also noticed a trading party belonging to the Kalon of Ladakh return from Rudok, carrying fifty-six sheep loads of shawl wool (pashm) and further loads of coarse wool.Шаблон:Sfnp[7]
The border of Ladakh was described to Trebeck as running from "the angle of a hill about five miles to the east" to the low pass of La Ganskiel (the "Lagankhel" of later maps).[8]
Scholar Janet Rizvi confirms that traders often travelled with donkeys via Chang La to Rudok and returned with salt and wool. Ladakhi monks that went to Tibet for education and training also used the route, travelling with traders.[9]
In 1847, Henry Strachey visited the left bank of Indus, as part of a British boundary commission for Kashmir. In contrast to Trebeck's testimony, he found that Ladakh's territory stretched up to a rivulet flowing into the Indus next to the Demchok. The Tibetan guards at Demchok did not allow him to proceed beyond this point.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Efn
After conducting Kashmir Survey between 1855 and 1865, the British government published a Kashmir Atlas, with a defined border. This border ignored Strachey's findings and tried to represent Trebeck's information. It excluded Demchok on the left bank of Indus, leaving the border at Lagankhel, and excluded all the right bank up to the confluence of the Kigunaru river. In between Lagankhel and Kigunaru river, the border ran along the Indus river itself.[10] (See the map by the US Army Map Service.)
Kashmir's geologist Frederic Drew created a map in connection with his book, The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories, in 1875. His border, professedly based on the territories actually used by the Ladakhis and Tibetans for grazing, placed the Chang La ("Chang Pass") and the entire basin of the Kigunaru river within Ladakh.[11]
Despite the various British efforts at border definition, the situation on the ground was essentially unchanged. The state of Kashmir was ruled by a native Maharaja who enjoyed considerable autonomy. The traditional borders appear to have continued until the time of India's independence in 1947.[12]
1962 war and aftermath
In October 1962, during the Sino-Indian War, the Chinese occupied the Dumchele area, along with the entire right bank of the Indus to the south of Dumchele.[13] The Line of Actual Control resulting from the war runs between Dumchele and the smaller lake of Tsoskur to the west.
During and following the Indo-Pakistan war of 1965, the Dumchele area saw some action mainly in the form of the Indian and Chinese governments exchanging notes blaming each other for intruding into their territory.[14][15] Near Tsoskur, Шаблон:Convert southwest of Dumchele, three Indian armed personnel were killed by PLA troops on 19 September 1965.[16][17] The Chinese alleged that India had committed its "worst border provocation since 1962" at Dumchele.[3]
Trading post
China built a border trading post at Dumchele, meant for the Ladakhis to access.[2] The PLA military stationed near Dumchele allows this trade. For a few days during the winter the trade intensifies. A 2014 study by Siddiq Wahid reports "illicit trade" (smuggling) of "tiger bones, tiger skins, rhino horns and sandalwood".[2] Items exchanged also include rice, wheat and cooking oil, and in exchange pashmina shawls and Chinese crockery and electronics are acquired.[18] In 2016, the smuggling occurring here, said to be worth crores of rupees, was reportedly stopped by Indian authorities.[19]
Locations
Tsaskur, alternately spelled as Tsoskur, is an Indian administered campsite located Шаблон:Convert south west of Dumchele.[20] Areas between Dumchele and Demchok such as Nagtsang, Nakung, and Lungma-Serding, Skakjung are China administered territories.[21] Kegu Naro is a day's march from Dumchele.[5]
Notes
References
Bibliography
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation
- Indian Report: Шаблон:Citation; Шаблон:Citation; Шаблон:Citation; Шаблон:Citation
- Chinese report: Шаблон:Citation; Шаблон:Citation; Шаблон:Citation;
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation
External links
- Lack of infra forcing people to migrate from frontier, The Tribune, 17 July 2019. Contains a photograph of the Dumchele village.
- ↑ P.Stobdan, Ladakh concern overrides LAC dispute, The Tribune, 28 May 2020.
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 Siddiq Wahid (February 2014) The Changthang Borderlands of Ladakh: A Preliminary Inquiry (Discussion Paper # 187). Research and Information Systems for Developing Countries. Retrieved on 31 October 2020.
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite news: "Until the mid-1980s, the boundary lay at Kegu Naro — a day-long march from Dumchele, where India had maintained a forward post till 1962."
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvp: "This is where the Champas [Changpas] of Rupshu spend the winter.... At Dora falls hardly any snow. This is why the place is chosen for winter quarters, the sheep and the cattle being thus able to graze on the extensive though thin pasture found on the flat."
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvp: "... the boundary of Ladakh was pointed out to us as extending from the angle of a hill about five miles to the east, to the low pass of La Ganskiel on the road to Gardokh, about fourteen miles distant to the southward."
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ See Шаблон:Harvp for a description.
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvp: "About north-north-east from Dora the northern mountain-ridge changes in point of composition from granite to a more or less altered shale; the line of it is more to the east than before, while in the line of its original direction are some more hills which are joined to the other ridge by a neck called on the Survey Map "Chang Pass"; this Pass is practically the boundary of Chinese Tibet in that direction; in the Indus Valley the boundary will be a day or two's march beyond Dora."
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation Available from http://pahar.in/journals/
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvp: "In the Chinese bazaar of Dumchulle, in the territory occupied from India in 1962, [...]"
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Notes, Memoranda and Letters Exchanged between the Governments of India and China (February 1966–February 1967) White Paper No XIII. Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. Accessed on 31 October 2020.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Notes, Memoranda and Letters Exchanged between the Governments of India and China (January 1965–February 1966) White Paper No XII. Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. Accessed on 5 November 2020.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
