Английская Википедия:Durio graveolens

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Durio graveolens, sometimes called the red-fleshed durian,[1] orange-fleshed durian, or yellow durian,[2] is a species of tree in the family Malvaceae.[3] It is one of six species of durian named by Italian naturalist Odoardo Beccari.[4] The specific epithet Шаблон:Lang ('strong smelling' or 'rank')[5] is due to the odor. Although most species of Durio (most notably Durio dulcis) have a strong scent, the red-fleshed type of D. graveolens has a mild scent.[6][7] It is native to Southeast Asia.

D. graveolens is an edible durian,[8][9] perhaps the most popular 'wild' species of durian, and it is sold commercially regionally.[10] However, its congener Durio zibethinus is the typical species eaten and dominates sales worldwide.Шаблон:Citation needed

Names

This species should not be confused with the popular durian clones from Malaysia known as 'Red Flesh' (D164) and 'Red Prawn' (D175), as both of those belong to D. zibethinus.[11]

However, D. graveolens does have one registered variety, 'DQ2 nyekak (DK8)'.[11] The color of the fruit's flesh denotes other varieties–an orange-fleshed, a red-fleshed one, and yellow-fleshed. These varieties may be different species, but currently there is no consensus.[6][10] The yellow-fleshed kind is sometimes called durian simpor.[6][2][1]

In the scientific name Durio graveolens, graveolens means 'strong smelling',[12][5] although it has been described as having a "mild"[6] or "slight"[7] odor or even, in a book published by the US National Research Council, as "odorless".[7]

In Malay, the fruit is called Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang[1] (literally "bird durian"), Шаблон:Lang ("jungle durian"),[9] Шаблон:Lang[1][13][6] ("yellow durian"),[14] Шаблон:Lang ("red durian"),[1][10][6][8] or Шаблон:Lang[13][6] ("crayfish brain durian").[2] In Iban, it is Шаблон:Lang.[2] The Bidayuh call it durian umot.[2] Among the Kenyah and Dayak peoples, it is known as durian anggang ("hornbill durian"),[9] durian ajan, pesang,[9] tabela or ta-bela,[9] tabelak,[6][1] taula,[9][6] tuala, tuwala.[2] On Sumatra, the Batak call it tinambela.[9][6][2] In Karo, it is called Шаблон:Lang.[15] In Thailand, it is referred to as Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang-th) or Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang; sources differ on which name refers to this species, with the other being attributed to D. kutejensis).[16][17] In Aceh Tamiang Regency, it can be called durian batu ("stone durian"), and elsewhere in Sumatra, it known as durian adjan.[9][6] Other regional names include durian dalit[10][6][18] (but this can apply also to Durio oxleyanus[19]) alau, dujen, durian alau, durian daun dungoh, durian hutan[6] ("forest durian"), durian pipit, lai bengang, merang kunyit, pasang, and tongkai.[2]

A natural hybrid of D. graveolens and D. zibethinus is called durian siunggong or durian suluk.[1][2][6] It has the texture and flavour of the popular D. zibethinus and the burnt caramel overtones of D. graveolens.[2][1]

After its initial description in 1889 by Odoardo Beccari, in 1924, Dutch botanist Reinier Cornelis Bakhuizen Van Den Brink reduced it to a synonym of D. conicus. British botanist John Wyatt-Smith combined it all under D. dulcis in 1953. Indonesian botanists André Joseph Guillaume Henri Kostermans and Wertit Soegeng-Reksodihardjo separated D. graveolens back to its own species in 1958.[20]

Distribution

Wild D. graveolens grows in Peninsular Malaysia[2][9][1][8] (states of Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Malacca, Penang, Perak, Selangor, and Terengganu), Indonesian Islands of Borneo[2][9][1][8] and Sumatra,[9][8][1][2] Palawan,[1] and Southern Thailand.[21] It is cultivated in Brunei,[1] Sarawak, Sabah,[2] and the Northern Territory of Australia.[8] In Brunei, its popularity outshines D. zibethinus,[13] which is not cultivated in the country.[22]

It is occasionally grown outside the tropics. In Florida, it has been seen to survive two consecutive nights at Шаблон:Convert, albeit shrouded in cloth.[23]

Description

Файл:Durio graveolens Suluy Z 0zz.jpg
Durio graveolens trunk

D. graveolens is a large tree, sharing many features with D. dulcis.[24] It inhabits the upper canopy, growing up to Шаблон:Convert tall.[2][9] The trunk is Шаблон:Convert in diameter and can have no branches until about Шаблон:Convert high.[2] The trunk will be smooth or flaky, grey/mauve to ruddy brown with steep buttress roots.[2] The buttresses reach Шаблон:Convert and extend out Шаблон:Convert.[9]

Файл:Durio graveolens Suluy Z 1zz.jpg
Durio graveolens leaves

The oblong leaves are Шаблон:Convert long without the petiole (leaf stalk), and Шаблон:Convert wide.[24][2] They are perfectly rounded on both ends, rigid, and slightly coriaceous (leather-like in feel or texture).[2][24] On the top, they are glabrous (smooth and hairless) and crisp,[2] almost vernicose (varnished).[24] Underneath, the leaves are copper-brown and lepidote (scaly),[2] with large scales of up to Шаблон:Convert in diameter, which are not very noticeable, at least when dry.[24] The leaf scales are peltate (shield-shaped), ciliate-radiated (fringed), and deeply-lobed in three to five parts.[24] In addition to the scales, long strands of stellate hairs and other trichomes of varying size form a soft tomentose (fuzzy) surface.[24] The leaf midrib is very prominent on the underside and forms a crease on top.[24] The leaf stipules are caducous (drop early).[2] Leaves have 10-12 lateral veins per side (with some smaller ones intermixed), which are tiny and superficial above and more distinct, but still barely visible.[24] The petiole is very large, Шаблон:Convert long, and tumescent (swollen) from the middle up.[24]

Flowers grow on the branches[24][25] on short cymes and a thin calyx.[2] The base is sac-like with three to five connate lobes.[2][25] It has white,[25] spatulate (spoon-shaped) petals that are Шаблон:Convert long.[2] Inside are five separate bundles of staminodes and stamens,[2] fused for less than half of their length.[25] The anther has small clusters of four or five elongated pollen locules that open with longitudinal slits.[25] Ovaries are ovoid to globose (roughly spherical) and possess a yellow capitate (shaped like a pinhead) stigma and white to greenish style[2] about Шаблон:Convert.[26] The pollen is psilate (relatively smooth), spheroidal, and Шаблон:Convert in diameter.[26] The surface of the pollen includes three colporate apertures, meaning the apertures have a combined colpus (or furrow) and pore.[26] The pollen grains are monad and do not cluster.[26]

The fruits are up to Шаблон:Convert in diameter,[24][2][8][27][25] and weigh about Шаблон:Convert.[28] The greenish- to orange-yellow outside is densely covered with long (Шаблон:Convert) and thin angular-subulate spines which are straight or slightly curved, and prickly[24][2][8] yet slightly soft.[25] The fruit easily breaks into five fibrous-coriaceous valves (sections)[2][8][27] with Шаблон:Convert thick walls.[24] Typically the fruit opens on the tree,[2][8] but some varieties do not until they are on the ground or harvested. There are 2 bulbous or chestnut-shaped seeds per section, each completely enveloped by fleshy aril.[24][8][25] These glossy brown seeds are Шаблон:Convert.[2][8][27] The pungent aril is the part consumed as food,[24] though some sources note the odor is sometimes very mild.[8][25][9] It ranges in color from light yellow[24] to orange to lipstick red.[2][1][8][25]

Taxonomy

D. graveolens is in the core clade Palatadurio of the genus Durio.[25] It is most closely related to Durio kutejensis.[25]

Шаблон:Clade

Ecology

Файл:Durio graveolens Suluy Z 2zz.jpg
Foliage of Durio graveolens

Шаблон:See also D. graveolens is a tropical plant species that needs high heat and humidity.[2] Typically, it is found on clay-rich soils in wet lowland dipterocarp forests, frequently along riverbanks and swamps.[2] Because of its tolerance for wet habitats,[9] it is possibly resistant to infection by the oomycete Phytophthora palmivora.[8][13] It can also be found on hillsides and shale ridges up to Шаблон:Convert in elevation.[2]

It is pollinated by bats.[26] As it is one of the only species to naturally hybridize with D. zibethinus,[1][2][29] they are thought to share a pollinator, likely the cave nectar bat (Eonycteris spelaea).[30][20] Pollen from both of these durian species has been found in cave nectar bat feces, and possibly in that of the long-tongued fruit bat (Macroglossus sobrinus).[31]

After harvest, fruit can be set upon by fungi such as Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Glomerella cingulata, Geotrichum candidum, Calonectria kyotensis, and occasionally Gliocephalotrichum bulbilium.[13] Secondary or opportunistic fungal infection can be from species such as Aspergillus niger and other Aspergillus spp., Candida spp., Gibberella intricans, and Penicillium spp.[13]

The fruit is fed on by Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus),[15] Prevost's squirrels (Callosciurus prevostii), crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis), black hornbills (Anthracoceros malayanus), possibly viverrids[27] and sun bears (Helarctos malayanus).[32] Black hornbills are also effective seed dispersers for the tree,[27] and this is referenced in a few of the regional names for the tree Шаблон:See above.

Biochemistry

The fatty acids in the fruit are 30% saturated and 70% unsaturated.[14] The saturated fats include myristic acid (14.49%), arachidic acid (7.08%), pentadecanoic acid (3.61%), heptadecanoic acid (2.2%), decanoic acid (1.62%), and lauric acid (1.31%).[14] Unsaturated fats include oleic acid (22.18%), palmitoleic acid (13.55%), linolelaidic acid (12.39%), γ-linolenic acid (12.23%), linoleic acid (4.95%), elaidic acid (2.50%), and myristoleic acid (1.89%).[14]

Uses

The fruit's pulp is typically eaten raw and has the fragrance of roasted almonds[2][1][13] or burnt caramel.[2][1] The taste is described as sweet and cheesy[13] or similar to eating an avocado or pimento cheese.[6] Sometimes, it is fermented into the condiment tempoyak.[10] The red-fleshed type is used with freshwater fish to make a type of sayur (a traditional Indonesian vegetable stew).[2]

The seeds can also be ground into flour (Шаблон:Lang), which then can be used to make, for example, fish crackers.[18]

The tree is also harvested for lumber in Sarawak.[2] The Iban people there also bathe day-old infants (especially for preterm birth) in a tisane of mature bark, as they believe it strengthens the skin.[2]

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Taxonbar Шаблон:Authority control Шаблон:Durian

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  1. ↑ 1,00 1,01 1,02 1,03 1,04 1,05 1,06 1,07 1,08 1,09 1,10 1,11 1,12 1,13 1,14 1,15 1,16 Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ 2,00 2,01 2,02 2,03 2,04 2,05 2,06 2,07 2,08 2,09 2,10 2,11 2,12 2,13 2,14 2,15 2,16 2,17 2,18 2,19 2,20 2,21 2,22 2,23 2,24 2,25 2,26 2,27 2,28 2,29 2,30 2,31 2,32 2,33 2,34 2,35 2,36 2,37 2,38 2,39 2,40 2,41 Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ 6,00 6,01 6,02 6,03 6,04 6,05 6,06 6,07 6,08 6,09 6,10 6,11 6,12 6,13 6,14 Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ 8,00 8,01 8,02 8,03 8,04 8,05 8,06 8,07 8,08 8,09 8,10 8,11 8,12 8,13 8,14 Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ 9,00 9,01 9,02 9,03 9,04 9,05 9,06 9,07 9,08 9,09 9,10 9,11 9,12 9,13 9,14 Шаблон:Cite journal
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 10,4 Шаблон:Cite news
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 13,3 13,4 13,5 13,6 13,7 Шаблон:Cite journal
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 14,3 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Nasaruddin не указан текст
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Catalogue of Life
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  24. ↑ 24,00 24,01 24,02 24,03 24,04 24,05 24,06 24,07 24,08 24,09 24,10 24,11 24,12 24,13 24,14 24,15 24,16 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Beccari не указан текст
  25. ↑ 25,00 25,01 25,02 25,03 25,04 25,05 25,06 25,07 25,08 25,09 25,10 25,11 Шаблон:Cite journal
  26. ↑ 26,0 26,1 26,2 26,3 26,4 Шаблон:Cite journal
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 27,2 27,3 27,4 Шаблон:Cite journal
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
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