Английская Википедия:Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair

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Файл:Antonov (PZL-Mielec) An-2R, Aeroflot AN1083142.jpg
Aeroflot's An-2, the same plane Dymshits–Kuznetsov group tried to hijack

The Dymshits–Kuznetsov aircraft hijacking affair, also known as The First Leningrad Trial or Operation Wedding (Шаблон:Lang-ru, or Дело группы Дымшица-Кузнецова) (Leningrad Process), was an attempt to take an empty civilian aircraft on 15 June 1970 by a group of 16 Soviet refuseniks in order to escape to the West. Even though the attempt was unsuccessful, it was a notable event in the course of the Cold War because it drew international attention to human rights violations in the Soviet Union and resulted in the temporary loosening of emigration restrictions.

Background

In the wake of the 1967 Six-Day War, the Soviet Union broke off diplomatic relations with Israel. A large number of Soviet Jews applied for exit visas to leave the Soviet Union. The process of applying for an exit visa often cost applicants their jobs, which in turn made them vulnerable to charges of social parasitism, a criminal offense.[1] While some were allowed to leave, many were refused permission to emigrate, either immediately or after their cases had languished for years in OVIR (ОВиР, "Отдел Виз и Регистрации", "Otdel Viz i Registratsii", English: Office of Visas and Registration), the MVD (Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs) department responsible for exit visas. In many instances, the reason given for denial was that these persons had been given access, at some point in their careers, to information vital to Soviet national security and could not be allowed to leave.[2]

Incident

In 1970, a group of sixteen Refuseniks (14 of them Jewish) Шаблон:Clarification needed were organized by dissident Edward Kuznetsov, who had previously served a seven-year term in prison for publishing Phoenix-61, a samizdat poetry collection.[3] The group plotted to buy all the seats on a small 12-seater Antonov An-2 (colloquially known as "кукурузник," kukuruznik) making a local flight from Leningrad to Priozersk, under the guise of a trip to a wedding; throw out the pilots before takeoff from an intermediate stop; and fly to Sweden.[4] Their final goal was Israel. One of the participants, Mark Dymshits, was a former military pilot, who had experience flying the An-2s.[5] The group called the plan "Operation Wedding".[6]

The plan was set in motion in June 1970. On the morning of 15 June the group arrived together in Smolny (later Rzhevka) Airport near Leningrad, only to be arrested by the KGB.[7]

Aftermath

Файл:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Protest Rally.jpg
A protest rally is held against the death penalty at Kikar Malchei Israel in Tel Aviv

The accused were charged with high treason, punishable by death under Article 64 of the penal code of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). In a trial that took place from 15 to 24 December 1970, Mark Dymshits (age: 43) and Eduard Kuznetsov (age: 30) received death sentences.[8] The prison sentences received by nine other participants were as follows: Sylva Zalmanson (age: 25; then Kuznetsov's wife, and the only woman on trial), 10 years; Yosef Mendelevitch (age: 23) and Yuri Fedorov, 15 years; Aleksey Murzhenko (age: 27 or 28), 14 years; Arie (Leib) Hanoch (age: 25), 13 years; Anatoli Altmann (age: 28), 12 years; Boris Penson (age: 23), 10 years; Israel Zalmanson (age: 21), 8 years; and Mendel Bodnya (age: 32), 4 years.[8][9] Wolf Zalmanson (age: 31), brother of Sylva and Israel Zalmanson, who was a lieutenant in the Soviet army, was tried separately by a military tribunal and, on 2 January 1971, sentenced to 10 years imprisonment.[10]

After international protests, the Judicial Commission for Criminal Cases of the RSFSR Supreme Court in Moscow considered an appeal of the cases, and modified the sentences, commuting the capital sentences of Dymshits and Kuznetsov to 15 years in prison, and reducing the length of prison terms for several other defendants by two to five years.[8]

Strong international condemnations caused the Soviet authorities to significantly increase the emigration quota. In the years 1960 through 1970, only 4,000 people had (legally) emigrated from the USSR; after the trial, in the period from 1971 to 1980, 347,100 people received a visa to leave the USSR, of whom 245,951 were Jews.

Файл:Jewish emigration from USSR Leningrad trial operation wedding.png
Jewish emigration from USSR, before and after the First Leningrad Trial

In August 1974, Sylva Zalmanson was released as part of an Israeli secret Soviet prisoner exchange with the spy Yuri Linov[11] that took place in Berlin, after which she immigrated to Israel, arriving in September. In the following years she advocated for the release of her husband, Edward Kuznetsov, and other dissidents.[12][13]

Kuznetsov was finally released on 27 April 1979, and joined his wife in Israel.[14] Mark Dymshits was released at the same time, along with three other prominent Soviet dissidents, Aleksandr Ginzburg, Valentin Moroz, and Georgy Vins. The release of the five dissidents came after long negotiations as part of a prisoner exchange for two Soviet foreign intelligence officers, Rudolf Chernyaev and Valdik Enger. The Soviet operatives, who were employed at the time at the United Nations Secretariat, had been sentenced in a U.S. federal court to 50 years in prison, in October 1978, following their arrest in New Jersey the previous May, while collecting an agent's report from a secret cache (a co-conspirator, Vladimir Zinyakin, an attaché of the Soviet mission to the UN, had diplomatic immunity, and was not charged).

After immigrating to Israel, Kuznetsov headed the news department of "Radio Liberty" (1983–1990), and was the chief editor of the largest Israeli Russian-language newspaper, Вести (1990–1999), the most popular Russian-language newspaper outside of Russia.

"The Committee to Free the Leningrad Three," headed by Colorado State Senator Tilman Bishop, was instrumental in organizing grassroots and diplomatic campaigns to release the remaining prisoners.

In February 1981, Mendelevitch was released and joined his family in Israel. He urged continuance of the campaign to free two members of the group, Fedorov and Murzhenko: "The fact that both are non-Jewish is the worst example of Soviet discrimination and must not pass without protest."

On 15 June 1984, Aleksei Murzhenko (1942-1999)[15] was released, only to be rearrested for "parole violation" and sentenced to another two years; he was released June 4, 1987 and immigrated to the USA Feb. 29, 1988.Шаблон:Cn In June 1985, after serving 15 years, Yuri Fedorov was released under the 101st kilometre settlement restriction. He was denied an exit visa until 1988, when he left for the United States. In 1998, he founded The Gratitude Fund in order to commemorate the Soviet dissidents "who waged a war against Soviet power and sacrificed their personal freedom and their lives for democracy."

In 2016, Operation Wedding, a documentary about the hijacking directed by Anat Zalmanson-Kuznetsov (the daughter of Kuznetsov and Sylva Zalmanson, two participants in the plot) was released.[16]

See also

Шаблон:Portalbar

Notes

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1970 Шаблон:Aviation accidents and incidents in the Soviet Union Шаблон:Refusenik movement and 1990s post-Soviet aliyah Шаблон:Jews in the Soviet Union Шаблон:Use dmy dates

Шаблон:Coord missing

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ The Right to Emigrate, cont. Шаблон:Webarchive Beyond the Pale. The History of Jews in Russia. Exhibit by Friends and Partners Шаблон:Webarchive
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ Beckerman, Gal (2010). When They Come for Us, We'll Be Gone: The Epic Struggle to Save Soviet Jewry. Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 179, 191, 194–195.
  5. ↑ Beckerman (2010), p. 177-178.
  6. ↑ Beckerman (2010), p. 186.
  7. ↑ Beckerman (2010), p. 196-199.
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 Mozorov, Boris (Ed.) (1999). Documents on Soviet Jewish Emigration. London; Portland, OR: Frank Cass. p. 90, note 3.
  9. ↑ "Proceedings of the Leningrad Hijacking Trial." In: Eduard Kuznetsov (1975). Prison Diaries. Translated from the Russian by Howard Spier. New York: Stein and Day. pp. 217–254. The account is described as having been "recorded by a relative of one of the accused who was present in the courtroom" (p. 217); ages or years of birth, as well as other biographical details, are included for most of the defendants.
  10. ↑ "Zalmanson Sentenced to 10 Years; Termination of Trial of Nine Seen As Ploy" (8 January 1971). Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  12. ↑ "Woman Keeping Vigil at U.N. Collapses After Plea Fails" (9 October 1975). The New York Times.
  13. ↑ Ghert-Zand, Renee (29 December 2012). "My mom and dad, the would-be Zionist plane hijackers." The Times of Israel. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  14. ↑ Kuznetsov, Eduard S. (27 April 1980). "Flight from the Gulag." The New York Times.
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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