Английская Википедия:Dunam
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Refimprove Шаблон:Use dmy dates A dunam (Ottoman Turkish, Arabic: Шаблон:Lang; Шаблон:Lang-tr; Шаблон:Lang-he), also known as a donum or dunum and as the old, Turkish, or Ottoman stremma, was the Ottoman unit of area equivalent to the Greek stremma or English acre, representing the amount of land that could be ploughed by a team of oxen in a day. The legal definition was "forty standard paces in length and breadth",[1] but its actual area varied considerably from place to place, from a little more than Шаблон:Convert in Ottoman Palestine to around Шаблон:Convert in Iraq.[2][3]
The unit is still in use in many areas previously ruled by the Ottomans, although the new or metric dunam has been redefined as exactly one decare (Шаблон:Convert), which is 1/10 hectare (1/10 × Шаблон:Convert), like the modern Greek royal stremma.[3]
History
The name dönüm, from the Ottoman Turkish dönmek (Шаблон:Lang, "to turn"), appears to be a calque of the Byzantine Greek stremma and had the same size. It was likely adopted by the Ottomans from the Byzantines in Mysia-Bithynia.[4]
The Dictionary of Modern Greek defines the old Ottoman stremma as approximately Шаблон:Convert,[5] but Costas Lapavitsas used the value of Шаблон:Convert for the region of Naoussa in the early 20th century.[6]
Definition
Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro
In Bosnia and Herzegovina and also Serbia, the unit is called dulum (дулум) or dunum (дунум). In Bosnia and Herzegovina dunum (or dulum) equals Шаблон:Convert. One dulum is equal to Шаблон:Convert for the region of Leskovac, south Serbia. In Albania it is called dynym or dylym. It is equal to Шаблон:Convert.[7]
Bulgaria
In Bulgaria, the decare (декар) is used, which is an SI unit, literally meaning 10 ares.
Cyprus
In Cyprus, a donum is Шаблон:Val or 14400 square feet.[8] In the Republic of Cyprus older Greek-Cypriots also still refer to the donum using the local Greek Cypriot dialect word σκάλες [skales], rather than the mainland Greek word stremma (equivalent to a decare). However, since 1986 officially Cyprus uses the square metre and the hectare.
A donum consists of 4 evleks, each of which consists of Шаблон:Val or 3.600 square feet.
Greece
In Greece, the old dönüm is called a "Turkish stremma", while today, a stremma or "royal stremma" is exactly one decare, like the metric dönüm.[3]
Iraq
In Iraq, the dunam is Шаблон:Convert.[9]
Levant and Turkey
In the Levant and Turkey, the dunam is Шаблон:Convert, which is 1 decare. From the Ottoman period and through the early years of the British Mandate for Palestine, the size of a dunam was Шаблон:Convert, but in 1928, the metric dunam of Шаблон:Convert was adopted, and this is still used.[10][11]
United Arab Emirates
The Dubai Statistics Center and Statistics Centre Abu Dhabi use the metric dunam (spelt as donum) for data relating to agricultural land use.[12] One donum equals Шаблон:Convert.
Variations
Other countries using a dunam of some size include Libya and Syria.Шаблон:Citation needed
Conversions
A metric dunam is equal to:Шаблон:Fact
- 1,000 square metres (exactly)[12]
- 10 ares (exactly)
- 1 decare (exactly)
- 0.1 hectares (exactly)[12]
- 0.001 square kilometres (exactly)
- 0.247105381 acres (approx)
- 1,195.99005 square yards (approx)
- 10,763.9104 square feet (approx)
Comparable measures
Шаблон:See also The Byzantine Greek stremma was the probable source of the Turkish unit. The zeugarion (Turkish çift) was a similar unit derived from the area plowed by a team of oxen in a day. The English acre was originally similar to both units in principle, although it developed separately.Шаблон:Fact
See also
- Orders of magnitude (area) for further comparisons
- Conversion of units
- Feddan, a similar non-SI unit of area used in Egypt, Sudan, and Syria.
- Resm-i dönüm, a land tax based on the area of a farm.
References
External links
- Foreign Weights and Measures Formerly in Common Use
- Dictionary of units
- Variable donums in Turkey
- Summary based on UN handbook
- ↑ V.L. Ménage, Review of Speros Vryonis, Jr. The decline of medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the process of islamization from the eleventh through the fifteenth century, Berkeley, 1971; in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London) 36:3 (1973), pp. 659–661. at JSTOR (subscription required)
- ↑ Cowan, J. Milton; Arabic-English Dictionary, The Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (4th Edition, Spoken Languages Services, Inc.; 1994; p. 351)
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 Λεξικό της κοινής Νεοελληνικής (Dictionary of Modern Greek), Ινστιτούτο Νεοελληνικών Σπουδών, Θεσσαλονίκη, 1998. Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ Ménage, op.cit.
- ↑ Λεξικό, 1998
- ↑ Costas Lapavitsas, "Social and Economic Underpinning of Industrial Development: Evidence from Ottoman Macedonia", Ηλεκτρονικό Δελτίο Οικονομικής Ιστορίας Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Department of Lands and Surveys web site http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/dlsШаблон:Dead link (retrieved April 2014)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 Шаблон:Cite web
